Varying Pore Size Research Articles

Covalent Organic Frameworks as a Versatile Platform for Iron‐Catalyzed sp3 C−H Activation and Cross‐Coupling via Decarboxylative Oxidation

AbstractThis work demonstrates the oxidative cross‐coupling of cinnamic acids with toluene using FeCl3 immobilized on a covalent organic framework (COF) pore wall, resulting in the synthesis of 1,3‐arylpropene derivatives. This iron‐based heterogeneous catalytic system affords the desired products in moderate yields ranging from 51 % to 65 %. Investigations using COFs with varying pore sizes indicate that larger pores facilitate the reaction, suggesting a spatial requirement for this transformation within the catalyst. The correlation between pore size and reaction efficiency provides insights into developing tailored catalysts to match the spatial requirements of the transformation. This version emphasizes the novelty of the study and the synthesis of 1,3‐arylpropene derivatives. It also clarifies that the iron‐based heterogeneous catalytic system is responsible for the reaction. Additionally, it provides a more detailed explanation of the findings regarding pore size and spatial requirements.

Recent Progress of Novel Porous Materials in Wastewater Treatment

Unavoidably, the expansion of industry causes the release of numerous heavy metals, radionuclides, and organic pollutants into the environment. Due to these pollutants, the extremely toxic, highly carcinogenic chemicals provide a serious risk to people and aquatic life. Wastewater pollutants must be removed to safeguard the ecology. A huge specific surface area, multiple binding sites, a plethora of functional groups, variable pore size, and simplicity of surface modification are just a few advantages of porous materials. They are considered viable candidate materials for the efficient and selective removal of contaminants from aqueous solutions in a range of difficult circumstances due to their benefits. This work reviews the characteristics, methods of functionalization, and ways of modification of many novel porous materials in recent years. The use of these porous materials in the treatment of wastewater was examined. The development potential of porous materials is finally summed up.

Preparation and Application of Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Film with Step-Driven Display Capability.

The realization of multifunctional advanced displays with better electro-optical properties is especially crucial at present. However, conventional integral full drive-based transparent display is increasingly failing to meet the demands of the day. Herein, partitioned polymerization as a novel preparation method was introduced innovatively into polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (PDLC) for realizing a step-driven display in agreement with fluorescent dye to solve the above drawback. At first, the utilization of fluorescent dye to endow the PDLC film with fluorescent properties resulted in a reduction in the saturation voltage of the PDLC from 39.7 V to 25.5 V and an increase in the contrast ratio from 58.4 to 96.6. Meanwhile, the experimental observations and theoretical considerations have elucidated that variation in microscopic pore size can significantly influence the electro-optical behavior of PDLC. Then, the step-driven PDLC film was fabricated through the exposure of different regions of the LC cell to different UV-light intensities, resulting in stepwise voltage-transmittance (V-T) responses of the PDLC film for the corresponding regions. Consequently, under appropriate driving voltages, the PDLC can realize three different states of total scattering, semi-transparent and total transparent, respectively. In addition, the PDLC film also embodied an outstanding anti-aging property and UV-shielding performance, which makes it fascinating for multifunctional advanced display applications.

Alginate-based composite scaffolds loaded with streptomycin sulfate for bone regeneration: In vitro studies

In this work, nanoceramic powders were prepared by the wet-chemical precipitation method. Furthermore, composite scaffolds were fabricated by blending alginate and gelatin with nanoceramic powders as fillers through the freeze-drying method to obtain various compositions of scaffolds, free and loaded with streptomycin sulfate. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analyses (SEM-EDX), and mechanical properties of the designed scaffolds were all investigated. The in vitro drug release was assessed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 37 °C and pH 7.4 for 28 days. In addition, kinetic drug release was characterized through mathematical models. The composite scaffold images SEM revealed porous surface morphology with variable pore sizes (113–426, 40–287 μm). The mechanical strength increased from 0.88 MPa to 4.86 MPa with the addition of higher nanoceramic content and streptomycin sulfate, while the swelling (%) decreased from 792% to 512% for the scaffolds containing fillers. In vitro bioactivity against the tested scaffolds revealed a deposition of hydroxy appetite on the scaffold's surfaces which is ensured through FTIR and SEM-EDX. The composite scaffolds revealed excellent biocompatibility, up to 90%. Also, the proliferation capability for the selected scaffolds showed increased cell populations after 48 h compared to the control. Further, the presence of streptomycin sulfate in composite scaffolds demonstrated an effective role in resisting bacterial infections with inhibition zones in a range from 10 to 22 mm as compared with the polymeric scaffolds, which had no antibacterial activity. Sustained drug release profiles from scaffolds were recorded (up to 87.96%). Overall, the results confirmed that scaffolds with (60 w/w %) of bio-nanoceramic filler in the presence of drug are the most appropriate composite scaffolds. Therefore, these developed scaffolds are a promising candidate to be used in repairing bone.

Unveiling the MIL-53(Al) MOF: Tuning Photoluminescence and Structural Properties via Volatile Organic Compounds Interactions.

MIL-53(Al) is a metal-organic framework (MOF) with unique properties, including structural flexibility, thermal stability, and luminescence. Its ability to adsorb volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and water vapor makes it a promising platform for sensing applications. This study investigated the adsorption mechanism of MIL-53(Al) with different VOCs, including ketones, alcohols, aromatics, and water molecules, focusing on structural transformations due to pore size variation and photoluminescence properties. The reported results assess MIL-53(Al) selectivity towards different VOCs and provide insights into their fundamental properties and potential applications in sensing.

Optimizing synthetic core plugs: Sintered glass beads and sand particles for natural rock property replication in fluid flow and reservoir studies

Developing reliable synthetic cores that accurately mimic natural rock properties is crucial for studying fluid flow and reservoir processes. This paper presents a novel study for fabricating synthetic core samples by fusing glass beads and sand particles within cylindrical molds. Various synthetic core production and characterization factors were explored, including material selection, fabrication parameter optimization, pore size distribution, and capillary behavior analysis.Ceramic tubes were ideal for core fabrication due to their high-temperature tolerance, durability, and reusability. Quartz glass beads were preferred for their transparency and enhanced heat stability. Varying the size and shape of the glass beads influenced porosity, with round particles having lower porosity and angular particles showing higher porosity. The packing procedure and furnace type affected porosity and permeability, with tightly packed arrangements resulting in lower values. Optimal sintering conditions were identified at 680 °C for 15 min, resulting in high porosity and permeability. Incorporating sand particles at a 1:6 sand-to-glass-bead ratio enhanced core stability under challenging conditions (740 °C), achieving high-pressure resistance (≈15,000 psi) and tighter cores with lower porosity (≈11%) and permeability (≈5 mD) compared to cores made solely of glass beads, which had lower pressure resistance (≈2300 psi) and higher porosity (≈31%) and permeability (≈3190 mD). Synthetic cores demonstrated exceptional stability under fluid flow conditions, with minimal property changes (≈<1%) and wettability alterations comparable to natural cores. The capillary pressure study confirmed the similarity of synthetic cores to real cores, revealing variations in pore sizes and residual mercury saturations.Overall, this innovative study highlights the potential of sintered glass beads for producing better synthetic core plugs. Including sand particles at elevated temperatures and extended retention times enables the production of tighter synthetic core plugs. The findings confirm the essential role of sintered glass beads in replicating natural rock properties and studying fluid flow at reservoir conditions.

Integrating Low-Stack Photonic Crystals with the Honeycomb-like Structural Framework to Enhance the Photovoltaic Performance in Perovskite Solar Cells.

An inverse opal structure of SnO2 with a honeycomb morphology is introduced as the framework for the attached perovskite materials and functional layers in the hybrid perovskite-based solar cells simultaneously. Three different pore sizes of polystyrene microsphere layers, with diameters of 350, 480, and 600 nm, were fabricated through a vertical self-assembly vaporization technique. The polystyrene (PS) layer served as the sacrificial template for the inverse opal structure. By controlling the spinning parameters, the inverse opal-structured SnO2 layer was used to constrain them into a single-layer stacking structure. These layers with varying pore sizes were subsequently applied onto a dense electron transport layer that is in contact with the perovskite layer. A carbon electrode is used as photovoltaic solar cells. The major benefits of this approach were systematically analyzed through structural characterizations and various means. The semiphotonic crystal layer induces modulation effects, resulting in increased light absorption and surface area, which leads to a substantial increase in short-circuit density. By studying the electrochemical properties in the dark to exclude the influence of optical effects, we attribute the slight increase in the fill factor to the increased surface area, which enhances carrier transport. Among the different layers, the inverse opal layer prepared with 480 nm polystyrene microspheres displayed superior photovoltaic performance parameters due to its appropriate surface area and relatively higher light absorption. The power conversion efficiency of the MAPbI3 perovskite solar cell showed a relative enhancement of 55%. Additionally, aging tests demonstrated that devices with the additional structural layer exhibited good endurance under conventional atmospheric conditions after 1440 h of aging.

Metal organic framework (MOF): Synthesis and fabrication for the application of electrochemical sensing

Metal-organic frameworks (MOF) are a class of porous hybrid materials of metal ions linked by organic bridging ligands. These materials consist of different families of crystalline frameworks with metal ions and metal-ion clusters linked by the coordination bonds with suitable organic ligands. These porous materials possess high surface area, variable pore sizes, various functions, and excellent thermal stability. As a result, these unique and tailored MOF materials found varied applications in electrochemical sensor development. The review critically examines the approach to synthesizing a wide range of MOF compounds. The utilization of MOF in fabricating a small-scale sensor device demonstrates the ability to detect various water contaminants in aquatic environments. Moreover, it showcased an in-depth advancement in sensor and device development utilizing MOFs materials. The efficient use of electrochemical sensors is discussed critically and presents these studies’ challenges and future perspectives.

Solid-State Nanopore/Nanochannel Sensors with Enhanced Selectivity through Pore-in Modification.

Nanopore sensing technology, as an emerging analytical method, has the advantages of simple operation, fast output, and label-free and has been widely used in fields such as protein analysis, gene sequencing, and biomarker detection. Inspired by biological ion channels, scientists have prepared various artificial solid-state nanopores/nanochannels. Biological ion channels have extremely high ion transport selectivity, while solid-state nanopores/nanochannels have poor selectivity. The selectivity of solid-state nanopores and nanochannels can be enhanced by modifying channel charge, varying pore size, incorporating specific chemical functionality, and adjusting operating (or solution) conditions. This Perspective highlights pore-in modification strategies for enhancing the selectivity of solid-state nanopore/nanochannel sensors by summarizing the articles published in the last 10 years. The future development prospects and challenges of pore-in modification in solid-state nanopore and nanochannel sensors are discussed. This Perspective helps readers better understand nanopore sensing technology, especially the importance of detection selectivity. We believe that solid-state nanopore/nanochannel sensors will soon enter our homes after various challenges.

Microstructural changes in thermochemical heat storage material over cycles: Insights from micro-X-ray computed tomography

This paper studies the effect of successive (de)hydration cycles on the structure of potassium carbonate K2CO3·1.5H2O grains for low-temperature heat storage applications. Such structural changes are caused by exposure of the salt to water vapor or removal of water from it, accompanied by successive swelling and shrinkage. Understanding the material's internal structure is key to predicting its behaviour and optimizing its design. However, due to the simultaneous and persistent occurrence of structural changes and transport mechanisms throughout the process, gaining a complete understanding of the phenomenon can be challenging.Unlike conventional experimental approaches and two-dimensional imaging techniques used for porosity assessment, our study showcases the qualitative and quantitative alterations in the porosity and microstructure of potassium carbonate. This analysis is achieved by using Micro-X-ray computed tomography (Micro-CT). The study focuses on the impact of cycling on grain microstructure, investigating pore volume distribution, radial variation of pore sizes, and density of individual grains. It was noted that the porosity increased from 6.4 % to 19.7 % after seven cycles. Initially, we observed a greater number of pores in the core of the uncycled salt grain. However, after cycling, we noticed a more even distribution, with a higher number of pores in the outer region of the grain, which caused a radial change in porosity. Lastly, this research provides the intrinsic and apparent densities of both non-cycled and cycled potassium carbonate specimens.Micro-CT is a good tool for a better understanding of changes in thermochemical material at a structural level. Calculation of porosity provided a pathway to calculate apparent and intrinsic density. The demonstrated method can be used for a wide range of salt hydrates, enhancing the scope and applicability of this study in the field of low-temperature heat storage applications. Additionally, it gives the measuring parameter needed to calculate energy density and change in volume during the reaction.

Mechanical, bioactive, and long-lasting antibacterial properties of a Ti scaffold with gradient pores releasing iodine ions

The ideal bone implant would effectively prevent aseptic as well as septic loosening by minimizing stress shielding, maximizing bone ingrowth, and preventing implant-associated infections. Here, a novel gradient-pore-size titanium scaffold was designed and manufactured to address these requirements. The scaffold features a larger pore size (900 μm) on the top surface, gradually decreasing to small sizes (600 μm to 300 μm) towards the center, creating a gradient structure. To enhance its functionality, the additively manufactured scaffolds were biofunctionalized using simple chemical and heat treatments so as to incorporate calcium and iodine ions throughout the surface. This unique combination of varying pore sizes with a biofunctional surface provides highly desirable mechanical properties, bioactivity, and notably, long-lasting antibacterial activity. The target mechanical aspects, including low elastic modulus, high compression, compression-shear, and fatigue strength, were effectively achieved. Furthermore, the biofunctional surface exhibits remarkable in vitro bioactivity and potent antibacterial activity, even under conditions specifically altered to be favorable for bacterial growth. More importantly, the integration of small pores alongside larger ones ensures a sustained high release of iodine, resulting in antimicrobial activity that persisted for over three months, with full eradication of the bacteria. Taken together, this gradient structure exhibits obvious superiority in combining most of the desired properties, making it an ideal candidate for orthopedic and dental implant applications.

Gelatin-coated mesoporous forsterite scaffold for bone tissue engineering

This study aims to develop a mesoporous forsterite spheres-based scaffold for bone tissue regeneration. To achieve this goal, mesoporous forsterite spheres were fabricated using alginate (gel-forming agent) and activated charcoal (porogen). The impact of carbon concentration (2, 5, 10, and 20 wt %) and sintering temperature (1100 and 1200 °C) on the structural properties of mesoporous forsterite spheres was investigated. Additionally, gelatin coatings were applied to modify these spheres. Forsterite microspheres with a particle size of 2.43 ± 0.22 mm were successfully produced, exhibiting varying pore sizes based on the sintering temperature and carbon content. Notably, mesoporous forsterite spheres synthesized using 5 wt% carbon and sintered at 1200 °C displayed uniform morphology, a minor average diameter (2.4 ± 0.3 mm(, and an average pore size of 2.7 ± 0.9 μm. These optimized forsterite spheres exhibited mesoporous structures with superior surface area (2.93 m2g-1) and pore volume (0.009–0.048 cm3g-1). Furthermore, the gelatin coating, with an average thickness of 160 μm, was effectively applied to the forsterite spheres. The gelatin coating reduced the surface area (1.40 m2g-1), pore volume (0.003 cm3g-1), and average pore diameter to 9.26 nm, maintaining the mesoporous structure. Both mesoporous forsterite spheres successfully induced bone-like apatite formation in vitro during a 21-day immersion in simulated body fluid. Moreover, while both forsterite-based spheres exhibited cytocompatibility with MG63 cells (cell viability >80 %), the gelatin coating significantly enhanced osteogenic differentiation (1.29 times). In conclusion, gelatin-coated mesoporous forsterite spheres exhibit promising potential as bioactive filling scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration.

Numerical estimation of effective thermal conductivity of reconstructed 2D structures of cement-based building materials

Cement-based building materials are fundamental for constructing modern buildings, and accurate determination of their thermal conductivity is crucial for calculating building energy consumption. In this study, random growth theory is used to reconstruct the two-dimensional pore structures of cement-based building materials in different forms. Furthermore, heat transfer simulations and calculations of effective thermal conductivity based on the finite element method are conducted for these pore structures. The effect of pore structure parameters on the effective thermal conductivity of cement-based building materials is investigated by this method. The results indicate that porosity, pore size, and the degree of pore regularity can all influence the effective thermal conductivity of cement-based building materials. At a porosity of 0.3, the fluctuations in the effective thermal conductivity caused by variations in pore sizes and degrees of pore regularity are most drastic.

Enhanced adsorption performance of varying-length mRNA on Oligo dT affinity resins through optimal pore size and grafting

The enormous potential of mRNA-based therapeutics in vaccines and medicine has led to the consideration of various mRNA sizes, ranging from ∼1000 to 10,000 nucleotides (nt). However, the commonly used Oligo-deoxythymidine (Oligo dT) affinity resins are not initially designed for such a wide range of sizes, and present challenges in achieving optimal performance for the separation of a given mRNA. In this paper, two factors of the resin beads, pore size and grafting were focused. The effects of varying pore sizes, ranging from 150 to 850 nm, on both static and dynamic adsorption for varying-length mRNA (1000–8500 nt) were investigated. It was found that static adsorption capacity and uptake kinetics were correlated with the mRNA length. Interestingly, dynamic binding capacities (DBCs) showed an increase-then-decrease trend with increasing pore size. An optimal pore size of about 350 nm could lead to the highest DBCs for all tested mRNA. Additionally, the effects of polymer grafting on the adsorption performance were studied. The results revealed that polymer-grafted resin exhibited 24–55% higher DBCs than non-grafted resin. The enhanced DBCs could be attributed to the improved uptake rate facilitated by the polymer grafted. These investigations emphasize the importance of optimizing pore size and grafting for Oligo dT affinity resins, providing valuable guidance for selecting and designing new resins for different mRNA products.

Phase behavior of n-hexane confined in unconsolidated nanoporous media: an experimental investigation at varying pore sizes and temperatures.

We investigated the effect of confinement on the phase behavior of hexane in nanopores of mesoporous silica at varying pore diameters and temperatures using a patented gravimetric apparatus. The adsorption and desorption isotherms were experimentally measured, and the capillary condensation and evaporation pressures were calculated from the isotherms. The results show that, for all pore sizes and temperatures utilized here, the confinement of fluids significantly lowers the vapor-liquid phase transition pressures. However, its evaporation, i.e., liquid-vapor phase transition, occurs at a lower pressure than its capillary condensation counterpart. The experimental findings demonstrate that the confinement effect becomes weaker in wider nanopores due to the reduced solid-fluid interactions in larger spaces. Furthermore, it is evident from isotherms that hexane rapidly approaches a supercritical-like state at high temperatures when confined in smaller pores, resulting in an ambiguous vapor-liquid phase transition. In contrast, this behavior disappears in larger pores at similar temperatures. Moreover, the present study compares the fully gravimetric adsorption method against the thermogravimetric approach. The results show that the fully gravimetric method, which directly measures the mass of the adsorbed or condensed fluids, provides significant advantages over the thermogravimetric counterpart. The findings of this study are expected to be of fundamental interest to a wide range of science and engineering communities concerned about the behavior of heavier hydrocarbons in various industrial applications, and modeling the confined phase behavior of fluids and developing robust equations of state (EOS).

The effect of confinement on the phase behavior of propane in nanoporous media: an experimental study probing capillary condensation, evaporation, and hysteresis at varying pore sizes and temperatures.

Fundamental understanding of the phase behavior and properties of fluids under confinement is of great significance for multiple fields of engineering and science, as well as for many practical industrial applications. In particular, unconventional geological systems, such as shale reservoirs, possess nanometer-scale pores, which impose nanoconfinement on the fluid molecules. In large pores, the bulk phase behavior of fluids can be modeled by the well-established methods, such as equation of state (EOS) approaches. However, under confinement the thermodynamic properties of fluids deviate significantly from those in the bulk, thus rendering the traditional EOS methods ineffective in predicting the phase behavior of confined fluids. Recently, the PC-SAFT/Laplace EOS has been developed to better represent the fluid phase equilibria in nanopores, which incorporates a new parameter that needs to be determined from experimental data. In this study, a new dataset is presented to reflect the phase properties of propane confined within the MCM-41 pores, with the aim to improve both the general understanding of the phase behavior of hydrocarbons under confinement and to parameterize the PC-SAFT/Laplace EOS for the nanoconfined propane. For this purpose, propane adsorption and desorption isotherms are determined experimentally for a wide range of temperatures (-27 to 20 °C) in MCM-41 of three different pore sizes (nominal pore diameters of 60, 80, and 100 Å). The effects of temperature and pore diameter on the capillary condensation and evaporation pressures are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the adsorption-desorption hysteresis behavior and its progression for different pore sizes were discussed. The experimental data are modeled using the parameterized PC-SAFT/Laplace EOS, which accurately captured the effects of confinement on the capillary condensation of propane in MCM-41. In addition, this study enriches the field of nanoconfinement research by providing a new dataset exemplifying the thermodynamic characteristics of hydrocarbons in nanopores.

Quantitative characterization and analysis of pore-fractures in tar-rich coal under high-temperature pyrolysis based on micro-CT imaging

This study investigates pore distribution and permeability behavior of tar-rich coal following high-temperature pyrolysis at 500°C using X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanning. Coal samples post-pyrolysis were CT scanned, generating 1755 cross-sectional slices for three-dimensional reconstruction. An axial algorithm extracted pore distribution features, and geometric parameters were computed. An Equivalent Pore Network Model analyzed permeability characteristics. The results show that Post-pyrolysis pore distribution in tar-rich coal exhibited nonuniformity with a significant range in pore size distribution. Pores displayed concentrated spatial patterns. Total porosity was 14.24%, with 12.34% being connected. Most pores in Representative Elementary Volume (REV) regions fell within 10–50 μm in width and 20–60 μm in length, constituting over 40% of the total. Pore surface area peaked between 200–100 μm2, also comprising over 40% of the total. The Pore Network Model showed distinct characteristics in two REV regions: REV-1 demonstrated an early stage of development with poor connectivity, while REV-2 displayed a well-developed network with a bimodal coordination number histogram. The study highlights nonuniform post-pyrolysis pore distribution and significant pore size variations in tar-rich coal. This study is crucial for understanding permeability behavior in tar-rich coal after high-temperature pyrolysis.

Fluorescent-Probe Characterization for Pore-Space Mapping with Single-Particle Tracking.

Porous solids often contain complex pore networks with pores of various sizes. Tracking individual fluorescent probes as they diffuse through porous materials can be used to characterize pore networks at tens of nanometers resolution. However, understanding the motion behavior of fluorescent probes in confinement is crucial to reliably derive pore network properties. Here, we introduce well-defined lithography-made model pores developed to study probe behavior in confinement. We investigated the influence of probe-host interactions on diffusion and trapping of confined single-emitter quantum-dot probes. Using the pH-responsiveness of the probes, we were able to largely suppress trapping at the pore walls. This enabled us to define experimental conditions for mapping of the accessible pore space of a one-dimensional pore array as well as a real-life polymerization-catalyst-support particle.

Fluorescent‐Probe Characterization for Pore‐Space Mapping with Single‐Particle Tracking

AbstractPorous solids often contain complex pore networks with pores of various sizes. Tracking individual fluorescent probes as they diffuse through porous materials can be used to characterize pore networks at tens of nanometers resolution. However, understanding the motion behavior of fluorescent probes in confinement is crucial to reliably derive pore network properties. Here, we introduce well‐defined lithography‐made model pores developed to study probe behavior in confinement. We investigated the influence of probe‐host interactions on diffusion and trapping of confined single‐emitter quantum‐dot probes. Using the pH‐responsiveness of the probes, we were able to largely suppress trapping at the pore walls. This enabled us to define experimental conditions for mapping of the accessible pore space of a one‐dimensional pore array as well as a real‐life polymerization‐catalyst‐support particle.

Covalent Organic Frameworks: Their Composites and Derivatives for Rechargeable Metal-Ion Batteries.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have attracted considerable interest in the field of rechargeable batteries owing to their three-dimensional (3D) varied pore sizes, inerratic porous structures, abundant redox-active sites, and customizable structure-adjustable frameworks. In the context of metal-ion batteries, these materials play a vital role in electrode materials, effectively addressing critical issues such as low ionic conductivity, limited specific capacity, and unstable structural integrity. However, the electrochemical characteristics of the developed COFs still fall short of practical battery requirements due to inherent issues such as low electronic conductivity, the tradeoff between capacity and redox potential, and unfavorable micromorphology. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in the application of COFs, COF-based composites, and their derivatives in rechargeable metal-ion batteries, including lithium-ion, lithium-sulfur, sodium-ion, sodium-sulfur, potassium-ion, zinc-ion, and other multivalent metal-ion batteries. The operational mechanisms of COFs, COF-based composites, and their derivatives in rechargeable batteries are elucidated, along with the strategies implemented to enhance the electrochemical properties and broaden the range of their applications.