Personality Variables Research Articles

Comparing alcohol involvement among injured pedalcycle and motorcycle riders across three national public-use datasets

Background Annually since 2008; over 38% of fatally injured motorcycle riders and 20% of pedalcyclists involved in traffic crashes were under the influence of alcohol, yet public health surveillance of alcohol involvement in these injuries is underdeveloped. This study determined alcohol involvement among fatally and non-fatally injured pedalcycle and motorcycle riders and compared findings across three national public-use datasets. Methods Using the 2019 National Emergency Medical Services Information System (NEMSIS), the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), and National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) datasets, we identified alcohol involvement in fatal and non-fatal injuries to pedalcycle and motorcycle riders (≥21 years). Alcohol involvement was positive based on the clinician’s evaluation of alcohol at the scene (NEMSIS) or within the ED record (NEISS); or when Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) values were ≥.01 (FARS). Pedalcycle and motorcycle injuries were identified across datasets using: 1) ICD10 codes for pedalcycle (V10-V19) or motorcycle (V20-V29) within the cause of injury and EMS respondent’s impression of the encounter variables (NEMSIS); 2) product codes for bicycles or moped/power-assisted cycle/minibike/two-wheeled, powered, off-road vehicles (NEISS); and 3) American National Standard Institute’s classifications for pedalcycle and motorcycle in the person and vehicle type variables (FARS). The descriptive epidemiology was compared across datasets. Results There were 26,295 pedalcyclist and 50,122 motorcycle rider injuries resulting in an EMS response within NEMSIS data; 10.2% and 8.5% of these injuries respectively involved alcohol. These estimates were greater than the 7.3% of pedalcyclist and 6.1% of moped/power-assisted cycle/minibike/two-wheeled, powered, off-road vehicle injuries involving alcohol among patients who presented to an ED within the NEISS dataset. Based on FARS data, alcohol was involved in 27.0% of pedalcyclist and 42.0% of motorcyclist fatal injuries. Regardless of the data source, pedalcyclist and motorcycle fatal and non-fatal injuries were more likely to involve alcohol among middle-aged adults compared to older and early aged adults, and for men compared to women, with proportions that were generally 3-8% higher for men. Conclusions Measures for pedalcycle and motorcycle injuries and alcohol involvement vary substantially across national public-use datasets. Standardized, valid, and feasible methods are needed to accurately inform injury prevention efforts.

Family bonds and personal factors in caregiver burden in patients at the end of life.

Family caregivers are defined as those who assume substantial responsibilities for the care of an ill loved one without formal health care training. This study aims to analyze the predictors of physical and emotional burden in caregivers of palliative patients using qualitative comparative analysis methodologies (QCA) and taking into account patient and caregiver personal and relational variables. A total of 125 caregivers of patients at the end of life were assessed using an ad hoc emotional and physical burden questionnaire and patient and caregiver personal and relational variables were recorded. Results indicate moderately high levels of both emotional and physical burden. Differences in burden are found only as a function of kinship. Emotional burden is positively associated with the use of physical health medication in the caregiver and kinship; meanwhile, physical burden is positively associated with time since diagnosis, patient functional independence, and economic problems. For the QCA models, several pathways predict the observed variance in the emotional and physical burden of family caregivers of patients at the end of life, based on patient, caregiver, and relationship variables. In conclusion, it is relevant to design intervention programs focused on patient-caregiver relationship to prevent the development of emotional and physical burden.

The meaning of touch: Relational and individual variables shape emotions and intentions associated with imagined social touch.

Touch is a key channel for conveying meaning in social interactions. The affective quality of touch and its effects on well-being are shaped by relational context (relationship between touch giver vs. recipient) and person variables (e.g. adult attachment style). Yet, such effects have not been explored in relation to the meaning ascribed to touch. We used data from the Touch Test, the world's largest touch survey, which included questions on the degree to which people felt and related specific emotions and intentions to imagined gentle stroking touch and hugs. In N = 23,428, we examined how relational context (imagined source of touch) and person variables (gender, recalled positive childhood touch and adult attachment style) were associated with positive (e.g. love, desire, support) and negative (e.g. fear, anger, warning) emotions and intentions related to imagined touch. Love, desire and support were endorsed more when participants had had their partner (vs. someone else) in mind, and women (vs. men) gave lower ratings for desire overall. Gentle stroking touch was most linked with arousal when participants had had their partner in mind. Further, more positive childhood touch and secure and anxious attachment scores were associated with more positive emotions and intentions, while the opposite was found for avoidant attachment scores. Lastly, positive childhood touch and higher anxious attachment scores were related to greater discrimination between distinct emotion and intention categories, while higher attachment avoidance was associated with reduced discriminability. Thus, contextual and person variables matter in shaping the meaning of social touch.

Academic Burnout, Personality, and Academic Variables in University Students.

This study examines academic burnout syndrome and its relation to personal and academic variables among university students in nursing and early childhood education programs in Spain. A total of 606 university students (primary education: 49.7%; nursing: 49.7%) of both sexes (71.5% female) with an average age of 20.68 years (SD = 1.65) participated. An ex post facto retrospective single-group design was planned. The instruments used were the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey (MBI-SS) and the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). Nursing students, who reported more study hours, less sleep, and lower grades, had higher academic burnout scores. Linear regression models were proposed to analyze the relationship between academic burnout, personality, and sociodemographic variables. Nursing students scored higher in emotional exhaustion and lower in cynicism, and they scored higher in neuroticism and openness. Furthermore, 16.1% of the variance in academic burnout was explained by personality variables as well as the degree studied, course year, and study hours. These findings suggest the importance of considering both academic and personality variables in understanding academic burnout in university students.

Effect of street trees shade on perceived thermal comfort in a south temperate climate: The sidewalks of Montevideo (Uruguay)

The use of vegetation in cities is one of the most promising strategies for urban climate change adaptation and mitigation. Tree shade influences heat storage from surfaces reducing long wave radiation emission which directly affects people. People 's heat perception depends more on insolation and the temperature of surrounding objects than on air temperature itself. There is a need for analyzes that include the combined effects of physical and human variables on thermal comfort, as well as location-based studies to address its climatic and social conditions. In order to compare the effect of the trees on microenvironmental temperature and perceived thermal comfort, we measured physical parameters and performed structured interviews on three downtown streets of Montevideo, Uruguay, which had sections with and without trees on four dates during the summer. Generally, people surveyed under both treatments stated they did not feel fully comfortable due to summer heat, but the proportion of people who stated feeling in thermal comfort under tree shade was more than double than the unshaded sections.The seasonal ARIMA analysis supported that the tree shade reduced the microenvironmental temperature by its effect on radiant temperature. By using a statistical decision tree methodology that combines all the variables in the same analysis, we found a greater impact of physical variables than personal variables on people's thermal comfort and thermal preferences. We also identified gender as a significant variable that affects people's thermal preferences, where 46.4 % of females preferred a slightly colder environment.

Sense of coherence and its components under COVID-19: relative associations with personality and psychosocial variables.

Sense of Coherence (SOC) is conceptualized as promoting resistance to stress. The study aimed to assess the impact of the Big Five personality traits and Social Capital (SC) on SOC levels during COVID-19, comparing associations with the pre-pandemic period. Another aim was to explore how personality and SC relate differently to SOC domains: Comprehensibility, Manageability, and Meaningfulness, reflecting perceptions of order, resource adequacy, and life's significance, respectively. SOC, Big Five personality traits, SC (using by the 13 items SOC scale, NEO-FFI and PSCS inventories, respectively) and demographic data were obtained from 2717 Israeli participants during the heights of the third COVID-19 wave (November 2020-March 2021). Strong relationships between SOC and personality traits have been found through regression analysis, but these associations differed between SOC domains. Big Five traits demonstrated comparable association with Comprehensibly and Manageability, but different from those with Meaningfulness, particularly in Neuroticism, Openness and Extraversion. Significant SC-SOC associations were observed, though weaker than those reported in the pre-pandemic period. Age and female sex were also associated with stronger SOC. Overall, effect sizes for SOC domains were medium to large for Big Five personality traits and small to medium for demographic variables. SC demonstrated a negligible effect size. Significant interactions of demographic, SC and personality traits were also observed. The study highlights SOC's strong links with personality and demographics, but weaker ties with psychosocial factors. Variations across SOC domains may explain diverse crisis effects.

Toy tourism: Exploring the co-creating roles of toy-tourist-destination congruence and self-construal in creating well-being and its outcomes

Toy tourism is an emerging tourism development in which tourists and toys can gain interactive and well-being experiences at travel destinations. However, few studies have examined the process of how this can be accomplished through toy tourism activities. By using self-congruence theory and self-construal as a theoretical basis, the study results ( n = 254) demonstrate that the value creation process in toy tourism is an interactive process achieved by integrating destination variables (i.e., congruence among toys, tourists, and tourism destinations) and personal trait variables (i.e., self-construal). Furthermore, such co-creation mechanisms illustrate contributions to the toy tourists’ well-being (i.e., self-expressiveness) and its outcomes (i.e., self-identity and storytelling). This study provides theoretical insights into well-being formation by examining relationships between tourist, destination, and toys through toy tourism activities. Moreover, it provides useful practical implications for toy tourism-related industries.

MEM&SO protocol: understanding the determinants of social learning in neurodegenerative diseases

BackgroundPeople with neurodegenerative diseases may have difficulty learning new information, owing to their cognitive impairments. Teaching them techniques for learning in social contexts could alleviate this difficulty. The present study will examine the performances of patients with Alzheimer’s disease and patients with the semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia on a memory test administered in three social contexts. The protocol will make it possible to identify determinants of social interactions, social abilities, cognition, and personality that can explain the potentially beneficial effect of social context on learning in these patients.MethodsThirty dyads (patient with primary memory impairment who meets criteria for Alzheimer’s disease paired with caregiver), 16 dyads (patient meeting criteria for semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia paired with caregiver), and 46 dyads (healthy controls with no cognitive complaints) will be recruited. A nonverbal memory test (social memory task) will be administered to each dyad in three different social contexts (presence-only, observation, collaboration). Patients and healthy controls will also undergo a neuropsychological assessment to measure social (interactions and abilities), cognitive and personality aspects. Patients will be compared with controls on differential social scores calculated between the presence-only and collaboration contexts, and between the presence-only and observation contexts. A multiple comparative case study will be conducted to identify social, cognitive and personality variables that potentially explain the differential scores in the collaboration and observation contexts.DiscussionFor the first time, memory will be assessed in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and patients with the semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia in three different contexts (presence-only, observation, collaboration). The multiple comparative case study will make it possible to identify the determinants of memory performance in the social context, in order to create the most beneficial learning context for individual patients, according to their profile.Trial registrationThis study was approved by the Ile de France XI institutional review board (2022-A00198-35), and registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (no. NCT05800028), on April 27, 2023.

FACTORS INFLUENCING STUDENTS’ CHOICE OF ACCOUNTING AS A MAJOR IN PEKANBARU CITY

There has been a decline in the intention of High School students in choosing accounting as a further study recently, including in Indonesia. High school students tend to think that the field of accounting has no future and will be replaced so that their intention in entering the field of accounting decreases. This research wants to analyze the variables of Personal Characteristics, Career Perceptions, and Social Environment on Students' Intention in choosing an accounting major. The research chose students in Pekanbaru City as subjects. The research uses primary data by distributing digital questionnaires. Data collection methods use the Convenience and Snow-ball methods. Data was collected from 110 respondents and analyzed by multiple regression. The research results show that career perception does not influence students' intention in choosing an accounting major, while personal characteristics and social environment variables influence the intention of High School students in choosing accounting as a further study in university. The implication of this research is that the role of schools and universities should be clearer about accounting major. Schools and universities should convey that accounting careers are still attractive and definitely needed in the business world so that high school students can change their characteristics in choosing an accounting major.

FACTORS INFLUENCING STUDENTS’ CHOICE OF ACCOUNTING AS A MAJOR IN PEKANBARU CITY

There has been a decline in the intention of High School students in choosing accounting as a further study recently, including in Indonesia. High school students tend to think that the field of accounting has no future and will be replaced so that their intention in entering the field of accounting decreases. This research wants to analyze the variables of Personal Characteristics, Career Perceptions, and Social Environment on Students' Intention in choosing an accounting major. The research chose students in Pekanbaru City as subjects. The research uses primary data by distributing digital questionnaires. Data collection methods use the Convenience and Snow-ball methods. Data was collected from 110 respondents and analyzed by multiple regression. The research results show that career perception does not influence students' intention in choosing an accounting major, while personal characteristics and social environment variables influence the intention of High School students in choosing accounting as a further study in university. The implication of this research is that the role of schools and universities should be clearer about accounting major. Schools and universities should convey that accounting careers are still attractive and definitely needed in the business world so that high school students can change their characteristics in choosing an accounting major.

Traditional healers’ knowledge and infection control practices related to HIV in Bukavu City, Democratic Republic of the Congo

BackgroundPatients with HIV consult traditional healers (THs). These THs can both delay care for people living with HIV (PLHIV) and transmit HIV through poor infection control practices. The main objective of this study was to evaluate knowledge and practices of THs regarding HIV in Bukavu.MethodsA cross-sectional study using quantitative approach was carried out among 71 THs in Bukavu City. The collected data included the following topics: personal and socio-demographic characteristics, HIV knowledge, and infection control practices. Descriptive statistics, independent-samples T-test or F-test, and multiple linear regression were used to analyze the data with a p-value < 0.05.ResultsThe THs’ mean age was 49.2 ± 11.2 years, and the majority were aged 40 to < 60 years. Males constituted 88.7% of THs with a male-to-female ratio of 7.9. In general, 47.9% of study participants had poor knowledge about HIV/AIDS infection, 45.1% of them had fair knowledge, and only 7.0% had good knowledge. Overall, 43.7% of THs had poor infection control practices, 52.1% of THs had fair practices, and only 4.2% of participants had good practices. Results of multiple linear regression analysis revealed that none of the personal and demographic variables studied were significant predictors of their knowledge about HIV/AIDS (p > 0.05). In terms of practices, two variables were significant predictors of infection control practices: living in Ibanda and receiving training in taking care of HIV/AIDS.Conclusion and recommendations: The study revealed that THs’ knowledge about HIV infection was insufficient and that they had poor infection control practices. Formal standardized training on HIV infection should be organized for all THs so that they can always refer their patients to modern, reliable antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinics and reduce the risk of occupational exposure in their practices. Although PPE’s assistance for THs is required in terms of protective measures, the province health authority must also oversee infection control procedures at THs’ offices.

Quantifying intangible values of wetlands as instrument for conservation in the Po delta park (Italy)

Wetlands possess intangible values that are usually overlooked in decision-making processes. Based on questionnaire surveys, this work aims to quantify both the non-use and cultural values provided by the different wetlands of the Po Delta Park (Northern Italy), selected as ideal case study, using willingness to pay (WTP) for wetland conservation and travel cost methods, respectively. Their relationships with socio-economic variables and respondents' preferences for current and future use were also analysed. The 61.39% of participants were willing to pay a mean amount of 95.8 € (±40). The average travel cost was 38.68 € (±6.24), with higher values observed for environmental experts than for other citizens. Wetlands differ significantly in travel costs, current and future use, but not in WTP. Poisson regressions showed that non-use and cultural values were significantly dependent on personal information, preference variables and travel distance. Intangible dimensions, such as bequest and existence values, showed higher valuations/rates than option and direct use values. The results highlight that perceptions of the intrinsic value of nature are influenced by demographic characteristics, distance from the area and desired future uses. Non-use values seem abstract and generalised to the whole area, regardless of the ecological characteristics of the wetland, even though a significant relation to wetland uses was observed. In contrast, cultural values are tied to specific wetlands, as indication of the importance of historical relationships between people and nature. Such findings underline that the different dimensions of intrinsic value of nature may act at different scales and help decision-makers to incorporate such values into environmental accounting.

The Impact of Culture Shock and Psychological Adjustment on Mental Well-Being in International Students

Cultural shock is attributed as a psychological response experienced due to adjusting into a new cultural environment. This present study research explored the impact of cultural shock on psychological adjustment and mental well-being. It was hypothesized that there will be an inverse relationship of Culture shock and Mental Well-Being in international students. For this purpose, correlational cross-sectional research design was used. The sample included 192 international students with the age range of 18 to 40 (M=21.02, SD=1.50) including 154 men and 38 women recruited through using convenience sampling strategy. A self-constructed demographic sheet, psychological adjustment scale (Ryff &amp; Keyes,1995)., Warwick-Edinburgh mental wellbeing scale (Tennant et al., 2007) and culture shock scale (Mumford, 1998) were used for the assessment. The result of Pearson product moment correlation illustrated the inverse relationship between culture shock and psychological adjustment in students. This revealed that examining the links between the evaluation elements could improve the rational understanding of psychological outcomes of acculturation related to personal variability factors. Such insights could also guide host university communities in bolstering the self-esteem and self-belief of their international student peers, aiding them in navigating their psychological adaptation challenges.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Musculoskeletal Complaints Among Clinical Healthcare Workers

This study investigated the prevalence and risk factors of musculoskeletal complaints among health workers in clinical wards, examining the relationship between these complaints and various work-related and personal variables. Conducted between December 2022 and April 2023, this descriptive study utilized a non-probability, voluntary sample of 100 health workers. Results indicated that 26% of participants reported lower back pain, 49% arm or neck complaints, 44% regular back pain, and 51% leg complaints. Key risk factors included extended work hours without breaks (67%), time pressure (33%), lifting (45%), and stooping (54%). Despite high medium-risk exposure (85%), no participants reported high-risk levels. This study highlights the significant burden of WMSDs among clinical healthcare workers and underscores the need for interventions to reduce duce these risks and improve occupational health. Highlight: Prevalence: A significant portion of healthcare workers reported musculoskeletal complaints, with 51% experiencing leg pain and 49% arm or neck pain. Risk Factors: Key risk factors identified include prolonged work hours without breaks (67%), time pressure (33%), lifting (45%), and stooping (54%). Implications: The study underscores the need for targeted interventions to mitigate WMSDs and improve the occupational health of clinical healthcare workers. Keywords: Musculoskeletal Disorders, Healthcare Workers, Risk Factors, Occupational Health, Clinical Wards

The effectiveness of cognitive training in people in psychiatry with depressive symptoms – A randomized controlled study

Ninety percent of people with depression also report suffering from additional cognitive disorders. However, despite the high prevalence, the effectiveness of cognitive training methods for mental illnesses has not yet been extensively researched.In our study, ninety-six adult patients with depressive symptoms were randomly assigned to one of two intervention groups or a passive control group. Ultimately, 48 patients successfully completed the training and assessments. The first intervention group completed computer-based cognitive training (three times a week for 20 min). The second intervention group practiced different memory strategies three times a week, in addition to completing the same computer-based cognitive training as the first intervention group.All groups demonstrated several improvements in cognitive performance and experienced benefits in everyday life over time. However, we found neither a significant group effect nor a significant time × group interaction effect for any of the measures. Despite this, on a descriptive level, the intervention groups showed improvements across all five cognitive test performance outcomes (especially attention and working memory) and displayed better scores in the post intervention assessment of the self-reported personal variables (well-being, emotional regulation and depressive symptoms). Approximately 50 % of the subjects in each group did not complete the training or the post intervention assessment and were excluded. We worked closely with healthcare professionals, therapists and doctors and were thus able to gather not only research results but also valuable experience in dealing with patients with depressive symptoms who are undergoing cognitive training. Our findings and experiences may have implications for optimizing the reintegration of people with depressive symptoms.

How personality factors, coping with identity-stress, and parental rearing styles contribute to the expression of somatic complaints in emerging adults in seven countries.

Somatic complaints are frequently named by emerging adults in many countries, but psychological factors contributing to the high level of these often medically unexplained symptoms have received little attention. This study examines the influence of shared risk factors on somatic complaints in a culturally diverse sample. In a cross-cultural survey study of 2,113 emerging adults (mean age = 22.0 yrs.; SD = 2.04) from seven countries (France, Germany, Turkey, Greece, Peru, Pakistan, and Poland) personality variables, parental rearing styles, coping abilities as well as identity-related stress were assessed. In a second step we successively entered these variables in hierarchical linear mixed models, controlling for country and gender effects and their respective interaction, in order to determine their impact on the level of somatic complaints across countries. All these dimensions varied extensively between all countries, with females reporting higher levels of somatic complaints than men in several countries. Despite this variation, our findings demonstrate a general and stable influence of neuroticism, openness, parental rearing styles, coping abilities and identity-related stress on somatic complaints across countries. Findings support the use of a general intervention model that includes appropriate coping strategies for emotion regulation, but also encourages support seeking for age-specific problems in dealing with identity stress during the transition to adulthood. In addition, this intervention model should be adjusted for a specific culture and gender.

‘Is it me or … ?’. A multimethod study to explore the impact of personal and contextual factors on PhD students’ well-being

ABSTRACT As PhD students’ well-being gathers relevance, exploring what factors influence it and how is crucial. Therefore, this study quantitatively examined the joint effect of personal and contextual variables on PhD students’ well-being and qualitatively assessed their perceptions about the main issues they faced during their doctoral course. Through a multimethod study, we collected quantitative data from 216 Italian PhD students, 123 of whom responded to an open-ended question. We tested a moderating mediation model to understand whether (1) there was an indirect relationship between self-efficacy and exhaustion, mediated by the perceptions of impostor syndrome; (2) supervisor instrumental support moderated the self-efficacy – impostor syndrome relationship and the indirect relationship abovementioned. Quantitative findings showed that self-efficacy was negatively associated with exhaustion via perceptions of impostor syndrome. Concerning the moderation effect, when self-efficacy was high, the higher the supervisor support, the lower the perceptions of impostor syndrome. When self-efficacy was low, the higher the supervisor support, the higher the perceptions of impostor syndrome. Qualitative findings reported various personal and contextual aspects PhD students perceived as problematic, which may jeopardise their well-being. These results may inform policymakers and academic staff interventions for promoting PhD students’ well-being.

Thermal comfort in university classrooms in humid subtropical climate: Field study during all seasons

Ensuring students thermal comfort has complex implications involving student performance and energy consumption costs. Existing models may not be suitable for predicting the thermal comfort of university students. This study aimed to compare the thermal comfort responses of university students in air-conditioned and naturally ventilated classrooms located in a humid Brazilian subtropical climate with the analytical and adaptive models. The study was conducted in 28 classrooms of two universities located in a humid subtropical climate in southern Brazil. Environmental variables were measured using a microclimatic station, while personal variables were obtained through student responses in electronic questionnaires between September 2022 and July 2023. In classrooms operating with natural ventilation, the mean thermal neutrality temperatures were 19.8 °C and 21.4 °C in Joinville and São José, respectively. When operating with air-conditioning, the mean thermal neutrality temperatures were 21.8 °C and 22.1 °C in Joinville and São José, respectively. Even when they answered “neutral” on the thermal sensation questionnaire, students reported that they preferred the cooler environment. Classroom occupant densities less than 1.00 did not influence the students’ thermal sensation. In general, the PMV/PPD model was not able to predict the thermal comfort of university students. The adaptive comfort model proved adequate to predict the thermal comfort of students when classrooms were naturally ventilated.

THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION IN SUCCESS OF STARTUPS IN ALGERIA

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the role of technological innovation in the success of startups in Algeria, with the aim of musering impact of Technological innovation has a positive impact on the survival of emerging enterprises by providing innovative products or services, which enhances their chances of survival in the market, and their innovative business models that help them compete and survive for a longer period in the market. Theoretical Framework: In this topic, the main concepts and theories that underpin the research are presented. Rupert Maclaurin developed Schumpeter's ideas and analysed technological innovation as a process and proposed the theory of technological innovation, which was later called the linear model of innovation, and Skawińska and Zalewski see that: Success of startups is about achieving a competitive advantage, which is embodied in the possession and application of intangible and unique resources and skills to meet the needs of the market faster and in a better way than competitors . stand out, providing a solid basis for understanding the context of the investigation. Method: The methodology adopted for this research comprises studying a sample of Algerian startups. Technological innovation in startups has been measured through three dimensions: product or service, process, and business. As for the impact on the success of startups, it has been measured through four dimensions: financing, revenues, employment, and survival. Data collection was carried out through by a questionnaire was presented in this study to a sample of startups in Algeria, and analysing the data based by the statistical program SPSS, V29 and partial least squares path modelling with Plspm package of the R program]. Results and Discussion: The results obtained revealed that there is a positive impact of technological innovation on the success of startups and on both financing, revenues, employment, and survival. Besides, there are no statistically significant differences for personal and professional variables, except for gender, on the success of startups in Algeria. In the discussion section, these results are contextualized in light of the theoretical framework, highlighting the implications and relationships identified. Possible discrepancies and limitations of the study are also considered in this section. Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this research are discussed, providing insights into how the results can be applied or influence practices in the field of Business management for startups. These implications could encompass small and medium enterprises in the North African region. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by accessing a new field of knowledge in Algeria, represented by emerging institutions, and the challenge of their continuity and success in competitive markets, as well as the use of new statistical methods. The relevance and value of this research are evidenced by confirmed results that the Technological innovation have a positive impact on financing Starups through innovative products and services provided by enterprises, which lead to increased investment and attract investor interest in emerging enterprises that have an innovative and scalable business model, improving opportunities for obtaining financing, as well as gaining new clients and users to create a new revenue streams through innovative products and services provided, and innovation in the process also contributes to reducing costs and increasing revenues.

Baseline Pupil Size Seems Unrelated to Fluid Intelligence, Working Memory Capacity, and Attentional Control.

Over the past few years, several studies have explored the relationship between resting-state baseline pupil size and cognitive abilities, including fluid intelligence, working memory capacity, and attentional control. However, the results have been inconsistent. Here we present the findings from two experiments designed to replicate and expand previous research, with the aim of clarifying previous mixed findings. In both experiments, we measured baseline pupil size while participants were not engaged in any tasks, and assessed fluid intelligence using a matrix task. In one experiment we also measured working memory capacity (letter-number-sequencing task) and attentional control (attentional-capture task). We controlled for several personal and demographic variables known to influence pupil size, such as age and nicotine consumption. Our analyses revealed no relationship between resting-state pupil size (average or variability) and any of the measured constructs, neither before nor after controlling for confounding variables. Taken together, our results suggest that any relationship between resting-state pupil size and cognitive abilities is likely to be weak or non-existent.