Variations Of Mental Foramen Research Articles

RARE ANATOMIC VARIATIONS: AGENESIS OF LEFT MENTAL FORAMEN COEXISTING WITH TWO RIGHT MENTAL FORAMINA

Knowledge about the proximity of important anatomical structures is crucial for all surgical interventions, including those in the lower jaw region. One of these important structures is the mental foramen, which transmits the mental nerve, whose branches provide sensory innervation to the chin, lower lip, and gingiva. The mental foramen variations can influence the effectiveness of the mental nerve anesthesia and can also be related to complications during surgical procedures such as implant placement, apicoectomy, vestibuloplasty, etc. We present a very rare case of agenesis of left mental foramen coexisting with two right mental foramina incidentally found in a patient examined by cone-beam computed tomography.

RADIOGRAPHIC IDENTIFICATION OF UNILATERAL ACCESSORY MENTAL FORAMEN - ANATOMICAL VARIATION

The importance of detecting anatomical variations plays an important role in avoiding certain inadvertent complications, minor/major. The occurrence of multiple mental foramens is not uncommon, but is unusual. It is very important to recognise these anatomical alterations while performing surgical interventions, or anesthetising the mental nerve, especially while placing implants in this region. Unintended damage to the foramen and its contents, during these procedures might cause sensory disturbances for the patient. In this case series of two patients, we are presenting the identication anatomical variation of mental foramen where in, two mental foramina were identied unilaterally in both the patients

Comparative analysis of sex-based variations in mental foramen using cone-beam computed tomography

Introduction: The use of morphological features of the mandible is a common approach used by anthropologists and forensic dentists in the determination of sex. Among many anatomical landmarks of the skull, the mental foramen (MF) is a stable landmark on the mandible. Aim of the Study: The aim of the study was to analyze the sex-based variations of MF using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: This retrospective study evaluated 60 CBCT scans, retrieved from the radiological archives of our institution. MF was identified in the sagittal section of both the right and left sides. Parameters such as width of MF (W), the height of MF (H), the distance from superior border of MF to the lower border of the mandible (SMF-LM), the distance from inferior border of MF to the lower border of the mandible (IMF-LM), and the interforaminal distance (IFD) were evaluated and compared between the two groups. Statistical Analysis: The data obtained were analyzed using the SPSS 27 version software. Paired t-test was done for intragroup analysis; unpaired t-test was done for intergroup analysis. Results: The SMF-LM distance, IMF-LM distance, and the IFD were significantly greater in males compared to females. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the distance from MF to the lower border of the mandible and the IFD showed clear sexual dimorphism and can be used as an effective tool for sex discrimination.

Radiographical and Anatomical Assessment of Mandibular Mental Foramen Variations for a Sample of Yemeni Patients Undergoing Dental Implant Placement

Aim: To assess the prevalence, diameter and location of mental foramen MF, and Accessory mental foramen AMF, by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) for a Sample of Yemeni Patients. Methodology: The study was an analytical retrospective cross-sectional study conducted on 420 CBCT images of mandibles referred from general practitioners, surgery departments and surgeons for implant demands. The data collection took from April 2018 to July 2018. The sample size was divided according to gender, age, side, and dental condition. The images were analyzed and the measurements were done using the tools given in the software (Ez3D plus with Ez3D-I software). Results: MF was found in all patients (51.4% males and 48.6% females). The means of the MF diameter, MF-H, MF-V, MF-M1, MF-M2, AMF-HMD and AMF-VMD were 2.60 mm, 3.74 mm, 3.08 mm, 7.61 mm, 10.99 mm, 1.88 mm and 1.63 mm, respectively. Most of the cases were located under the apex of the 2nd premolar was found in only 4 (1%) of all cases. Conclusion: The most prevalent location of the MF was under the long axis of the 2nd premolar. The round shape of the MF was more prevalent than the oval shape.

Determination of Anatomical Variation of Mental Foramen and Evaluation of Anterior Loop in Karachi Population Using CBCT

Aim: To determine the anatomical variation in mental foramen and to evaluate the anterior loop in the population of Karachi with the use of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Study Design: Prospective Study Place and duration: Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dr. Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan Institute of Oral Health and Sciences Dow University of Health Sciences Karachi during September 2021 and February 2022. Methodology: A group of 160 subjects were included in this study and the simple convenient sampling technique was used to obtain data for the research. CBCT images of all patients were obtained. Results: 160 CBCT scans were obtained for this study, 76 females and the remaining 84 were males. Mental foramen was present below the second premolar and between the first and the second premolars most commonly, respectively. On the right side the mental foramen was 67.5% and 68.1% on the left. The most common shape of the anterior loop was Type-I, where Anterior Loop (AL) is unnoticeable and the anatomy is Y shaped as classified by solar et al. The AL was present more commonly on the left side 65% compared to the right side which was 59.4%. No correlation was found between anterior loop presentation and incisive canal of the mandibular region according to the Shapiro Wilk normality test (P≥0.05). Conclusion: It is evident in this study that the location of the anterior loop and mental foramen is variable in our study population. Therefore it is mandated that CBCT images should be used before any invasive procedure is undertaken in the MF region. Keywords: Anatomical variation, Mental foramen, Anterior loop, Mental Nerve, Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT).

Determination of Anatomical Variation of Mental Foramen and Evaluation of Anterior Loop in Karachi Population Using CBCT

Aim: To determine the anatomical variation in mental foramen and to evaluate the anterior loop in the population of Karachi with the use of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Study design: Prospective Study Place and duration: The Department Of Dental And Maxillofacial Surgery, Dr. Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan Institute of Oral Health and Sciences Dow University of Health Sciences Karachi during September 2021 to February 2022. Methodology: A group of 160 subjects were included in this study and the simple convenient sampling technique was used to obtain data for the research. CBCT images of all patients were obtained. Results: 160 CBCT scans were obtained for this study, 76 females and the remaining 84 were males. Mental foramen was present below the second premolar and between the first and the second premolars most commonly, respectively. On the right side the mental foramen was 67.5% and 68.1% on the left. The most common shape of the anterior loop was Type-I, where Anterior Loop (AL) is unnoticeable and the anatomy is Y shaped as classified by solar et al. The AL was present more commonly on the left side 65% compared to the right side which was 59.4%. No correlation was found between anterior loop presentation and incisive canal of the mandibular region according to the Shapiro Wilk normality test (P≥0.05). Conclusion: It is evident in this study that the location of the anterior loop and mental foramen is variable in our study population. Therefore it is mandated that CBCT images should be used before any invasive procedure is undertaken in the MF region. Keywords: Anatomical variation, Mental foramen, Anterior loop, Mental Nerve, Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT).

Morphology and morphometric analysis of mental foramen in south Indian population – A CBCT study

It is essential to define the exact location of the mental foramen to avoid potential injury to the neurovascular bundle during surgical procedures in the mandibular interforaminal region. This radiographic study was aimed to evaluate the morphology and morphometric dimensions of mental foramen (MF) among Indian population. This study also investigated the dimorphic variations of mental foramen with respect to gender and laterality. The images of 80 subjects( 160 mandibular sites) with the age range of 20 to 60 years who had undergone cone beam computed tomographic (CBCT) were retrieved from the archives and examined for morphology and morphometry of mental foramen. Oval shaped mental foramen was one and a half times greater than round shape, which was predominant in females. Position 4 was the most common location on right and left side respectively. Type I and type III were the most common radiographic appearance of mental foramen on right and left side respectively. The mean mesiodistal, superoinferior and buccolingual dimensions of MF were 2.49 ± 0.86 mm, 2.83 ± 0.73 mm and 2.44 ± 0.72 mm respectively. The mean dimensions of the mental foramen were significantly higher among the males when compared to females. The mental foramen was positioned at an average of 11.13 ± 3.40 mm from the alveolar crest (MF-C) on the right side and was positioned at 10.79 ± 3.21 mm on the left side. The distance of the mental foramen from the alveolar crest was significantly higher among the Group I when compared to Group IV. The morphology of the mental foramen did not show any variations among the gender and age in the Indian population. The morphometric values of the mental foramen showed variability of 1-2 mm among different subjects of our population.

Mental Foramen - A Morphological Evaluation of Dry Adult Human Mandible in Indian Population

Background: Mental foramen is an important anatomical and surgical landmark. Mental nerve and vessels emerge from it. Knowledge of variations in morphology of mental foramen in various populations is important, as it is a common site for regional anaesthesia in various dental and maxillofacial surgical procedures. Aim: Aim of present study is to look into the morphological differences in mental foramen of dry adult mandibles in Indian. Material and Method: Forty-one (41) dry adult human mandible of known sex obtained from the Department of Anatomy, Phulo-Jhano Medical College Dumka, Jharkhand and students of this institution were studied. Shape, direction and position of mental foramen were visually assessed. Distance from mental foramen to symphysis menti and distance from alveolar crest to mental foramen was measured. Results: Oval shape was the most common type. Position below second premolar tooth was most common. Direction of opening of MF was postero-superior in 88.6% and in the rest, it was antero-superior. Conclusion: This study reaffirms that morphological variations of mental foramen do exist between different populations and knowledge of these variations is important for various anaesthetic and surgical procedures. Keywords: Morphology, Morphometry, Mental Foramina, Mandible, Mental Nerve.

Evaluation of Mandibular Canal and Mental Foramen Variations on Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Images

Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of mandibular canal (MC) and mental foramen (MF) variations using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: CBCT images (n = 459) were retrospectively evaluated. The final sample consisted of 362 CBCT images of 152 men and 210 women between the ages of 10–87. MC and MF variations were evaluated according to presence and localizations. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: Participants had a mean age of 38.79 ± 16.45 years. Fifty-seven images (15.7%) showed MC and MF variations. Forty-seven images (13%) showed bifid MCs (BMCs), 14 (3.9%) accessory mental foramen (AMF), and only five (1.4%) trifid MCs. MF was absent in one image (0.3%). The prevalence of AMF was statistically found to be higher among younger patients (7.9%). BMCs and AMF were more common in men than in women. Images with AMF presented unilateral placement, particularly on the right side. Conclusion: Variations were more common in men, and involvement was more frequent on the right side. Early identification of high-risk patients and variations can help prevent neurosensory complications such as bleeding, traumatic neuroma, paraesthesia, and paralysis.

Morphological and Morphometric Analysis of Mental Foramen in Dry, Human Mandibles of South India

Background: Mental foramen is a key factor in many of the surgical as well as clinical procedures in routine clinical practice. The variations of mental foramen with respect to position, size and number does significantly alter the clinical implications of various intraoral treatments. In this light, the present study on the position and morphological variants of mental foramen holds significance. Aims and Objectives: To study morphological and morphometric analysis of mental foramen in dry human mandibles of South India Materials and Methods: 50 dried adult Human mandibles of unknown sex with complete dentition and intact alveolar margin were studied The morphometric analysis was done using vernier calipers Results: In the present study, the most common position of mental foramen was of type 4 (in line with the 2nd premolar) 62% cases on Right and 66% cases on Left side The next common position was Type 3(Between the premolars) 24% cases on Right side and 18% cases on the left side The mean distance between Symphysis menti and anterior margin of mental foramen was 23.4mm and 23.2mm on Right and left side respectively and the mean distance between posterior margin of mental foramen and posterior border of ramus was 62.2 mm and 61.5 mm on Right and left sides respectively Conclusion: The present study has thrown light on the common position and morphometric variations of mental foramen in a given South Indian population. This information will be valuable to the dental surgeons for localization of Neurovascular bundle emerging through mental foramen and for delivering local anesthesia effectively for placement of dentures/implants and other invasive procedures Keywords: Mental foramen, Human mandible, Morphology, Morphometry.

Incidence of the Anatomical Variations of Mental Foramen in Human Mandibles of a Brazilian Sample

Incidence of the Anatomical Variations of Mental Foramen in Human Mandibles of a Brazilian Sample

Evaluation of mental foramen – A CBCT assessment

The knowledge on the anatomic characteristics and variations of Mental Foramen is very important in surgical procedures involving that area. The mental nerve may be injured during local anesthesia, endodontic treatment and other oral surgical procedures. Aim of the study: The study performed aimed at assessing position of the MF relative to the apices of the teeth and MF to lingual cortex and to the base of the mandible. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using Care stream 9100 select CBCT machine on 50 patients. Measurements were made from the edges of the mental foramen to the lingual cortex, and to the base of the mandible. The inferential statistics were performed using “independent t-test” and the p-value (< 0.05) is calculated using the same. The statistics were performed using SPSS 20software. Results: In terms of the location of mental foramen, it is most commonly found in the line of long axis of 2nd premolar. In case of measurements of mental foramen from the lingual cortex and lower body of mandible. The lingual edge of MF to lingual cortex was located, on average of 3.3mm in males and 3.8mm in females and the lower edge of the MF was located, 8.4 mm (males) & 7.1 mm (females) above the lower edge of mandible. Conclusion: The location of the mental foramen greatly influences the surgical planning .Hence there is need and importance of studies involving the anatomical characteristics of the mental foramen, which permit procedures to the performed more safely on the mandible.

Study of anatomical variations of mental foramen in dry adult human mandibles and its clinical importance in Karnataka population

To provide anatomical information on the position, morphological variations and incidence of mental foramen and accessory mental foramen as they are important for dental surgeons, anaesthetists in nerve block and surgical procedures to avoid injury to the neurovascular bundle in the mental foramen area. Present study was carried out using 120 dried adult human mandibles of unknown sex obtained from the Bone Bank of the Department of Anatomy. Campass asthesio meter was used to measure the shape, location and direction of opening of mental foramen on both sides of mandibles. The results of our study about position shape and size were compared with that of other authors. In our study, the mean distance between the mental foramen and symphysis menti for right side was 23.21 mm±2.12 and for left side was 23.10 mm±2.41. The mean distance between mental foramen and posterior border of ramus of mandible for right side was 62.58 mm±4.23 and for left side was 63.84 mm±4.72. The mean distance between mental foramen and alveolar crest for right side was 15.23 mm±1.12 and for left side was 16.07 mm±1.01. The mean distance between the mental foramen and base of mandible for right side was 15.61 mm±1.03 and for left side was 15.98 mm±1.06.The knowledge of the distances from surgically encountered anatomical landmarks in the present study provide valuable information to dental surgeons that will facilitate effective localization of the neurovascular bundle passing through mental foramen, thus avoiding complications from local anaesthetic, surgical and other invasive procedures. The study is also of forensic significance as the position of mental foramen also helps in determination of sex of an individual.

Anatomical importance of mental foramen for skeletal anchorage

Mental foramen is an important anatomical landmark in dentistry and its knowledge is very important because it transfers the mental nerve and vessels. Mini-implants are widely used nowadays in orthodontics for skeletal anchorage. Morphometric evaluation of mental foramen using cone beam computed tomography will help in safe placement of mini-implants and temporary anchorage devices without encroaching upon the foramen. The aim of this research was to study the morphology and morphometry of the mental foramen using CBCT in dentate adult Kashmiri population. Thirty one cone beam computed tomography were studied to analyze the shape, position and distance of mental foramen.The purpose of this study was to use existing Cone Beam Computed Tomography images to determine the vertical and horizontal location of the mental foramen in relation to the mandibular first and second premolars, and the distance in millimeters from the apex of each. The distance from the foramen to the inferior border of the mandible was also recorded.The average distance from the apices of the mandibular first and second premolars to the mental foramen was 5.61mm (SD= 2.09) and 5.97mm (SD=2.33), respectively. The foramen was located 10.11mm (SD=2.33) from the inferior border of the mandible. The most common horizontal position of the foramen was in between mandibular first and second premolar (38.7%). The mental foramen was further away from the inferior border of the mandible in males and older patients.Statistical analysis showed no significant differences regarding age group and the gender. It was found that the most common variation of mental foramen was round shape (67.7%). An accessory mental foramen was detected in 3.2% of the analyzed population.

Triple mental foramina: CBCT findings of an unusual anatomical variant

The mental foramen is an important anatomic landmark located on the buccal aspect of the mandible. Evaluation of anatomical variants in the mental foramen (MF) is an important prerequisite for implant and surgical procedures involving the anterior part of the mandible body to avoid mental nerve branches injury. The most frequent variation is the presence of double mental foramen, ranging from 1.4% to 12.5%. The incidence of triple mental foramen is extremely rare ranging from 0.7% to 1.2%. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is the diagnostic tool of choice for imaging the maxillofacial region, which allows accurate three-dimensional analysis of mental foramen variations. The present report describes an unusual case of triple mental foramina of the right side of the mandible in a 39-year-old south Indian male detected by CBCT.

Mental foramen and lingual vascular canals of mandible on MDCT images: anatomical study and review of the literature.

The mental foramen and lingual vascular canals are related to vessels and nerves in the mandibular body. The aim of the present study was to determine the number and location of these structures and to make measurements of them. The archived Multidetector Computed Tomography images of 100 adult (15- to 70-year-old) patients were evaluated retrospectively. The diameters of the mental foramens and their distances from the front, back, upper and lower reference points were measured. The distribution of mental foramens with respect to the teeth was also researched. The presence of lingual vascular canals, and the number of median and lateral canals was determined, and the length of the median lingual vascular canals measured. All measurement parameters were analyzed by gender, side and age group. Eleven patients demonstrated a total of 15 accessory mental foramen. Median lingual vascular canals were observed in 100% of cases, with lateral lingual vascular canals determined in 32%. Significant differences were observed in the results of different gender groups (P<0.05); in contrast, no significant difference was observed related with age or side. Accessory mental foramen was determined mostly in males, and unilaterally on the right side; also, the distances of mental foramen, except the distance from the back border of the mandible (P<0.05), were found to be higher, bilaterally, in males. Variation of mental foramen, as well as the presence, position and size of lingual vascular canals can be clearly investigated by multidetector computed tomography. A preoperative knowledge of the positions of neurovascular and bone structures is very important for preventing complications that may occur during or after operations.

Unilateral variation of the mental foramen

Introduction Mental foramen is present on the anterolateral aspect of the body of the mandible. Mental nerve and ves­ sels pass through it and supply the area from canine to first molar. The mental nerve is the neurosensory nerve. Foramen present on the body of the mandible other than the men­ tal foramen is considered as acces­ sory foramen. This study reports a case of unilateral variation of the mental foramen. Case report During the anatomical teaching cur­ riculum, we observed an accessory mental foramen on the right side of dried mandible. Morphometric ana­ lysis of mental foramen and acces­ sory mental foramen from various anatomical landmarks was done and results were tabulated. Discussion Variations in the number of mental foramen are important when the premolar region is targeted for sur­ gical intervention like osteotomy, root canal treatment and maxillo facial surgeries. Determination of implantation site and achievement of complete nerve block in that region depends upon the anatomical posi­ tion and possible variation of mental foramen. Conclusion Variations in number of mental foramen is not uncommon. The knowledge of accurate position of MF is important to avoid damage to neurovascular bundles passing through it and also to achieve abso­ lute anaesthetic effect at the antero­ lateral mandibular region.

Abnormal Anatomical Location of Root of Second Premolar in Mental Foramen: A Very Rare Case

ABSTRACT Mental foramen is a key factor in many of the surgical procedures. While carrying out surgical procedures in premolar region, the knowledge of anatomy of mental nerve and its foramen is of utmost importance to avoid intraoperative neurovascular damage and to avoid postoperative neurosensory disturbances. The variations of mental foramen with respect to position, size, and number are very well documented. However, in very rare cases, length of the premolar roots may be abnormally long or abnormally positioned, which can impinge on the mental nerve or may enter mandibular canal or mental foramen. We present one such rare case where second premolar root was impinging on the mental nerve and producing symptoms. Extraction of second premolar was done and patient became asymptomatic postoperatively. How to cite this article Khandelwal P, Dubey S, Hajira N. Abnormal Anatomical Location of Root of Second Premolar in Mental Foramen: A Very Rare Case. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2016;5(1):76-77.

Imaging of accessory mental foramen before implant therapy

It is critical to determine the location and variation of mental foramen (MF) during the implant treatment. Multiple numbers of MF can be seen in the mandible, and they are called as accessory MF (AMF). Detecting the anatomic variations including AMFs with radiological examinations before surgical applications are important to prevent neurovascular complications. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a beneficial method to determine the anatomical structures such as MF and its anatomical variations. The aim of this case report was to present the diagnosis of AMF localized at the left side of the mandible of a 44-year-old woman patient who was applied for implant therapy. Treatment planning and postoperative evaluation were performed with CBCT.

Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Evaluation of Mental Foramen Variations: A Preliminary Study.

Background. Mental foramen is important in surgical operations of premolars because it transfers the mental nerves and vessels. This study evaluated the variations of mental foramen by cone-beam computed tomography among a selected Iranian population. Materials and Methods. A total number of 180 cone-beam computed tomography projections were analyzed in terms of shape, size, direction, and horizontal and vertical positions of mental foramen in the right and left sides. Results. The most common shape was oval, opening direction was posterior-superior, horizontal position was in line with second premolar, and vertical position was apical to the adjacent dental root. The mean of foremen diameter was 3.59 mm. Conclusion. In addition to the most common types of mental foramen, other variations exist, too. Hence, it reflects the significance of preoperative radiographic examinations, especially 3-dimensional images to prevent nerve damage.