Variety Of Soil Types Research Articles

Evaluation of the significance of the contact model particle parameters in the modelling of wet soils by the discrete element method

Modelling of the tillage process by working tools based on the method of discrete elements is currently the most promising. The results of modelling the processing process obtained by the method of discrete elements adequately describe the behaviour of the soil. Due to the large number of physical and mechanical parameters included in the description of contact models of discrete elements, the calibration process takes a lot of time. Thus, we set a research goal - to evaluate the significance of the parameters of the contact model particles in soil modelling by the discrete element method and to obtain nomograms for selecting the parameters of the Hertz-Mindlin contact model particles depending on the humidity of various types of soils. The article presents the results of calibration of the physical and mechanical parameters of the particles of the soil medium model described by the discrete element method. An improved Hertz-Mindlin JKR model was used as a contact model, the model was implemented in the Rocky DEM programme. The following properties of the modelled particles are taken as the studied factors – Poisson's ratio, static and dynamic friction coefficients, Jung's modulus, surface energy, and particle diameter. The detection of the natural slope angle of the soil was carried out for black soils of clay, light loam and sandy loam mechanical composition. The calibration was performed according to the angle of the natural slope. Comparison of the simulation results with field experiments of typical soils made it possible to establish that the nature of the change in the angle of the natural slope of the simulated soil environment is significantly affected by the surface energy and the diameter of the particles. The obtained dependences of the angle of natural slope on soil moisture and surface energy allow determining the parameters for the Hertz-Mindlin contact model as a function of humidity for Black soil zones of clay, light loam and sandy loam mechanical composition. Based on the results of field and model experiments, a nomogram was obtained that makes it possible to select parameters for the contact model - the diameter of soil particles and the value of surface energy depending on humidity and soil type. The obtained values of the parameters of the particles of the soil medium make it possible to simulate the process of tillage, optimize the design and technical parameters of the newly created working parts of tillage machines.

Stablization of Clayey Soil Via Lime and Plastic Fibre for Advanced Foundation Proposition.

Abstract: Soil is the most widely used and basic material for civil engineering. The soil is used for houses, walls, bridges and roads. The Earth provides various types of soil and varies in its properties, scale, composition and textures. The earth's soil is a natural fine grain rock that contains one or more minerals from Earth, which have metal oxides and traces of organic matter. Based on the structure, the clay has quite a range of characteristics. It's slow, and difficult to accelerate, and used for something small. This study is aimed at achieving soil engineering properties for subgrade. In the subgrade construction, waste plastic bottles are used from waste disposal and the application of raw waste soil reinforcement materials and tried to stabilize the clay soil in different strong lime percentages (2 percent, 4 percent, 6 percent, 8 percent, 10 percent, and 12 percent). Testing of the strength of the clay earth, like Maximum Dry Density (MDD) and California Bearing (CBR) was done at different plastic strip percentages. In order to measure improvements in technologies, the clay floor swelling index and the microscopic examination also are performed. Keywords: Clay soil, Lime, Plastic, fiber material.

Biochar and alternate wetting-drying cycles improving rhizosphere soil nutrients availability and tobacco growth by altering root growth strategy in Ferralsol and Anthrosol

Biochar has been advocated as a sustainable and eco-friendly practice to improve soil fertility and crop productivity which could aid in the mitigation of climate change. Nonetheless, the combined effects of biochar and irrigation on tobacco growth and soil nutrients in diverse soil types have been incompletely explored. We applied a split-root experiment to investigate the impacts of amendment with 2% softwood- (WBC) and wheat-straw biochar (SBC) on growth responses and rhizosphere soil nutrients availability of tobacco plants grown in a Ferralsol and an Anthrosol. All plants within same soil type received same amount of water daily by either conventional deficit irrigation (CDI) or alternate wetting-drying cycles irrigation (AWD). Compared to the un-amended controls, SBC addition enhanced biomass, carbon (C)-, phosphorus (P)- and potassium (K)-pool in the aboveground organs especially in Anthrosol, despite a negative effect on aboveground nitrogen (N)-pool. Regardless of soil type, biochar combined with AWD lowered root diameter while increased root tissue mass density to engage the plant in an acquisitive strategy for resources, therefore altered leaves stoichiometry as exemplified by lowered N/K, C/P and N/P and increased C/N. The addition of SBC induced a liming effect by increasing Anthrosol soil pH which was further amplified by AWD, but was unaffected on Ferralsol. Moreover, compared to the controls, SBC and AWD increased available P and K, and total C, total N and C/N ratio in the rhizosphere soil which coincided with the lowered soil C and N isotope composition (δ13C and δ15N), though a slight reduction in C and N stocks under AWD. However, such effects were not evident with WBC might be associated with its natures. Thus, combined SBC/AWD application might be an effective strategy to synergistically overcome nutrients restriction and improve tobacco productivity by intensifying nutrients cycling and optimizing plant growth strategies.

Engineering characteristics of wood ash modified clay soils

The criteria of design and constructing the structures in natural soft ground have increased enormously and it needs proper care. In most of the civil engineering works, it is impossible to select a suitable area which can meet the design demands without any rectification in subsoil. Among various types of soils, the construction over the problematic or weak soils where been a difficult issue for Geotechnical engineers in implementing projects. Thus, the modification of soil characteristics can meet by one of the ground improvement method, as soil stabilization.In this study, expansive soils with varying properties were obtained from two different locations and these soils were stabilized by different amounts Wood Ash with 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11% by dry weight of soil contents were considered in the soil improving capacity of the Wood Ash soil mix. The strength and durability characteristics of treated soils were studied based on the Unconfined Compressive Strength tests and Freeze and Thaw test to assess the long-term behavior of these soils. From the unconfined compressive strength values of treated soils were studied for the curing days of 14, 28 and 60 days period. From the strength test, it was found that the resistance of losing strength of soil sample attained a peak values at 9% WA treatment with a strength values of 433.04 kPa and 321.23 kPa for the soils A and B at 60 days. Hence this study was concluding that by the addition of an agrowaste, Wood Ash as soil stabilizer in soil results in lesser impact on environment due its disposal and shows it was adaptable for the different soils in an economical and feasible way.

STABILIZATION OF SUBGRADE SOIL USING CALCIUM LIGNOSULFONATE AND GRANITE DUST- A REVIEW

India is a geographically diverse country with varied soil types in different places. As a result, stabilising techniques are employed to enhance those regions with low bearing capacity. Soil strength is improved using both mechanical and chemical stabilising techniques. In the mechanical approach, mechanical energy is employed (rollers, plate compactors, tempers, etc., depending on the choice or type of the soil) to enhance soil characteristics by compaction. Chemical Soil Stabilization is a chemical approach that involves blending and combining chemical additions to improve the soil’s engineering qualities. Chemical substances such as calcium lignosulfonate, granite dust, cement, and fly ash were added in. Although calcium lignosulfonate may stabilise a wide variety of soil types, it works best in soft soils and clay soils with moderate to medium flexibility. Granite dust is primarily used in clay soils with a lot of flexibility. KEY WORDS: Calcium lignosulfonate, Granite dust, soil, stabilization, subgrade

Review of Large-Scale Biochar Field-Trials for Soil Amendment and the Observed Influences on Crop Yield Variations

Increasing pressure on farming systems due to rapid urbanization and population growth has severely affected soil health and fertility. The need to meet the growing food demands has also led to unsustainable farming practices with the intensive application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, resulting in significant greenhouse gas emissions. Biochar, a multifunctional carbon material, is being actively explored globally for simultaneously addressing the concerns related to improving soil fertility and mitigating climate change. Reviews on biochar, however, mainly confined to lab-scale studies analyze biochar production and its characteristics, its effects on soil fertility, and carbon sequestration. The present review addresses this gap by focusing on biochar field trials to enhance the current understanding of its actual impact on the field, w.r.t. agriculture and climate change. The review presents an overview of the effects of biochar application as observed in field studies on soil health (soil’s physical, chemical, and biological properties), crop productivity, and its potential role in carbon sequestration. General trends from this review indicate that biochar application provides higher benefits in soil properties and crop yield in degraded tropical soils vis-a-vis the temperate regions. The results also reveal diverse observations in soil health properties and crop yields with biochar amendment as different studies consider different crops, biochar feedstocks, and local climatic and soil conditions. Furthermore, it has been observed that the effects of biochar application in lab-scale studies with controlled environments are not always distinctly witnessed in corresponding field-based studies and the effects are not always synchronous across different regions. Hence, there is a need for more data, especially from well-designed long-term field trials, to converge and validate the results on the effectiveness of biochar on diverse soil types and agro-climatic zones to improve crop productivity and mitigate climate change.

Molecular phylogeny and pathogenicity of indigenous Beauveria bassiana against the tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta Meyrick 1917 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), in Ethiopia

BackgroundTuta absoluta Meyrick 1917 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is an invasive, pesticide resistant, and a major treat of tomato production in the world. It needs effective management options that naturally infect the insect without causing any identified side effects. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are the most important options. However, geographic origin and climatic condition apparently creates genetic variation among EPF strains that influence on their pathogenicity. Thus, screening of effective EPF strains from the local source is vital to develop environmental friendly pest control tactic for T. absoluta. ResultsIn this study, 27 indigenous Beauveria were isolated from the various types of soil and 12 of the isolates were screened based on their biological efficiency index (BEI). These isolates scored 65.7–95.7% and 68.3–95% of mortality against second and third instar larvae of T. absoluta at concentration of 1 × 107spores·ml-1 in 7 days post inoculation, respectively. Out of these, five (18.5%) isolates scored above 90% mortality on both instar larvae with LT50 value of 3.33 to 5.33 days at the lowest (104 spores·ml-1) and 1.93 to 3.17 days at highest (108 spores·ml-1) spore concentrations and has LC50 value of 1.5 × 103 to 1.1× 105 spores·ml-1. Moreover, isolates exhibited the promising mortality better (1.5 × 106 to 3.5 × 107 spores·ml-1), sporulated over the larval cadavers, well grown at optimal temperature, and produced chitinolytic enzymes. Molecular analysis showed that isolates have nearly monophyletic characters and grouped under species of Beauveria bassiana. ConclusionDifferent types of soil in Ethiopia are an important source of B. bassiana, and these isolates showed promising pathogenicity against T. absoluta, which is crucial for ecofriendly biopesticide development. Although isolates were nearly monophyletic in phylogenetic study, five of them were highly effective in the laboratory bioassays against T. absoluta; however, further field evaluation is required for mass production.

Effect of clay colloid – CuO nanoparticles interaction on retention of nanoparticles in different types of soils: role of clay fraction and environmental parameters

The extensive application of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) in various sectors has raised concern about their subsequent release and potentially harmful impacts on the soil system. The present study has addressed the interaction of CuO NPs with bentonite clay colloids (CC) under varying environmental parameters as a model to represent the soil pore water scenario. Based on CuO – CC interaction in model and natural soil solution extracts (SSE), the role of clay fraction and their stability on CuO retention in various types of soils have been evaluated.Results suggested that increasing ionic strength (IS) in the system caused aggregation of CuO NPs, and in the presence of CC, critical coagulation concentration decreased drastically from 27.8 and 17.3 mM to 10.7 and 0.33 mM for NaCl and CaCl2 respectively, due to heteroaggregation in the system. Interestingly, in the SSE, the dominating role of ionic valency, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and CC was observed in colloidal stabilization over IS. No significant impact of temperature was observed on the stability of CuO NPs both in model and SSE. Further, stability studies in the SSE were correlated with NPs retention behavior in soils. Observations suggest that retention of CuO NPs in soils is a function of binding of the colloidal fraction to the soil, which in turn depends on the colloidal stability. The highest retention was observed in black and laterite soils, whereas lower binding of clay fraction in red soil caused the least retention. A decrease in Kd values after a certain application concentration provided maximum sustainable application concentration of CuO NPs, which may vary with soil properties. Results suggest that the binding of clay and organic matter with a sandy matrix of soil plays a prime role in deciding the overall fate of CuO NPs in the soils.

Application of mathematical modeling methods to determine the effect of soil on natural vibration frequencies of pipelines

When a pipeline is subjected to an external influence that can affect the frequency of its natural vibrations, the parameters of its natural vibrations change, which increases the measurement error, and often simply distorts the results of vibration control. For pipelines, such an impact may be the influence of the soil when pipelines are laid without a channel. Different types of soil affect the change in the natural vibration frequency of the pipeline in different ways.The purpose of the article is to analyze the influence of various types of soils on the parameters of natural vibrations of the pipeline. The aim of the study was to theoretically confirm the dependence of the change in the frequency of vibration of the pipeline under the influence of soil.A modal analysis of natural oscillations of 5 polyethylene pipelines was performed. As initial data, it is assumed that the design pipeline is laid in a trench with inclined walls, with the slope laid on a flat base at a depth of 2.5 m. The calculations were performed in the ANSYS finite element analysis software package. In order to build a mathematical model, the degree of soil impact on pipelines is determined by studying the vertical and lateral pressure of the soil on the above pipelines, and the natural vibrations of pipelines are analyzed.The results of the modal analysis for polyethylene pipes with a laying scheme with inclined walls and different soils (gravel sands, coarse and medium-sized; heavy clays) are presented. The soils were chosen that are the most common on the territory of Russia.Thus, the obtained dependence of the degree of influence of different soil on the natural frequencies of pipelines significantly increases the reliability of vibration diagnostics of buried communications, can facilitate the work on its organization and allow determining long-term forecasts of pipeline operation.

The X-ray fluorescence screening of multiple elements in herbarium specimens from the Neotropical region reveals new records of metal accumulation in plants.

Plants have developed a diversity of strategies to take up and store essential metals in order to colonize various types of soils including mineralized soils. Yet, our knowledge of the capacity of plant species to accumulate metals is still fragmentary across the plant kingdom. In this study, we have used the X-ray fluorescence technology to analyze metal concentration in a wide diversity of species of the Neotropical flora that was not extensively investigated so far. In total, we screened more than 11000 specimens representing about 5000 species from herbaria in Paris and Cuba. Our study provides a large overview of the accumulation of metals such as manganese, zinc, and nickel in the Neotropical flora. We report 30 new nickel hyperaccumulating species from Cuba, including the first records in the families Connaraceae, Melastomataceae, Polygonaceae, Santalaceae, and Urticaceae. We also identified the first species from this region of the world that can be considered as manganese hyperaccumulators in the genera Lomatia (Proteaceae), Calycogonium (Melastomataceae), Ilex (Aquifoliaceae), Morella (Myricaceae), and Pimenta (Myrtaceae). Finally, we report the first zinc hyperaccumulator, Rinorea multivenosa (Violaceae), from the Amazonas region. The identification of species able to accumulate high amounts of metals will become instrumental to support the development of phytotechnologies in order to limit the impact of soil metal pollution in this region of the world.

Influence of Heat Stress, Variations in Soil Type, and Soil Amendment on the Growth of Three Drought–Tolerant Maize Varieties

Food security in sub–Saharan Africa is threatened by the increasing incidence of heat stress. Therefore, ameliorating heat stress influence in plants is vital for sustainable crop production. A 2 × 3 × 3 × 2 factorial experiment fitted into a completely randomized design with four replications was performed. The factors were heat stress, maize variety, soil amendment, and soil type. The results showed that heat stress exerted a depressive effect on maize growth and yield attributes. It reduced the leaf chlorophyll content, leaf area, plant height, stem diameter, dry biomass yield, and harvest index by 35%, 36%, 41%, 59%, and 78%, respectively. Sandy clay loam soil provided a better maize growth condition than loamy sand soil. Organic manure soil amendment improved maize growth attributes over the mineral fertilizer in the non–heat–stress environment and ameliorated the negative impact of heat stress in the heat–stress environment. The ranking of the attributes identified leaf area, dry biomass yield, stem diameter, and plant height as the most discriminating and representative attributes. These attributes should be considered in maize development projects for heat–stress prone areas. Selection of appropriate maize variety and accompanying soil amendment should be integrated into food security strategy as they influenced maize growth and yield under (non–)heat–stress conditions.

Conversion equations between Olsen-P and other methods used to assess plant available soil phosphorus in Europe – A review

Plant available soil phosphorus contents are assessed by various different methods worldwide. The resulting country-specific methodology prohibits comparison or joint analysis of international data on yield response to soil P level. A change of the standard method would decrease comparability to older data, require new costly and time-consuming calibration and familiarization of advisory authorities and farmers. The use of conversion equations can allow the combination of data derived by different methods, but large differences between available equations question their reliability. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of conversion options from P extracted by methods commonly used in Europe (acid ammonium acetate, acid ammonium acetate + EDTA, ammonium lactate, calcium acetate lactate, double lactate, H2O and Mehlich 3) to the widely used Olsen method. For a given method of soil P extraction, coefficients derived from different publications often vary by factors above two. Differences in coefficients can, at least to a certain degree, be attributed to variations in soil type, soil texture and especially pH range and carbonate contents of the soils of the according databases. In several studies, decreasing pH values increased Olsen-P values in relation to the other methods. Linear regressions are prone to bias by the right-skewed distribution of P values in most databases and therefore have to be handled with care on the lower end of the P level range. Even the option most appropriate for the soil and research purpose at hand can be a considerable source of error, therefore conversions should only be conducted if absolutely necessary.

Soil organic matter prediction using smartphone-captured digital images: Use of reflectance image and image perturbation

This study evaluated a novel smartphone-based soil image segmentation technique and subsequent machine learning (ML) optimization methodology with a set of soil images for rapidly predicting soil organic matter (SOM) with minimal soil processing. A smartphone and a custom-made box were used to capture images for 90 soil samples, collected from three different agroclimatic zones of West Bengal, India under three different illumination conditions. To offset the impact of variable illumination, the reflectance component of the image was recovered by removing the illumination from the image. Further, to deceive the ML model without distorting the soil image, an adversarial image was generated by adding Gaussian noise to the image. A Tree-based Pipeline Optimisation Tool was used to find an optimum ML stacking scheme using six different ML models. Model validation statistics indicated that reflectance image-extracted sub-colour space could predict SOM with reasonable accuracy (R 2 = 0.88, RMSE = 0.28%) using original images in stack one. Moreover, the sub-colour space using perturbed images in stack one could sense noise, worsening the model validation (R 2 = 0.79, RMSE = 0.36%). Conversely, seven out of eight tested colour spaces in stack two were unable to sense the image noise, producing higher validation performance than the original images. The proposed smartphone-based image acquisition setup combined with the computer vision and ML pipeline produced an important advance in affordable optical tool-based SOM prediction with significant time and cost savings. More research is warranted to extend this approach by incorporating field images of variable soil types taken under variable illuminations. • Smartphone captured soil images were used to predict SOM. • The image reflectance was recovered to remove variable illumination. • Adversarial images were generated by adding Gaussian noise to the original images. • SOM prediction model produced good validation accuracy using original images. • Inclusion of perturbed images was able to detect noise.

A novel modeling method for the bimodal soil-water characteristic curve

This paper introduces a hypothesis to link the soil pore size distribution curve (PSDC) to the bimodal soil–water characteristic curve (SWCC). The relationships between the PSDC and the bimodal SWCC equations are discussed extending a novel modeling method using two equations; namely, the rigid equation and the simplified equation extending two well-known traditional unimodal SWCC equations from the literature. The calibration processes built for both the equations performance was evaluated for various types of soils. The results suggest that both the modified equations provide excellent comparisons with the measured data. The rigid equations provide comprehensive information about the macropores and the micropores of the bimodal SWCC; however, the simplified equations facilitate a flexible and simple curve-fitting process. The relationships between the proposed equations and the available methods for the bimodal SWCC from the literature are also discussed. In addition, a technique is developed based on regression analysis to estimate the key features for bimodal SWCC without bias. Similar to the unimodal SWCC equations the proposed equations are promising tools for predicting the properties of unsaturated soils; they are also valuable for use in numerical techniques for addressing complex nonlinear problems in engineering practice for unsaturated soils.

The Effect Of Organic Liquid Fertilizer On 5 Paddy Gogo Varieties (Oryza sativa L.) In The Sub-Optimal Land Of Wamena

Paddy gogo is one type of non-irrigated paddy that can grow on limited inputs, one of which is the problem of water availability. Paddy gogo can grow on various types of soil, including sub-optimal land in Wamena. It is said to be sub-optimal considering the ability of the soil in the study area is a type of soil with very low nutrient content. This study aims to determine the effect of the use of NASA organic liquid fertilizer on the growth and yield of 5 varieties of upland rice plants that were tested in the sub-optimal land of Wamena. This research was conducted in March-August 2019. The study was arranged in factorial research design, namely 5 types of varieties as factor 1 (variety of Inpago Unsoed 1, Inpago Unsoed Parimas, Inpari 28, Inpago 9 and one type of Local varieties as Comparator) and the concentration of NASA liquid organic fertilizer as a second factor (150 ml/plot). The results showed that the best growth was shown by varieties Local of Wamena (Moai) with the highest appearance of plant height and Inpago Unsoed 1 varieties which showed a large number of producing offspring. When viewed from physiological and production parameters, Inpago 9 variety shows the highest leaf area index and grain weight per clump. Furthermore, Wamena Local variety showed the highest value of stomata density, Inpago Unsoed Parimas variety showed the highest total chlorophyll value and Inpago Inpari 28 variety was the producer of the highest weight value of 1000 seeds.Keywords: Liquid Organic Fertilizer; Paddy Gogo; Sub-optimal land

Diversity of steppe soils of Transbaikalia (exemplified by the Daurskii Reserve)

The paper presents the study of soil cover of the steppe areas on the territory of the Daursky Biosphere Reserve in the Transbaikal Territory. Natural factors of soil formation are as follows: poorly dissected relief; arid and cryarid climate; shallow ground waters; steppe vegetation with a predominance of halophytes. The carbonate and salinity of the parent rocks contribute to the formation of various types of soils. We determined the types of soils in the study area according to the modern classification: Chestnut typical and saline, Saline gleyed typical and sulfide (sor) typical. Typical chestnut soils are formed on the tops of lake terraces and form complexes with saline soils. Salted chestnut soils occupy transit landforms. Saline soils are confined to low relief forms, the shoreline to the bottom of the lake, where the accumulation of readily soluble salts occurs. Typical Chestnut and saline soils are characterized by a light granulometric composition and a low humus content. Salted chestnut soils contain high concentrations of readily soluble salts in the profile. Saline (sulphide) and typical gleyed have a heavier granulometric composition, a highly alkaline reaction of the medium, a very low humus content and a high content of readily soluble salts. Physicochemical properties of soils reflect their genesis and the current state of these soils.

Metaheuristics-based Pre-Design Guide for Cantilever Retaining Walls

A pre-design guide for cantilever retaining walls and a detail parametric study of such walls is presented here. Mathematical models based on statistical methods were improved for calculating safety factors of sliding, overturning, and slope stability of those walls. The harmony search algorithm (HSA)-a metaheuristic optimization method-was employed to realize reasonable results of the pre-design guide from all distinct cases. Through the design algorithm, the optimal design was determined for varied soil types differently from suggestions of design codes. Thus, an optimal pre-design guide for safe and economic wall design was realized in a shorter time compared to the conventional method.

The form of the elastic core and areas of plastic flow base under the jucked stamp

The article provides the information about studies devoted to determining the position, shape and size of the elastic soil core and areas of plastic deformations formed in the soil foundation under the jucked stamp. Based on the results analysis of experiments carried out by third-party researchers and the results of calculations performed by the authors of the article, it was concluded that an elastic soil core in the form of a triangle is formed in the case when the indentation of a stamp is carried out into a base folded with loose ground, provided that φ>25-30° (this depends on the value of the lateral soil pressure coefficient), and the specific cohesion C is quite small. In cohesive soils, the vertical section of the elastic soil core has a form close to that of half an ellipse, half or a segment of a circle. The exceptions are the results of the experiments by Kaganovskaya S E, where a triangular elastic core was obtained for clay soil. All these facts are in satisfactory agreement with Prandtl’s design scheme, and therefore, the use of calculation methods based on it is justified only for sandy bases. To solve the problem of calculating the bearing capacity of soil foundations composed of various types of soils, methods should be created that are not based on hypotheses about the shape of the elastic core and areas of plastic deformation.

Proximate Analysis of Hotong Buru (Setaria italica) As A Culinary Material in Southern Buru Regency

Hotong Buru (S. italica) is a kind of cogon grass originating from the island of Buru. This plant produces seeds that are used as a very potential alternative food for rice because this plant can grow on various types of soil, even on sandy soils. Proximate analysis is a chemical test to determine the nutrient content of a feed or a feed raw material. Moreover, Hotong seeds have a protein content of around 11.2% and about 2.4% fat, while rice has a protein content of around 4.5% and 1-2% fat, which means that the protein and fat contents of Hotong seeds are over twice higher than that in rice. Judging from the carbohydrate content, the content of Hotong seeds is around 73%, almost the same as the carbohydrate content in rice, which is around 70-80%. This research was conducted to determine the nutritional content of Hotong Buru as a culinary ingredient. The research was conducted in the area of ​​South Buru Regency, namely processing Hotong Buru as a culinary ingredient, and in Baristand Ambon, namely proximate analysis. The results of the proximate analysis of 10 types of Hotong Buru in culinary preparations, resulted in the discovery of carbohydrate content with an average of 75.04, protein content with an average of 17.98, fat content with an average of 6.54, and fiber content with an average of 3.67, this proves that the nutritional content of culinary Hotong Buru is very high and can be used as the right staple substitute for rice

Seismic soil structure interaction of reinforced concrete frame building supported on foundations

Soil Structure Interaction (SSI) determines the response of structures during seismic activity. An engineering review committee deals only with the study of soil structure interaction as compared to free motion, gives an appreciable impact on the basement motion. This article investigates the influence of soil structure interaction on RC frame building with seismic excitations. By taking different cases like 5, 10, 15, 20 storey of varying soil types are type I, type II and type III, different foundation types are isolated, combined, mat, pile. The entire foundation-soil-structure system is modelled and analyzed in a finite element based SAP2000 Software, to study the stress on soil and framed structure in the presence of SSI. Finally, a comparative study between with and without SSI to reinforced concrete framed structure is done. The study shows that SSI effects are higher than regular approach if we include the SSI effects in our analysis and design of structure to get a safety design.