Varied Source Research Articles

Physical Modeling of Tsunamis Generated by Submarine Volcanic Eruptions

AbstractSubmarine volcanic eruptions can induce major local and regional tsunami hazards through varied source mechanisms. Large‐scale experiments of tsunamis generated by submarine volcanic eruptions are conducted to study the cylindrical wave generation and propagation in a three‐dimensional wave basin. A unique volcanic tsunami generator (VTG) was deployed at the bottom of the wave basin to generate volcanic tsunamis with repeatable and controlled source parameters. The physical modeling is based on the generalized Froude number defined with the VTG velocity and the near source water depth. The pneumatically driven vertical stroke motion generates leading elevation waves in the wave basin. The tsunami waves generated by the VTG are measured with a wave gauge array. The wave maker performance is characterized by the dimensionless leading wave amplitudes and periods. The experimental data show the variations of the leading wave amplitude, period, and celerity along the radial propagation distance. The generated cylindrical waves belong to the weakly nonlinear wave regime in the near field with decaying wave amplitude along radial propagation. The attenuation rate of the leading wave exceeds the range from the linear wave theory in runs with higher Froude numbers. The dimensionless leading wave period increases with the dimensionless propagation distance due to the dispersion relation. Empirical equations for the characteristic wave parameters such as amplitudes and periods are derived. The experimental results contribute to the understanding of volcanic tsunami generation processes and may serve rapid volcanic tsunami hazard assessments as well as the advancement and validation of numerical models.

Prediction of inlet gas volume fraction of rotary vane pump under variable operational conditions with 1DCNN-TL model utilizing vibration signals

The Rotary vane pump (RVP) exhibits promising potential in the lubricating oil system of aircraft engines. The entrainment of air into the lubricating oil flowing through the pump affects the suction and discharge flow rates of the RVP. Therefore, understanding the inlet gas volume fraction (IGVF) of the RVP is crucial to assess its capability to deliver sufficient lubricating oil for ensuring the safe operation of aircraft engines. This study presents a one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1DCNN)-based transfer learning (TL) (1DCNN-TL) prediction model to predict IGVF for the RVP using experimental data from gas-liquid two-phase flow in the RVP. The model is pre-trained using the vibration signals under a specific differential pressure between the pump inlet and outlet to enable predictions of the IGVF under varying differential pressures. The 1DCNN serves as pre-trained model for analyzing the outcomes of different transfer tasks. The effect of different frozen layer numbers on training time and prediction accuracy of the neural network is explored. Subsequently, the influence of varied source domain data on prediction accuracy is investigated, revealing that for optimal TL results, stable condition data at 200 kPa should be preferred as the source domain. Then the 1DCNN-TL prediction model of IGVF of RVP under variable operational conditions is determined. The results indicate varying iteration convergence rates of the pre-trained model under a differential pressure of 200 kPa across different transfer tasks, with a final goodness of fit exceeding 0.958 after fine-tuning the model. The model demonstrates the high prediction accuracy and applicability, which can contribute to improving the reliability and safety of aircraft engines.

Reconstructing the Zama (Mexico) discovery source to sink story, Part I; detrital zircon U–Pb and (U‐Th)/He provenance analysis and implications for sediment source terranes

AbstractThe Zama discovery was identified off the coast of Tabasco, Mexico, in the Sureste Basin of the Gulf of Mexico and is hosted in a three‐way closure in the Upper Miocene. This study conducted a detailed detrital zircon (DZ) U–Pb and (U‐Th)/He provenance analyses on samples from sandstone reservoirs in the Zama‐3 and Zama‐2ST1 wells. A total of 22 sandstone samples (11 from each well) were collected for DZ U–Pb and (U‐Th)/He dating from different reservoir zones, testing the hypothesis that different zones were whether originally derived from varied sedimentary source terranes and associated transport pathways to the Zama mini‐basin depositional site. Additional objectives include determination of maximum depositional ages, reconstruction of paleofluvial systems, and exploring the temporal evolution of the drainage region and hinterland tectonics. The DZ U–Pb age spectra from both Zama wells have remarkably homogenous DZ signatures with very similar DZ age modes and modal percentages, displaying dominant Permian/Chiapas Batholith (ca. 35%–45%), Mesoproterozoic/Oaxaquian (ca. 20%–35%), Early Palaeozoic/Acatlán (ca. 8%–20%), and Cenozoic magmatic arc (ca. 15%–25%) age modes, as well as some subsidiary (<5%) early Proterozoic/Archean and Early Cretaceous DZ age components, linked to recycled lower Palaeozoic strata and the Guerrero Terrane and Alisitos arc, respectively. Despite differences in paleocurrent directions, deduced from image logs, there are no systematic differences in DZ spectra, indicating a consistent sediment provenance and no changes in source area. All Zama samples analysed in the study are characterized by abundant syn‐depositional Late Miocene DZ grains, clustering between 8.6 and 10.2 Ma, corroborating a Tortonian (Late Miocene) depositional age, and yield rapid sediment accumulation rates of ca. 200 m in <1.4 Ma (13 m/Myr). Doubled zircon U–Pb and (U‐Th)/He age pairs are indicative of recycling of early Mesozoic rift strata and Paleogene and younger Chiapas basement. These new DZ U–Pb and (U‐Th)/He data have a nearly invariant Tortonian sediment provenance that is similar to the modern Grijalva River flowing generally northward out of the Chiapas highlands. The paleo‐Grijalva drainage, providing sediment to the Late Miocene Zama mini‐basin, was likely drastically larger than the present catchment as it involved 10 Ma plutonic sources that were subsequently downfaulted along the Pacific coast in the latest Miocene. Importantly, DZ U–Pb age components are consistent with Oaxaquia, early Acatlán, and Guerrero/Alisitos signatures and point to sourcing from the Chortis block during its tectonic eastward translation. Such a scenario would allow for a substantially larger Miocene paleo‐drainage that would have encompassed both Chiapas and portions of Chortis. The Miocene tectonic translation of Chortis and erosion of a large and tectonically active hinterland would also reconcile the dramatically larger Middle to Late Miocene sediment supply, funnelling a large influx of sediment into the southern Gulf of Mexico. Rapid Late Miocene sediment accumulation in the salt‐defined Zama mini‐basin must have involved sustained sediment flux via the paleo‐Grijalva drainage and was likely facilitated and focused by continued salt deflation due to sediment loading, as described in Part II. Thus, our work provides new scientific insights into one of the largest hydrocarbon discoveries in Mexico in recent years.

Size scale effect on mass burning flux and flame behavior of solid fuels

The study investigates the horizontal fuel size effect on free-burning fires for PMMA plates and wood cribs. The fuel size effect on mass burning flux and flame behavior is mainly discussed and compared with typical pool fires. For the PMMA plate and liquid pool, when the fuel size is small (< 10 cm), either the 3D sidewall burning of PMMA or the container wall heated by flame can promote the burning flux at the horizontal projection area. As the fuel size increases, these side wall burning or heating effects decrease, causing the drop in burning flux with fuel scale for both the PMMA plate and liquid pool. For small-scale wood cribs, fire cannot self-sustain due to the large airflow cooling. With the increase in wood crib size, the burning rate first remains constant and then gradually increases, driven by the enhanced internal radiation. As the fuel size increases above 20–30 cm, the flame radiation dominates the burning flux for all fuel types. Fire dynamics simulator (FDS) was adopted to simulate the horizontal size effect by setting a varied fire source (horizontal projection) area. First, the flame geometry and heat release rate (HRR) of simulations were validated against experimental results. Subsequently, the validated fire model generates cases covering a broad range of fire scales. Finally, a new correlation of flame height with the fire heat release rate and fuel size is proposed, and its prediction capability is validated in the numerical fire modeling. This study quantifies the size effect on the burning rate for common solid fuels and provides valuable information for the numerical modeling of multi-scale fires.

Quiz design as assessment in non-STEM undergraduate law courses

ABSTRACT In 2020, the author introduced an assessment at the University of Auckland, Faculty of Law in which students design a multiple-choice question (MCQ) quiz on a course reading. The assessment was inspired by the PeerWise tool (primarily used and studied in STEM subjects) and informed by contributing student pedagogy. The assessment was offered in three courses, each time requiring less workload (questions to write) relative to course points, and students were surveyed in each instance. This article surveys the literature on quiz design as assessment, describes how the assessment works, presents and discusses the students’ responses to it, and recommends how other law teachers could use the assessment. The survey findings include that: the assessment increased student interest in the content of their assigned reading; the assessment increased student engagement with the course materials generally; the assessment was more enjoyable than working on a typical research essay or problem question; the time required was similar to or less than that required for a typical law assessment; and the assessment was valuable for their learning. The study endorses a five-MCQ quiz for 10% on a reading, comprising multiple sources or a varied source, in a course requiring 150 hours of learning.

Beyond headlines: A qualitative analysis of environmental reporting in bangladeshi print media

Environmental degradation poses significant challenges to Bangladesh's sustainable development, given its dense population and vulnerability to climate change. Media, particularly print journalism, plays a crucial role in addressing these challenges by raising awareness and fostering public discourse. This study examines environmental reporting in Bangladeshi print media, focusing on depth, source diversity, and long-term impact. Through qualitative analysis and interviews, it evaluates coverage depth, source credibility, and societal outcomes. Findings reveal a mix of superficial and investigative reporting, with varied source usage. While challenges like resource constraints and censorship exist, opportunities for improvement through training, investigative focus, source diversification, and ethical reporting practices are identified. Enhancing environmental journalism's quality and impact can promote public awareness, policy discourse, and societal change, contributing to Bangladesh's environmental sustainability.

Pre-service elementary teachers’ science and engineering teaching self-efficacy and outcome expectancy: exploring the impacts of efficacy source experiences through varying course modalities

BackgroundTeacher efficacy is one of the most influential components for effective instruction, highlighting the importance of providing preservice teachers (PSTs) with opportunities to learn how to teach engineering during their college preparatory coursework. Making space for engineering instruction within science methods coursework could provide opportunities for PSTs to enhance their engineering teaching efficacy but also requires course instructors to give up some time previously devoted to science-focused instruction. The purpose of the current study was to explore how infusing engineering learning opportunities into a science methods course impacts PSTs’ engineering and science teaching efficacy and outcome expectancy.ResultsPre/post-surveys were completed by PSTs enrolled in a Kindergarten-8th grade science methods course offered in four modalities (i.e., face-to-face, hybrid, online, rapid shift online). The course offered multiple engineering-focused learning activities and vicarious experiences. PSTs’ science teaching efficacy beliefs, engineering teaching efficacy beliefs, science teaching outcome expectancy, and engineering teaching outcome expectancy all significantly increased from pre- to post-test. There was no significant difference between efficacy gains based on course modality. The purposeful inclusion of multiple engineering activities and vicarious experiences allows for significant gains in science and engineering teaching efficacy and outcome expectancy regardless of the modality in which the course is taken.ConclusionsThis study shows that having varied efficacy source experiences while learning engineering design can result in increased efficacy, even in the absence of field experience and face-to-face coursework, and that the inclusion of these engineering experiences with science methods coursework does not detract from enhancing science teaching efficacy beliefs and outcome expectancy. Further research is needed to more closely examine individual components of science methods courses and the impacts each component has when implemented using different course modalities.

Perceptions on Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness: Perspectives of Pregnant Women

Birth preparedness and complication readiness (BPCR) involves preparing for childbirth, bearing in mind the possible complications. The concept of BPCR has the potential to improve the awareness and utilization of suitable medical facilities to ensure safe delivery and minimize maternal and neonatal mortality. The purpose of the study was to explore pregnant women’s perspectives on the benefits and barriers of BPCR in the Northern Ghana. The study employed an exploratory descriptive design using a qualitative approach. Purposive sampling was used to recruit 13 participants. Data was collected through individual face-to-face interviews. The data was analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Out of the 13 participants, the age range for participants was 17 to 37 years; more than half were married, but less than half had no formal education. The participants indicated their understanding of BPCR by explaining the concept of BPCR, dangers signs, and prevention of danger signs. A varied source of information on BPCR was reported including the midwives or clinic, media, and family. The participants indicated that the benefits of BPCR include ensuring adequate preparation, delivery of a healthy child, and arranging for support. The barriers to BPCR were inadequate information, lack of finances, lack of transport, lack of support from the family, and lack of community support. The study findings indicate that the participants were generally informed about the concept of BPCR. However, to enable pregnant women prepare adequately for childbirth, there is a need to involve the husbands in the education on BPCR. The use of mass media to get families and communities educated on the importance of BPCR will enable them to support pregnant women.

Ircinia ramosa Sponge Extract (iSP) Induces Apoptosis in Human Melanoma Cells and Inhibits Melanoma Cell Migration and Invasiveness.

Marine compounds represent a varied source of new drugs with potential anticancer effects. Among these, sponges, including those belonging to the Irciniidae family, have been demonstrated to exert cytotoxic effects on different human cancer cells. Here, we investigated, for the first time, the therapeutic effect of an extract (referred as iSP) from the sponge, Ircinia ramosa (Porifera, Dictyoceratida, and Irciniidae), on A375 human melanoma cells. We found that iSP impaired A375 melanoma cells proliferation, induced cell death through caspase-dependent apoptosis and arrested cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, as demonstrated via both flow cytometry and qPCR analysis. The proapoptotic effect of iSP is associated with increased ROS production and mitochondrial modulation, as observed by using DCF-DHA and mitochondrial probes. In addition, we performed wound healing, invasion and clonogenic assays and found that iSP was able to restrain A375 migration, invasion and clonogenicity. Importantly, we observed that an iSP treatment modulated the expression of the EMT-associated epithelial markers, E-CAD and N-CAD, unveiling the mechanism underlying the effect of iSP in modulating A375 migration and invasion. Collectively, this study provides the first evidence to support the role of Ircinia ramosa sponge extracts as a potential therapeutic resource for the treatment of human melanoma.

Single-pixel reconstructive mid-infrared micro-spectrometer.

Miniaturized spectrometers in the mid-infrared (MIR) are critical in developing next-generation portable electronics for advanced sensing and analysis. The bulky gratings or detector/filter arrays in conventional micro-spectrometers set a physical limitation to their miniaturization. In this work, we demonstrate a single-pixel MIR micro-spectrometer that reconstructs the sample transmission spectrum by a spectrally dispersed light source instead of spatially grated light beams. The spectrally tunable MIR light source is realized based on the thermal emissivity engineered via the metal-insulator phase transition of vanadium dioxide (VO2). We validate the performance by showing that the transmission spectrum of a magnesium fluoride (MgF2) sample can be computationally reconstructed from sensor responses at varied light source temperatures. With potentially minimum footprint due to the array-free design, our work opens the possibility where compact MIR spectrometers are integrated into portable electronic systems for versatile applications.

Support Vector Regression Models of Stormwater Quality for a Mixed Urban Land Use

The present study is an attempt to model the stormwater quality of a stream located in Pune, India. The city is split up into twenty-three basins (named A to W) by the Pune Municipal Corporation. The selected stream lies in the haphazardly expanded peri-urban G basin. The G basin has constructed stormwater drains which open up in this selected open stream. The runoff over the regions picks up the non-point source pollutants which are also added to the selected stream. The study becomes more complex as the stream is misused to dump trash materials, garbage and roadside litter, which adds to the stormwater pollution. Experimental investigations include eleven distinct locations on a naturally occurring stream in the G basin. Stormwater samples were collected for twenty-two storm events, for the monsoon season over four years from 2018–2021, during and after rainfall. The physicochemical characteristics were analyzed for twelve water quality parameters, including pH, Conductivity, Turbidity, Total solids (TS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Phosphate, Ammonia and Nitrate. The Water Quality Index (WQI) ranged from 46.9 to 153.9 and from 41.20 to 87.70 for samples collected during and immediately after the rainfall, respectively. Principal Component Analysis was used to extract the most significant stormwater quality parameters. To understand the non-linear complex relationship of rainfall characteristics with significant stormwater pollutant parameters, a Support Vector Regression (SVR) model with Radial Basis Kernel Function (RBF) was developed. The Support Vector Machine is a powerful supervised algorithm that works best on smaller datasets but on complex ones with the help of kernel tricks. The accuracy of the model was evaluated based on normalized root-mean-square error (NRMSE), coefficient of determination (R2) and the ratio of performance to the interquartile range (RPIQ). The SVR model depicted the best performance for parameter TS with NRMSE (0.17), R2 (0.82) and RPIQ (2.91). The unit increase or decrease in the coefficients of rainfall characteristics displays the weighted deviation in the values of pollutant parameters. Non-linear Support Vector Regression models confirmed that both antecedent dry days and rainfall are correlated with significant stormwater quality parameters. The conclusions drawn can provide effective information to decision-makers to employ an appropriate treatment train approach of varied source control measures (SCM) to be proposed to treat and mitigate runoff in an open stream. This holistic approach serves the stakeholder’s objectives to manage stormwater efficiently. The research can be further extended by selecting a multi-criteria decision-making tool to adopt the best SCM and its multiple potential combinations.

“The Past Must Be Given a Place”: Migration, Intergenerational Transfer, and Cultural Memory Practices in Belgian Families of Hungarian Descent

This article investigates the intergenerational effects of migration on the memories of Belgian families of Hungarian origin, focusing specifically on how these effects can prompt the second and third generations of migrant families to bring their private memories and identity constructions into the public sphere. Their social participation becomes a crucial element in their quest to uncover their families’ histories. While the memory of the migration experience was initially contained in the “archive” (the private sphere), it eventually transitions into the “canon” (the public sphere), becoming accessible to those outside the family circle. Using published biographies of second-generation members about their immigrant parents, photographic images, texts of a theatre play, group conversations on social media (Facebook), and interviews with members of the second and third generations, this article offers a varied source material to explore these questions. By pushing the boundaries of historical research and memory studies, it demonstrates that the memories of migration can have long-lasting effects that connect people and families with larger communities and the social sphere.

Bioactive compounds characterisation of PeruvianDysphania ambrosioides(L.) Mosyakin &amp; Clemants leaves byGC/MSandUPLC–ESI–Q/TOF–MSntechniques

SummarySome bioactive compounds in paico (Dysphania ambrosioides)leaves were characterised. By LC–MS/MS‐QToF, 20 polyphenols were found: vanillic acid, onep‐coumaroyl‐hexoside acid derivative, three quercetin‐rhamnoside derivatives, one quercetin derivative, two kaempferol acetyl‐furanoside‐rhamnoside derivatives and twelve kaempferol‐rhamnoside derivatives. The content of total phenolic compounds was 645.11 mg/100 g dry weight (DW) of which the highest content corresponded to kaempferol glycosides. Likewise, in the analysis of terpenes, α‐terpinene, limonene,p‐cymene, thymol, γ‐terpinene, carvacrol, isoascaridol and α‐pinene were found in amounts of 1489.65; 313.1; 104.8; 49.4; 45.1; 22.9; 8.19 and 4.32 mg/100 g DW, respectively. Analysis of lipophilic metabolites reported fatty acids in order of importance: linoleic = linolenic &gt; palmitic &gt; oleic (35.8; 35.4; 26.3 and 2.5%, respectively). α‐, β‐, γ‐ and δ‐tocopherols were found in amounts of 28.78, 7.19, 7.96 and 3.27 μg g−1, respectively. It is concluded that paico leaves of Peruvian origin present a varied source of bioactive compounds with potential applications for the pharmaceutical and food industry.

Evaluating the influence of constant source profile presumption on PMF analysis of PM2.5 by comparing long- and short-term hourly observation-based modeling

Hourly PM2.5 speciation data have been widely used as an input of positive matrix factorization (PMF) model to apportion PM2.5 components to specific source-related factors. However, the influence of constant source profile presumption during the observation period is less investigated. In the current work, hourly concentrations of PM2.5 water-soluble inorganic ions, bulk organic and elemental carbon, and elements were obtained at an urban site in Nanjing, China from 2017 to 2020. PMF analysis based on observation data during specific pollution (firework combustion, sandstorm, and winter haze) and emission-reduction (COVID-19 pandemic) periods was compared with that using the whole 4-year data set (PMFwhole). Due to the lack of data variability, event-based PMF solutions did not separate secondary sulfate and nitrate. But they showed better performance in simulating average concentrations and temporal variations of input species, particularly for primary source markers, than the PMFwhole solution. After removing event data, PMF modeling was conducted for individual months (PMFmonth) and the 4-year period (PMF4-year), respectively. PMFmonth solutions reflected varied source profiles and contributions and reproduced monthly variations of input species better than the PMF4-year solution, but failed to capture seasonal patterns of secondary salts. Additionally, four winter pollution days were selected for hour-by-hour PMF simulations, and three sample sizes (500, 1000, and 2000) were tested using a moving window method. The results showed that using short-term observation data performed better in reflecting immediate changes in primary sources, which will benefit future air quality control when primary PM emissions begin to increase.

Shunt active power filter with MSRF-PI-AHCC technique for harmonics mitigation in a hybrid energy system under load changing condition

ABSTRACT In this study, a shunt active power filter (SAPF) is used to measure the harmonics level of a hybrid power system based on solar PV (SPV) and wind system. The SAPF employs a modified synchronous reference frame technology, an adaptive hysteresis current controller method, and a conventional proportional and integral based voltage regulator for the generation of reference current. The recommended SAPF performs extremely well in suppressing harmonics under varied load and source conditions. The results show that the proposed model outperforms earlier approaches in terms of harmonic mitigation and dc-link voltage stability. It was created in MATLAB/Simulink. The SAPF can minimise harmonics of the source current from 26.74% to 1.565% and 20.25% to 1.80% for inductive and capacitive load case respectively under ideal source condition and 30.05% to 3.82% (inductive) and 25.25% to 3.56% (capacitive) under non-ideal source condition. The proposed controller also reduces the ripples from the dc-link capacitor voltage from 22 V to 8 V and 9 V under both the source condition, respectively, based on the numerical comparison of findings.

Electrifying Mexico: Technology and the Transformation of a Modern City (Diana J. Montaño, 2021)

Diana J. Montaño’s Electrifying Mexico is a cultural and social history of electrification in the Mexican capital between 1880 and 1960. She adopts a user-centered approach to place ordinary people at the center of the story of electrification, showing how technological diffusion was a contested and multi-directional process. Incorporating histories of technology, gender, race, class, law, and labor—as well as a creative and varied source base—Montaño reconstructs electrification from the bottom-up and offers several methodological contributions for energy historians to build on.

Major, trace and rare earth elemental geochemistry of Santonian–Campanian onland‐offshore transition in a Gilbert‐type deltaic setting, Cauvery Basin, southern India

The spatially widely distributed and temporally protracted Santonian–Campanian stratigraphic records of the Sillakkudi Formation of the Ariyalur Group, Cauvery Basin, southern India represent an onland exposure of a Gilbert‐type delta. Here, we present geochemical, mineralogical, and petrographic analyses of two composite stratigraphic sections, and evaluate the climatic, tectonic, and other factors that contributed to the spatio‐emporal uniqueness of this formation. A range of low to intensive weathering, simultaneous exhumation/erosion, physical transport, and chemical weathering, prevalent at different parts of the source region and or the existence of multiple channels that drained varied source regions and hence varied lithologies at exhumation surfaces which in turn experienced seasonally varied flow conditions were interpreted. The prevalence of physical erosion during the initial stages of the deposition of the Sillakkudi Formation that progressed towards higher intensities of chemical weathering, in tune with the increase in atmospheric temperature and sea‐level rise during the later stages of the formation, is evidenced. Occurrences of positive and negative Eu anomalies and a progression from active to passive tectonic setting of samples, concomitant with change from tectonic control to relative sea‐level and the sediment influx controlled nature of deposition from Santonian–Campanian is recorded. Together, three sets of related factors namely, tectonics, increase of atmospheric temperature and sea‐level rise operated independently, and the enforced transience of transformation of the source terrain from active to passive margin, the transformation of depositional setting from fluvial to estuarine/intertidal to open marine, and shifting of principal loci of deposition from onland to offshore, are documented. The causal link between the progressive increase of sea‐level control over the depositional system during the Santonian–Campanian as recorded by this study could be due to the rise in atmospheric temperature that in turn might have been influenced by the movement of the Indian Plate from low latitudes towards the equatorial region. The second implication of the results is that the studies attempting to document tectonic setting, provenance, and weathering, with the help of geochemical discriminant diagrams, should also consider the spatial and temporal changes in the source area as well as depositional setting.

In Conversation with Enola Holmes: Neo-Victorian Girlhood, Adaptation, and Direct Address

Abstract Netflix’s Enola Holmes (2020) adapts Nancy Springer’s young adult novels by the same name for a new generation of viewers, using the affordances of film to engage varied source material and generic conventions. The film replicates often-used tropes and themes of both Neo-Victorian narratives and young adult literature and media—most notably, girl empowerment in a restrictive society. At the same time, Enola Holmes also challenges the notion of a bad or absent mother figure in children’s literature, complicating the character of Eudoria Holmes from Springer’s novels. While issues of adaptation are most obvious with regard to the Sherlock Holmes canon and Springer novels, Enola Holmes also employs Jane Eyre as an intertext, between shared characteristics in the plot and characterization as well as the use of direct address to speak to the viewer. With a familiar message promoting girl power and social activism, the rhetorical move made by Enola’s direct address invites the viewer to participate in the narrative.

Anatomical Variants of the Obturator Artery and Their Clinical Importance

Context: The obturator artery (OA) originates from the internal iliac artery (IIA), and it runs on the lateral pelvic wall to leave through the obturator canal. It can have a varied source of origin. A small pelvic space makes it susceptible to injury during repair of femoral and inguinal hernias and pelvic surgeries. Unexpected injury of an aberrant OA can be avoided only with a thorough knowledge of its anatomy. Aim: This study aims to estimate the prevalence and describe the course of aberrant obturator arteries. Settings and Design: A descriptive, cross-sectional, cadaveric study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, India. Materials and Methods: Sixty-four hemipelvices were dissected. Variations in the origin, course, and relations of the OA were observed and noted. Statistical Analysis Used: The results were tabulated, and the prevalence of each variation was calculated. Results: Variations were seen in 40.6% cases. OA originated from inferior epigastric artery (23.4%), external iliac artery (3.1%), posterior division of IIA and iliolumbar artery (1.5%), superior gluteal artery (6.2%), internal pudendal artery (1.5%), and inferior gluteal artery (3.1%) cases. Arterial corona mortis, a tortuous anastomotic channel connecting OA (originating from IIA) and inferior epigastric artery was seen along with venous connections in one specimen. Conclusions: Aberrant origins of OA pose a high risk for significant hemorrhage in trauma and various surgeries. Hence, a sound anatomical knowledge of its origin and course is vital while repairing fractures and hernias in this region.

Maqasid shariah’s Change as Theory: From Classical to Cotemporary Maqasid Shariah

This article intended to identify the development of maqasid shariah theory and discourse in various published articles from various databases courses. By applying a systematic approach to a literature review, this article identifies the development of themes related to maqasid shariah. This approach is applied to fifty-three article in varied data source like ProQuest, Google Scholars, Scopus database and IRTI-IDB Proceeding. From the maqasid shariah index to maqasid shariah as a legal framework in contemporary fiqh discourse, even fatwa’s by various religious institutions such as the MUI. Nevertheless, the development of maqasid shariah as an analytical framework and paradigm has changed, from a values-based and juridical basis to social indicators.