Apricot Varieties Research Articles

Mineral Composition of Apricot Varieties Grown in North India

Mineral Composition of Apricot Varieties Grown in North India

Etude Des Parametres Floraux De Quatre Varietes L’abricotier Dans La Region De Guedila (Biskra, Algerie)

In the Guedila region (Biskra, Algeria), fruit trees have become increasingly important in recent years, occupying enormous areas and important plant resources. Among these, apricot tree (Prunus armeniaca L.) or (Armeniaca vulgaris Lam.). Which is undergoing a notable development due to the good adaptation of this species to the regional pedoclimatic conditions which generate very satisfactory yields? This work allows the floral characterization of four varieties of apricot, most cultivated in this region. It is based mainly on the descriptor of the European union of production and plant breeding (UPOV, 2008) which allows varietal identification, their performances and the existing analogies between the varieties studied.

Biochemical properties of β-glucosidase from Turkish Hacıhaliloğlu apricot (Prunus armenica L.) as affected by harvest year

β-glucosidase was extracted and purified from Turkish Hacihaliloğlu apricot variety and some of its biochemical properties were studied in a two-year study (2008 and 2009). Two isoenzymes (isoenzyme A and B) were obtained upon ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion exchange chromatography using DEAE-Toyopearl 650 M and gel filtration chromatography using Sephadex G-100. The pH optimum was found to be 5.0 for both isoenzymes. The optimum temperature for isoenzyme A activity in both years was found to be 50 °C, whereas those for the isoenzyme B in 2008 and 2009 were 50 °C and 55 °C, respectively. Km values of the isoenzyme A and B were found to be 2.49 and 1.12 mM in 2008, and 2.41 and 1.06 mM in 2009, respectively. The Z values for isoenzyme A in 2008 and 2009 were found to be 20.3 °C and 17.9 °C, respectively. Those for isoenzyme B in 2008 and 2009 were 21.1 °C and 23.0 °C, respectively. Ea values for isoenzyme A were 108.1 kj/molK and 122.3 kj/molK, while those for isoenzyme B were found to be 103.5 kj/mol K and 95.1 kj/molK in 2008 and 2009, respectively. Of the inhibitors tested, CaCl2 was the most effective.

Aromatic compounds of brandies produced from three apricot varieties cultured in Serbia

Aromatic compounds of brandies produced from three apricot varieties cultured in Serbia

Comparative analysis of apricot cultivars based on their ecological and biological indicators

The herbaceous plants organic characterize Ellenberg et al. worked out (1991), well-use system, which is updated with herbaceous and woody plant in the Hungarian flora species, so Soó (1964-1985), Zólyomi et al. (1967), Précsényi (1986) and Simon (1988) also addressed by different aspects of this problem circuits. The author is the first extended-Borhidi –Ellenberg’s system of wild fruit species (Surányi 2000, 2006) and cultivated of fruit (Surányi 2014) as well. Additional considerations there were aspects of the study of fruit varieties, these biological indicators following open pollination, frost tolerance, resistance of Sharka virus and disease susceptibility for. Firstly, we introduced a system for improving it a plum species and cultivars (Surányi 2015). In this case we used the new system among species and varieties of apricots, because diversity was able to express significantly. Especially the SB, WB, NB, and the relative biological value figures showed the variety. RB (reaction figures) fluctuated only slightly among the 463 varieties, but the dynamic difference between the 11’s was an indicator for the characterization of apricots. If the comparison performed plum and apricot variety’s level anyway justified the use of 11 kinds of organic and biological indicators.

СЕЛЕКЦИЯ И СОРТОИЗУЧЕНИЕ АБРИКОСА В ЛЕСОСТЕПИ СРЕДНЕГО ПОВОЛЖЬЯ

The purpose of research is the creation of apricot fruit varieties able sustainably fructify in the environment of forest-steppe of the Middle Volga Area. Experimental studies were carried out on the Cultivar Collector of Samara Research Institute of Horticulture and Medicinal Plants «Zhiguli Gardens» from 1985 to 2010. Since 2011up to present the work has been performed in a Samara State Agricultural Academy on the basis of horticultural farm Ltd. «Kutuluk» Bogatovskiy district. The objects of research were different varieties of apricot eco-geografic groups of selected forms of national selection and varieties bred in Samara Research Institute «Zhiguli gardens». The study, selection and transfer of hybrid seedlings to the state variety-testing were performed, under the methodology of selection and program of Cultivar study of fruit, berry and nut crops. As a result of long years of breeding under interkind hybridization in Samara Region 9 apricot varieties have been developed and transmitted to state variety-testing , 4 of which have been included into the State Register of the Russian Federation. In a period of organic resting the varieties are able without significant damage of the wood resist severe winters with a minimum temperatures at –39… –40°C. Favorable microzones for apricot cultivating have been identified, the yield, diseases resistance and technological qualities of fruit studied. As a result of 16 years of observations the apricot hasn’t fructified for 6 years. Because of the flower buds frozen in severe winters there was no yield 3 times, 3 times the harvest perished as a result of freezing of flower buds from frost occurred after long thaws. Variety differences of resistance to moniliosis shock were revealed. Such a resistance out of Samara region fruit the sort of Samara apricots has got. Samara apricots are smaller in size than any southern ones, but the biochemical composition and fruit taste compete to the latter.

In Vitro Proliferation of Three Iranian Apricot Varieties by Single Node Culturing

In Vitro Proliferation of Three Iranian Apricot Varieties by Single Node Culturing

Sterols and squalene in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) kernel oils: the variety as a key factor

The profile of sterols and squalene content in oils recovered from the kernels of 15 apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) varieties were investigated. Nine sterols (campesterol, β-sitosterol, Δ5-avenasterol, 24-methylene-cycloartanol, cholesterol, gramisterol, Δ7-stigmasterol, Δ7-avenasterol and citrostadienol) were identified in apricot kernel oils. The β-sitosterol was the predominant sterol in each cultivar and consisted of 76–86% of the total detected sterols. The content of total sterols and squalene were significantly affected by the variety and ranged between 215.7–973.6 and 12.6–43.9 mg/100 g of oil, respectively.

Physical characteristics, mineral analysis and antioxidant properties of some apricot varieties grown in North India

AbstractEleven apricot varieties (Chinese, Rival, Tilton, Cuminis Haley, Harcot, Margulam, Narmu, Khante, Halman, Badam Chuli, and Cuban) were studied for their mineral analysis, physical characteristics, and antioxidant properties. The physical characteristics varied significantly (p ≤ 0.05) among the apricot varieties. Cuban and Harcot showed a comparatively larger fruit size. However, Cuminis Haley and Harcot showed the highest edible bulk. Nine minerals (Zn, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Na, Mn, P, and K) were analyzed and were found to vary significantly (p ≤ 0.05) among the apricot varieties. Mn, Cu, and Zn elements were present in micro amounts, while K, Mg, Ca, P, and Fe levels were present in macro amounts. Halman and Margulam showed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher amount of the minerals. All the varieties showed lower amounts of Cu as compared to the recommended daily intake, ranging from 0–0.82 ppm. All the varieties proved to be rich sources of polyphenols, with significant (p ≤ 0.05) varietal difference. K...

CHANGES OF ACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN APRICOT FRUITS CAUSED BY STORAGE DEPEND ON CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF VARIETIES

Apricots (Armeniaca vulgaris Lam.) contain a wide variety of nutrients such as sugars and acids, and preventive bioactive compounds such as vitamins, polyphenols and pectins which possess antioxidant activity and affect shelf life of fruits. Like other biological features, these properties are hereditarily determined. Therefore, proper selection of varieties, in addition to the optimal mode of storage, can help to reduce losses in commercial properties and deterioration of the chemical composition of apricots during storage because of rots, physiological diseases, and natural attrition. The article presents a comparative evaluation of the chemical composition and keeping quality of fruits in most common apricot varieties from Krasnodar region that are well adapted to the local conditions of growing. They are the Pineapple, Emerald, Red-Cheeked, Sunny, Amber, ripening in the second ten days of July, and the Krasnodar late, ripening in the third week of July. The differences in many chemical components of fruits peculiar to varieties have been found. An amount of soluble solids in the fruit ranged from 13.5 in Emerald variety to 18.8 % in Pineapple, and the sugars varied from 9.5 to 13.6 %, respectively. Apricot is a high acidic culture with fruits which can contain from 1.4 to 2.0 % organic acids. The high content of pectin at more than 1.0 % was also observed. Pineapple and Sunny varieties accumulated a significant amount of ascorbic acids which was superior to an average value of 14.0 mg/100 g for the central zone of the Krasnodar region. P-active catechins were detected in fruits at 45.6 to 155.9 mg/100 g. The high content of catechins at more than 100.0 mg/100 g was observed in Emerald, Red-Cheeked and Amber varieties. In the Pineapple variety the vitamin PP level of 0.6 mg/100 g was detected. According to L.V. Metlitskii (1976) vitamin PP is a component of many enzymes involved in cellular respiration, metabolism of proteins, and regulation of nervous activity. For full assessment of the biochemical peculiarities of apricots we investigated the content of -carotene (provitamin A). In fruits with light yellow color of the pulp such as the Pineapple fruits the -carotene content was 1.66 mg/100 g, in case of intense yellow color, particularly in Red-Cheeked and Krasnodar late varieties, it was 3.05 and 3.52 mg/100 g, respectively. The activity of polygalacturonase (PG) before computation of fruit for storage and during storage was also tested. The PG activity affecting fruit shelf life was the lowest at fruit harvesting. After 5 days of storage no PG activity was found in Sunny and Red-Cheeked varieties, while in Amber variety it increased slightly, indicating the varietal specificity. After 10 days of storage the PG activity increased and reached the maximum value by the day 15 being at peak in Sunny variety. Soluble pectins during storage were spent more intensively than protopectin, and in fruits with lower keeping quality, particularly in the Sunny variety, these processes were more active than in fruits with higher keeping quality, for instance in Amber variety. A 3.7 % decrease in sugars during storage was detected in Sunny and Emerald varieties. The acid level decreased by 10.0 % on average, and vitamin C and Pactive catechin content became lower by 15.5 to 20.7 %. In Amber, Krasnodar late and Emerald plants the C vitamin activity remained relatively high. In Krasnodar late and Emerald apricot trees the carotene level did not change during storage. In the Sunny and Red-Cheeked varieties it decreased while in Amber increased slightly due to continuing maturation. At the end of storage a natural loss reached 6.8 % in Amber and Emerald varieties and 10.2 % in the Sunny variety. The best marketable quality at 60.0 and 57.4 % rate of fruits of the highest commercial grade were observed in Amber and Krasnodar late varieties. The Sunny variety which annually accumulated ascorbic acid at a high level is recommended as a parental form in breeding for high vitamin C content.

Fatty acid composition and tocopherol content of the kernel oil from apricot varieties (Hasanbey, Hacihaliloglu, Kabaasi and Soganci) collected at different harvest times

The oil content of ‘Hasanbey’ apricot kernels (Prunus armeniaca L.) was created from harvest-1 (14.6.2011) (35.80 %; v/w) and harvest-4 (6.7.2011) (49.00 %; v/w). In addition, the oil content of ‘Kabaasi’ apricot kernels is created from 28.0 to 49.2 % (v/w) between the same harvests. The oleic acid of ‘Hasanbey’ nut oil is created from 42.94 to 59.13 % (v/w) from harvest-1 to harvest-4. The linoleic acid concentration in the same variety ranged from 44.99 to 31.71 % (v/w) depending on harvest times. In addition, ‘Hacihaliloglu’ apricot nut oil contained 45.74 % (harvest-1) to 66.79 % (harvest-4) oleic acid and 43.50 (v/w) to 24.43 % (v/w) linoleic acid at harvest-1 and harvest-4, respectively. The γ-tocopherol content of Hacihaliloglu ranged from 47.63 mg/100 g (v/w) to 27.15 mg/100 g depending on maturation.

Two-year comparison of the biochemical properties of polyphenol oxidase from Turkish Alyanak apricot (Prunus armenica L.)

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was extracted and purified from Turkish Alyanak apricot variety and its characteristics were studied in two consecutive years (2008 and 2009). Three isoenzymes (isoenzyme A1, A2 and B) were obtained upon ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion exchange chromatography using DEAE-Toyopearl 650M and gel filtration chromatography using Sephadex G-100. The isoenzymes exhibited different kinetic properties. Furthermore, year-to-year variability in Km and Vmax values was significant. The pH optimum for enzyme activity was 4.98 for isoenzymes A1 and A2, and 5.8 for isoenzyme B. The isoenzymes A1 and B had optimum temperature at 30°C in both years whereas isoenzyme A2 had maximum activity at 40°C in 2008 and 30°C in 2009. The inactivation kinetics parameters and the effects of inhibitors tested exhibited significant year-to-year variation.

Tocochromanols composition in kernels recovered from different apricot varieties: RP-HPLC/FLD and RP-UPLC-ESI/MSn study

Composition of tocochromanols in kernels recovered from 16 different apricot varieties (Prunus armeniaca L.) was studied. Three tocopherol (T) homologues, namely α, γ and δ, were quantified in all tested samples by an RP-HPLC/FLD method. The γ-T was the main tocopherol homologue identified in apricot kernels and constituted approximately 93% of total detected tocopherols. The RP-UPLC-ESI/MSn method detected trace amounts of two tocotrienol homologues α and γ in the apricot kernels. The concentration of individual tocopherol homologues in kernels of different apricots varieties, expressed in mg/100 g dwb, was in the following range: 1.38–4.41 (α-T), 42.48–73.27 (γ-T) and 0.77–2.09 (δ-T). Moreover, the ratio between individual tocopherol homologues α:γ:δ was nearly constant in all varieties and amounted to approximately 2:39:1.

Hybridizace švestky domácí a meruňky purpurové (Prunus domestica L. x Armeniaca dasycarpa Ehrh.)

Within the framework of hybridization of domestic prunes and black apricots (Prunus domestica L. x Armeniaca dasycarpa Ehrh.) altogether sixteen plants were obtained, of which twelve were identified as hybrids and were kept alive, the same as the variety Jibeck. In hybrids, various degrees of domination of morphological traits of domestic prune were observed. Traits of black apricot were manifested weakly in seven hybrids and in the other five and in the variety Jibeck more perfect, semi dominant. In latter the effect of double set of genes was manifested, which was brought into the zygote by unreduced microspores of the black apricot. Some important properties of unmodified status, such as resistance to abiotic and biotic environmental factors, growth inhibition, yielding capacity, earliness, and high quality of fruit, were combined in these hybrids. The obtained hybrids are very interesting from the viewpoint of selection and breeding of new varieties of domestic prune, obtaining tetraploid and hybrid varieties of black apricot, and breeding and selection of individuals of ordinary apricot with some valuable traits of domestic prune.

First Report of Plum pox virus Strain M Isolates in Apricot in Sicily, Italy.

Sharka or plum pox disease is one of the most economically important virus diseases of stone fruits. Plum pox virus (PPV), the causal agent, is a member of the genus Potyvirus of the family Potyviridae transmitted by aphids in a non-persistent manner and by grafting. To date, nine PPV strains have been described on the basis of their biological, serological, and molecular properties: M and D are the most widespread and economically important strains, PPV-Rec and PPV-C have been reported mainly in Europe, PPV-EA confined to Egypt, PPV-T to Turkey, PPV-W from Canada, Ukraine, Latvia, and Russia, PPV-CR detected in Russia, and finally a putative PPV strain infecting plum in Albania described as the ancestor of the M. PPV-M is responsible for major epidemics in many Italian regions and despite phytosanitary measures, the infection rate increases each year. The D and Rec isolates are sporadically reported while PPV-C, once signaled in Apulia, has been successfully eradicated. Except for a report from the 1980s, which is no longer traceable, Sicily was considered free from the virus (2). In 2012, two new foci of sharka in a coastal area of Catania in Sicily were first reported by the national plant protection service to the European Commission (DG-SANCO). In spring 2013, plants of different varieties of apricot (Prunus armeniaca) and peach (P. persica) showing typical symptoms of flower color break, yellowing and leaf deformation, chlorotic spots or rings, and malformation on fruits were tested positive to PPV by DAS-ELISA using polyclonal antibodies. In order to characterize two isolates from apricot varieties (Carmen Top and Ninfa), total RNAs, extracted using the RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen) from ELISA-positive samples, were analyzed by RT-PCR with primers P1/P2, targeting the 3'-terminal region of the coat protein (CP) gene (5) followed by RFLP analysis after digestion with Rsa1. Subsequently total RNAs were analyzed with the type-specific primers P1/PM and P1/PD (3), P3M/P4b and P3D/P4b amplifying the N-terminal region of the CP gene (1) and, finally, with primers mD5/mD3, mM5/mM3, and mD5/mM3, amplifying the region 3'NIb-5'CP, including the recombination site of Rec isolates (4). Only primer pairs P1/P2, P1/PM, P3M/P4b, and mM5/mM3 produced amplicons of the expected size (243, 198, 466, and 459 bp, respectively). The RFLP assay confirmed both isolates belonging to the M strain. Moreover, no reaction was obtained with primer pair mD5/mM3, excluding isolates belonging to Rec-type. Isolate characterization was completed by direct sequencing in both directions of the of P1/P2 and P3M/P4b amplicons obtained from apricot samples L9-1 (Carmen Top isolate) and 9-335 (Ninfa isolate). The P1/P2 sequences (KJ994235, KJ994237) showed 98% similarity with PPV-M or PPV-Rec isolates. The P3M/P4b sequences (KJ994236, KJ994238) confirmed that Sicilian isolates belong to the PPV-M strain showing 99% similarity with those already present in GenBank, thus ruling out the possibility of an infection with a PPV-Rec isolate. This outbreak of the Marcus strain of PPV in Sicily represents a high risk for the expanding production of stone fruit in southern Italy. An eradication plan was quickly activated by the regional phytosanitary service.

The role of some elicitors in inducing chilling stress resistance in apricot fruit

This study aimed to study the role of 2 mM salicylic acid and 0.2 mM methyl Jasmonic acid in reducing the chilling injuries on two different apricot varieties fruits (Bergarauge and Flavor cot). These treatments were applied for apricot fruit directly after harvest after measuring the zero time data. Then the fruit were stored at 1 oC for three weeks and were examined 7 day periodically, other group of fruit was stored at 1 oC for 15 days then transport to room temperature and examined after 4 and 8 days. The fruit samples were collected at each examination time, and the measurements containing the fruit firmness (Kg cm-2), chilling and decay index, membrane electrolyte leakage, total phenol content and phenylalanine ammonia lyase mechanism (PAL) activity. The results showed that there are no obvious differences between the tested varieties and the differences may back to genetic variations and they took the same trend for most of measurement after treated with SA and MJ. SA and/or MJ treated fruit achieved low percentage of fruit softening in comparison to water treated fruit. At the same time the chilling and decay index showed that the SA and/or MJ reduced the decay or breakdown symptoms in either tested varieties. The treated fruit with those elicitor help the fruit to keep about stable phenol content while water treated fruit lose the phenol content sharply at early storage and this stable level of phenol my because of the ability of those chemical to raise PAL activity in treated fruit.

Histological and cell wall polysaccharide chemical variability among apricot varieties

The variability of histological and cell wall chemical characteristics of apricot were assessed in nine apricot varieties: Harogem, Goldrich, Hargrand, Iranien, Moniqui, Orangered® Bhart, Stark Early Orange, Ravicille and Rouge du Roussillon. For chemical analyses, Iranien and Moniqui were harvested twice at two weeks interval and Goldrich parenchyma was subdivided into inner and outer tissue.Image texture analysis of parenchyma tissue sections allowed distinguishing varieties on the basis of cell and vascular bundle size distributions and tissue organization. Whole parenchyma cell wall sugar composition failed to distinguish varieties. Goldrich outer tissue was richer in arabinose and mannose compared to inner parenchyma. Methyl and acetyl esterification of polysaccharides were better discriminants. The distribution of methyl and acetyl esters on pectin varied among varieties. The tissue regions studied in Goldrich and the different harvests studied in Moniqui and Iranien affected pectin esterification. Hemicellulose fine structure profiles discriminated varieties on the basis of xyloglucan and galactoglucomannan structures proportion.The results point to variations in chemical and histological characteristics that can be of importance in studies on the understanding the genetics of apricots texture variations.

Effect of culture jar seal on in vitro rooting and subsequent acclimatization of three Italian apricot varieties

Low rooting and survival in the acclimatization phase are among the main factors that can negatively affect in vitro propagation of apricot. We investigated: (a) the effect of different jar closure types [hermetic (H), cotton plugs (C) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sealing] on C2H4 and CO2 accumulation, and in vitro rooting of apricot shoots, cv. San Castrese, Boreale and Vitillo; (b) plantlet behavior after transfer ex vitro. ‘San Castrese’ showed the highest rooting aptitude, regardless of the jar closure type. The H closure strongly increased C2H4 (up to 567ηmolmol−1 in ‘San Castrese’) and CO2 (to a mean of 85mmolmol−1) accumulation inside jars, without affecting in vitro rooting percentages; however, it significantly reduced root number in comparison to PVC. The H closure also lowered survival rates in the acclimatization phase, especially compared to C, and caused reduced root growth in ‘Boreale’ and ‘Vitillo’ if compared to PVC and C, respectively. Moreover, plantlets from H were generally shorter.

Deep-sequencing analysis of an apricot tree with vein clearing symptoms reveals the presence of a novel betaflexivirus

Deep-sequencing technology applied on double stranded RNA recovered from an apricot tree with vein clearing symptoms allowed the identification of a novel virus with a single-stranded RNA genome, for which the provisional name apricot vein clearing-associated virus (AVCaV) is proposed. Its genome comprises 7315nt, excluding the poly(A) tail, covering four open reading frames (ORFs). The putative virus-encoded proteins, i.e., replicase (REP), movement protein (MP), coat protein (CP) and nucleic acid-binding protein (NB), had an estimated molecular weight of 192.5, 32.15, 25.5 and 16.1kDa, respectively and shared the highest identity (ca. 40%) with citrus leaf blotch virus (CLBV) and with orthologs of other known members of the family Betaflexiviridae. The phylogenetic trees constructed with the sequences of the entire replication-associated polyproteins and the putative CP showed incongruent allocations of AVCaV within the genus Citrivirus or as an outgroup species close to the genus Vitivirus, respectively. The peculiar organization of its genome (four ORFs), different from that typical of members of Citrivirus (three ORFs) and Vitivirus (five ORFs) genera, makes likely AVCaV a novel member of an unassigned genus of the family Betaflexiviridae. In RT-PCR assays, AVCaV was found to infect only one out of 39 varieties of apricot tested; thus, suggesting to be limitedly spread.

Evaluating the Effect of Variety and Pretreatments on the Quality of Dried Apricots

Since the waste of agricultural and horticultural products is high, appropriate methods should be used to produce products with high quality and shelf life for export. In Iran a great part of fruits and vegetables are dried conventionally and farmer use So2 gas for preservation and color stability of dried apricots ,but this gas is allergic and carcinogenic and effort to find suitable substitutes for this substance would be an efficient method to the health of the society. So, in this study 3 apricot varieties were selected to evaluate the drying quality and to determine the so2 replacement methods. The selected varieties (Noori, Khaybei 2 and Nasiri) were treated with citric acid, (0.3%), ascorbic acid (0.3%), sodium meta bisulfate (0.4%) and a 50% mixture of ascorbic and citric before drying and then were compared with control samples(without any treatment). After drying, the characteristics such as Brix, pH, moisture contents, browning index, acidity and organoleptic properties were evaluated. Results showing that the effect of variety on moisture, browning, pH, acidity and organoleptic properties were significant (P<0.01) and the treated samples had significant differences with controls. According to the obtained results the Khaybei 2 variety and treatment with the mixture of ascorbic and citric acids were selected as the best treatment in this study.