Variation Of Mobility Research Articles

Intergenerational income mobility in France: A comparative and geographic analysis

We provide new estimates of intergenerational income mobility in France for children born in the 1970s using rich administrative data. Since parents’ incomes are not observed, we employ a two-sample two-stage least squares estimation. We show, using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, that this method slightly underestimates rank-based measures of intergenerational persistence. Our results suggest France is characterized by a strong persistence relative to other developed countries. 9.7% of children born to parents in the bottom 20% reach the top 20% in adulthood, four times less than children from the top 20%. We uncover substantial spatial variations in intergenerational mobility across departments, and a positive relationship between geographic mobility and intergenerational upward mobility. The expected income rank of individuals from the bottom of the parent income distribution who moved towards high-income departments is around the same as the expected income rank of individuals from the 75th percentile who stayed in their childhood department.

Fabrication of a Field-Effect Transistor Based on 2D Novel Ternary Chalcogenide PdPS.

Two-dimensional (2D) palladium phosphide sulfide (PdPS) has garnered significant attention, owing to its exotic physical properties originating from the distinct Cairo pentagonal tiling topology. Nevertheless, the properties of PdPS remain unexplored, especially for electronic devices. In this study, we introduce the thickness-dependent electrical characteristics of PdPS flakes into fabricated field-effect transistors (FETs). The broad thickness variation of the PdPS flakes, ranging from 0.7-306 nm, is prepared by mechanical exfoliation, utilizing large bulk crystals synthesized via chemical vapor transport. We evaluate this variation and confirm a high electron mobility of 14.4 cm2 V-1 s-1 and Ion/Ioff > 107. Furthermore, the 6.8 nm-thick PdPS FET demonstrates a negligible Schottky barrier height at the gold electrode contact, as evidenced by the measurement of the temperature-dependent transfer characteristics. Consequently, we adjusted the Fowler-Nordheim tunneling mechanism to elucidate the charge-transport mechanism, revealing a modulated mobility variation from 14.4 to 41.2 cm2 V-1 s-1 with an increase in the drain voltage from 1 to 5 V. The present findings can broaden the understanding of the unique properties of PdPS, highlighting its potential as a 2D ternary chalcogenide in future electronic device applications.

Solvent-assisted synthesis of Ag2Se and Ag2S nanoparticles on carbon fabric for enhanced thermoelectric performance

The challenge of developing low-cost, highly flexible, and high-performance thermoelectric (TE) materials persists due to the low thermoelectric efficiency of conducting polymers and the inflexibility of inorganic materials. In this study, we successfully integrated Ag2Se and Ag2S with highly conductive carbon fabric (CF) to produce a flexible thermoelectric material. A facile one-step solvothermal method was employed to synthesize the Ag2Se-CF and Ag2S-CF, which were then subjected to X-ray analysis to confine the phase formation of Ag2Se and Ag2S on the carbon fabric. The analysis revealed that Ag2Se and Ag2S nanoparticles were tightly packed on the surface of carbon fabric, and compositional analysis confirmed the interaction between the material and carbon fabric. The thermoelectric properties of Ag2Se-CF and Ag2S-CF were significantly altered due to carrier concentration and mobility variations, resulting in a low power factor of 6.7 μW/mK2 for Ag2Se-CF and a high-power factor of 24 μW/mK2 at 373 K for Ag2S-CF. The growth of Ag2Se-CF and Ag2S-CF on carbon fabric led to an enhancement in their thermoelectric properties. Further, TE legs were fabricated using the Ag2Se-CF (p-type) and Ag2S-CF (n-type), and the fabricated legs exhibited an output voltage of ∼20 mV to ∼86.65 mV at a temperature gradient (ΔT) of 3–8 K. This work represents a cutting-edge approach to the fabrication of high-performance, wearable thermoelectric devices.

AlGaN HEMT Structures Grown on Miscut Si(111) Wafers.

A complex study was performed on a set of AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistor structures grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy on miscut Si(111) wafers with a highly resistive epitaxial Si layer to investigate the influence of substrate miscut on their properties. The results showed that wafer misorientation had an influence on the strain evolution during the growth and surface morphology, and could have a strong impact on the mobility of 2D electron gas, with a weak optimum at 0.5° miscut angle. A numerical analysis revealed that the interface roughness was a main parameter responsible for the variation in electron mobility.

Adatom controlled emergence of high hardness in biocompatible beta-Ti3Au intermetallic thin film surfaces

There is growing international interest in hard biocompatible thin film surface coatings to extend the lifetime of medical implants. Parameters of the physical vapour deposition technique can be utilized to fine tune the microstructure and resulting properties of the growing thin film surface by modifying the adatom mobility of the incoming species. This work investigates the evolution of high hardness and biocompatibility of sputter deposited beta-Ti3Au intermetallic thin film surfaces as a function of growth temperature and pressure. Titanium and gold are sputtered in an optimised 3:1 ratio over glass and Ti6Al4V substrates at varying pressures of 0.3 to 1.2 Pa and temperatures of 25 to 450°C. The microstructure and crystallinity of the deposited films improved with reduction in pressure from 1.2 to 0.3 Pa but development of the β-Ti3Au intermetallic compound occurred at temperatures above 350˚C. The density of the films also increased with reducing pressure, whereas improvement in their columnar structure was observed with increasing substrate temperature. These microstructural changes caused by adatom mobility variation, led to the emergence of superior mechanical surface hardness, reaching a peak value of 12.5 GPa for films grown at 0.3 Pa and 450°C. All thin film surfaces were highly biocompatible with ion leaching levels below 1 ppm, and films deposited at lower pressure exhibited much safer cytotoxic profiles against L929 mouse fibroblasts. This work demonstrates the emergence of high hardness and biocompatibility in Ti3Au thin film surfaces with potential as next generation medical implant coating materials.

Urban Mobility and Knowledge Extraction from Chaotic Time Series Data: A Comparative Analysis for Uncovering COVID-19 Effects

The COVID-19 pandemic exerted devastating effects on the global economy, public health, and urban life. The geographical consequences lie in spatial time series dimensions, but the chaotic characteristics hinder intuitive understanding. Aiming to discover the variance of urban mobility in the pandemic context, this article presents a hybrid clustering technique called whole time sequence mixture (WTSM). The combination of whole time and subsequence techniques ensures robustness to data volume, dimensionality, sampling, distortion tasks, and a prior constraint. For yellow taxi trips in New York City, the case study spanned the pre-, mid-, and postpandemic periods and compared the performance of the established methods (symbolic aggregate approximation and dynamic time warping) and WTSM techniques. Findings revealed COVID-19 trends and social restriction-induced mobility variations and determined that vaccine supply did not lead to immediate mobility restoration. Meanwhile, concepts of validation indexes and computational complexity corroborate the superiority of WTSM. The transient cluster arising from temporal dissimilarity is a unique finding of WTSM, which led to high cluster cohesion and separation. WTSM can obtain new knowledge and rationale for urgent government intervention and epidemic management, not sacrificing computational efficiency and clustering quality. With the improved storage capability and desire for multidimensional pattern extraction, the increased accessibility to the chaotic time series data sets could promote further studies and help administrative schemes.

Age and the 20-min city: Accounting for variation in mobility

The political popularity of the 20-min city is a result of its perceived equal treatment of all citizens, yet the ideal geography fails to consider the diversity of mobilities and needs of different age groups. If 20-min cities are to provide equality for people with limited mobility, they need to understand their location and proximity to the services which meet their needs. Considering older people as a subset of the population with diverse mobilities, this research provides a novel exploration of the issue of age and urban mobility through grounded analysis of the 20-min city against a geodemographic classification of older people in Liverpool City Region, England. We construct a new model of accessibility to services that takes into consideration varied mobilities for older residents. We find that reduced walking speed results in a significant diminution of service accessibility, but that this diminution is highly varied for different older person groups. This highlights the need for 20-min city planning to account for the needs of diverse older geodemographic groups and a tighter conceptualization of the 20-min city concerning equity to avoid the pitfalls of some similar urban planning concepts.

Urban space, sprawl, and intergenerational mobility

This study examines the mechanisms of spatial variation in intergenerational mobility (IM) in United States (US) counties. We explicitly emphasized the effects of urban space and four aspects of urban sprawl—density, mix of uses, centering, and accessibility—and their interaction with socioeconomic factors. We found that urban sprawl variables did not all affect IM in the same direction, and the magnitude of the effect of one urban sprawl variable depended on other variables. The effects of centering varied: while employment centering negatively affected IM, population centering enhanced IM. Typical livable city indicators of walkability, mixed-use development, and a jobs-housing balance improved IM. Their effects on IM were magnified if either of the other two factors increased. However, the impact of walkability on IM decreased if employment centering increased and vice versa. Urban sprawl variables also indirectly influenced IM through inequality, segregation, social capital, and unemployment. We also found that the Black population share had the largest indirect and total effects on IM, which were spatially stationary across the US, and were mediated by racial segregation, social capital, unemployment, education, and single parenthood. This study has shown that enhancing IM requires more than reducing segregation and increasing density.

Mobile element variation contributes to population-specific genome diversification, gene regulation and disease risk.

Mobile genetic elements (MEs) are heritable mutagens that recursively generate structural variants (SVs). ME variants (MEVs) are difficult to genotype and integrate in statistical genetics, obscuring their impact on genome diversification and traits. We developed a tool that accurately genotypes MEVs using short-read whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and applied it to global human populations. We find unexpected population-specific MEV differences, including an Alu insertion distribution distinguishing Japanese from other populations. Integrating MEVs with expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) maps shows that MEV classes regulate tissue-specific gene expression by shared mechanisms, including creating or attenuating enhancers and recruiting post-transcriptional regulators, supporting class-wide interpretability. MEVs more often associate with gene expression changes than SNVs, thus plausibly impacting traits. Performing genome-wide association study (GWAS) with MEVs pinpoints potential causes of disease risk, including a LINE-1 insertion associated with keloid and fasciitis. This work implicates MEVs as drivers of human divergence and disease risk.

Design and Modelling of Tunnel Field Effect Transistor- using TCAD Modeling

The purpose of this research was to suggest a junction-less strategy for a vertical Tunnel Field Effect Transistor, which would increase the device's efficiency. In this study, we examine the similarities and differences between a negative capacitor TFET and a vertically generated TFET with a source pocket and a heterostructure-based nanowire gate. And how the channel transit impacts the output qualities of a sub-100 nanometer sized device. The Silvaco TCAD (a commercially available tool) was used to simulate a tri-layer high-K dielectric made of hafnium zirconium oxide (HZO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) materials as gate stacking to the V-TFET and GAA-NC-TFET structures, and the tunnelling and transport parameters were calibrated experimentally. A short bandgap material, GaSb, in the home region to enhance carrier tunnelling via the mentioned three source (GaSb)-channel (Si) heterojunction at varying biases were utilized. Motion, tube length, and saturating velocity are only few of the transport channel characteristics that are investigated. As a result of the building's vertical orientation, the electric field is enhanced, allowing for an ION current of up to 104 Am2. The most unexpected result of this device is that a high ION/IOFF may increase mobility and reduce saturation velocity, perhaps reducing the drain voltage at saturation. The proposed biosensor's sensitivity was multiplied by 108 when vertical and lateral tunnelling were used in tandem. We apply a variety of optimisation strategies to deal with this problem, despite the fact that quantum confinement reduces the effect of mobility variations on device performance. When biomolecules were positively charged, the drain current increased, and when they were negatively charged, the drain current decreased.

A Pixel Circuit for Compensating Electrical Characteristics Variation and OLED Degradation

In recent years, the active-matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED) displays have been greatly required. A voltage compensation pixel circuit based on an amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide thin-film transistor is presented for AMOLED displays. The circuit is composed of five transistors–two capacitors (5T2C) in combination with an OLED. In the circuit, the threshold voltages of both the transistor and the OLED are extracted simultaneously in the threshold voltage extraction stage, and the mobility-related discharge voltage is generated in the data input stage. The circuit not only can compensate the electrical characteristics variation, i.e., the threshold voltage variation and mobility variation, but also can compensate the OLED degradation. Furthermore, the circuit can prevent the OLED flicker, and can achieve the wide data voltage range. The circuit simulation results show that the OLED current error rates (CERs) are lower than 3.89% when the transistor’s threshold voltage variation is ±0.5V, lower than 3.49% when the mobility variation is ±30%.

Influence of the axial oscillations on the electron cyclotron drift instability and electron transport in Hall thrusters

A 2D-3V finite-element particle-in-cell model, which is applied to simulate the radial-azimuthal plane near the exit of Hall thrusters, has been presented to investigate the influence of axial oscillation on electron cyclotron drift instability (ECDI) and anomalous cross field electron transports. The simplified theoretical analysis about the ECDI and the anomalous electron transport has been introduced. The uniform and harmonic axial electric fields, which are based on the typical axial oscillations in Hall thrusters, have been considered in the simulations. It is concluded that different constant axial electric fields can influence the properties of instability but cannot significantly change the cross field electron mobility. However, the axial oscillation plays a significant role in the instability, and the electron transports provided that appropriate amplitudes and frequencies are achieved. The equilibrium of the instability is destroyed and reformed with the axial oscillation. The cross field electron transports are enhanced in the range of low amplitudes and frequencies and are suppressed when they are in a high value. In addition, it is observed that the variation of the electron mobility and electron–ion friction force show high consistency with the trend of electron temperature. It is further confirmed that the increase in electron temperature takes responsibility for the enhanced cross field electron transport due to the axial oscillation.

Social Mobility in Sweden before the Welfare State

We use historical census data to show that Sweden exhibited high levels of intergenerational occupational mobility several decades before the rise of the welfare state. Mobility rates were higher than in other nineteenth- and twentieth-century European countries, closer to those observed in the highly mobile nineteenth-century United States. We leverage mobility variation across Swedish municipalities to shed light on potential determinants: economic growth and migration are positively correlated with mobility, consistent with the patterns observed across countries.

A Stability Demonstrating HPLC Method Development and Validation for Related Substances in Oxtriphylline using Quality by Design

A new reverse phase HPLC procedure, stability demonstrating for estimating related substances in oxtriphylline, was developed and validated according to ICH guidelines by applying Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) principles. The three critical method parameters identifi ed were mobile phase fl ow rate, column temperature, and mobile phase pH. Based on these factors, the resolution between oxtriphylline and theophylline related compound F and the tailing of oxtriphylline peak were selected as critical method attributes. XBridge BEH C18 with measurements 150 x 4.6 mm, 5 μ was used to achieve peak separation. The mobile phase fl ow rate was at 1.0 mL/min and 40°C was the column temperature. The injection volume was 10 μL, the autosampler temperature was 25°C, and UV detection was done at 270 nm. The elution was a gradient. Analytical method validation parameters like precision, accuracy, specifi city, linearity, and solution stability of solution were proved. The linearity of the method was established from 0.05 to 1% of sample concentration. The correlation coeffi cient was more than 0.999. The percentage recoveries for all impurities were from 100.71 to 102.45%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was as less than 1% proving the procedure is precise. The recoveries of all impurities were proven from LoQ to 150% level of sample concentration. The recoveries ranged from 98.40 to 101.70% at LoQ, 101.56 to 101.88 at 100% level, and 101.28 to 102.54 at 150% level of spiking. Robustness studies proved that small and deliberate changes to fl ow (± 0.2 mL/min), column temperature (± 5°), and mobile phase pH variation (± 0.2 units) does not impact the method. Also, the stability-indicating feature of the method was demonstrated by performing forced degradation studies. The method developed by AQbD approach was accurate, precise, linear specifi c, robust, and stability-demonstrating to quantify oxtriphylline and its related substances.

Influence of Proton Irradiation Energy on Gate–Channel Low-Field Electron Mobility in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs

AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) with two different gate–drain distances (30 μm and 10 μm) were exposed to 1 MeV, 0.6 MeV, and 0.4 MeV protons at a fluence of 2.16 × 1012 cm−2. The gate–channel electron density and low-field mobility were obtained by measuring the capacitance–voltage characteristics and current–voltage characteristics. After proton irradiation, the gate–channel low-field electron mobility of the AlGaN/GaN HEMT with a 30 μm gate–drain distance increases and that with a 10 μm gate–drain distance decreases. It is studied and found that the mobility behavior is related to the polarization Coulomb field scattering, and the proton irradiation influences the intensity of the polarization Coulomb field scattering by changing the polarization/strain distribution in the barrier layer. The different gate–drain distances correspond to different variation trends of scattering intensity. The effect of 1 MeV protons on the barrier layer is smaller compared with 0.6 MeV and 0.4 MeV protons, so the mobility variation is smaller.

Genotypes with high stem reserve mobilization can overcome the impact of rust on chickpea yield

Chickpea is one of the major pulse crops cultivated worldwide. It is affected by many fungal diseases including rust caused by the fungus Uromyces ciceris arietini. Its severity is mainly observed during the flowering and pod development stage and this causes considerable yield losses. The present investigation was carried out at ICAR-NIASM, Baramati during 2021–2022 to assess genotypic variation in stem reserve mobilization (SRM) and its influence on loss of grain yield due to rust infection on the basis of severity of rust, seed yield and test weight. The SRM was strongly correlated (R2 = 0.96) with yield irrespective of the severity of rust infection. Phule Vikram, a local chickpea genotype, recorded the highest grain yield (1506.6 kg/ha) and SRM (23.65 mg/g stem dry weight) while the lowest yield was recorded in Pusa Green 112 (476.7 kg/ha), a susceptible, genotype that had less SRM (3.44 mg/g stem dry weight) and partially filled grain. The results indicated that SRM has a major role in ensuring pod filling even under rust infection. Hence, it is suggested that the emphasis should be on SRM as a trait for selecting early generation breeding lines in the chickpea improvement program with precaution to reduce a penalty if any in terms of attracting pests by increased access to soluble sugars in high SRM genotypes.

Mechanistic insights into the effect of drug content on adhesive properties of transdermal patch containing lidocaine

This study aims to shed light on the relationship between drug content and adhesive properties in drug-in-adhesive transdermal patch, and to elucidate molecular mechanisms from the perspective of polymer chain mobility. Lidocaine was selected as model drug. Two acrylate pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs) with different polymer chain mobility were synthesized. Tack adhesion, shear adhesion and peel adhesion of PSAs with 0, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% w/w lidocaine contents were tested. Polymer chain mobility was determined by rheology and modulated differential scanning calorimetry experiments. Drug-PSA interaction was analyzed by FT-IR. The effect of drug content on free volume of PSA were determined by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulation. It was found that the polymer chain mobility of PSA was increased with increasing drug content. Due to the variation of polymer chain mobility, tack adhesion increased, and shear adhesion decreased. It was proved that interactions between polymer chains were destroyed by drug-PSA interactions, free volume between polymer chains was expanded, resulting in the increase of polymer chain mobility. We can conclude that the effect of drug content on polymer chain mobility should be considered, when designing a transdermal drug delivery system with controlled and satisfactory adhesion.

Explaining the variations in legal mobilization of environmental nongovernmental organizations in authoritarian China: A fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis

AbstractDespite the growing literature on legal mobilization under authoritarianism, the variations of legal mobilization in authoritarian regimes have been less studied. Drawing on a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis of 175 environmental public interest litigations from 2009 to 2019, as well as in‐depth interviews with environmental nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) representatives, this is the first article to present how organizational, political, legal, and social forces (which are demonstrated by six conditions: capacity, political embeddedness, political endorsement, access, legal stock, and alliance) combine to explain the variations of NGOs' environmental legal mobilization through the use of strategic and nonstrategic litigation in authoritarian China. Although the state's policy to pluralize regulatory actors to improve environmental governance has set up a relatively friendly institutional backdrop for environmental legal mobilization, this study finds that political forces such as the relationship between NGOs and the state and the ambivalent attitudes towards environmental protection between central and local government have significantly influenced the behavioral patterns of NGOs' legal mobilization. Moreover, this study uncovers four types of legal mobilization of Chinese environmental NGOs: allied mobilization, progressive mobilization, steered mobilization, and symbolic mobilization. This study enriches the understanding of the behavioral patterns of nonstate actors in legal mobilization in authoritarian regimes and beyond.

Relationship Between Functional and Breathing Abilities in Institutionalized Elderly: A Cohort Study

Aging is a natural process with a wide range of profiles, and its changes can be physiological or pathological, even if people have the same chronological age. Here, we analyze the relationship between functional and respiratory capacities in institutionalized elderly. This research is defined as a cross-sectional, descriptive, prospective study, with a quantitative approach, carried out at the Shelter Unit for the Elderly in Fortaleza. The study consisted of 26 institutionalized elderly people able to participate in the sample. We identified that male participants predominated in this study, with an average age of 74 years with a history of smoking and alcoholism, where the majority did not undergo physical therapy. The average execution time of the Timed Up and Go Test was 18.2 seconds. When analyzing the difference in the cirtometry means, a variation was found for the axillary, xiphoid and umbilical measurements. Mean of inspiratory muscle strength of 35.2 cmH2O and expiratory 51.4 cm H2O were evaluated. When evaluating the quality of life, the physical domain was detected as the greatest value. It is concluded that the variation in functional capacity and mobility through the TUG has no correlation with the respiratory capacity assessed through cirtometry and manovacuometry.

Removal of secondary phases and its effect on the transport behavior of Cu2ZnSn1-xGexS4 kesterite nanoparticles

Hole-transporting materials are very important for achieving high efficiency in perovskite solar cells. Thin films made of Cu2ZnSn1-xGexS4 have attracted the attention of researchers due to their potential as hole-transporting layers. However, defects and impurities define their effectiveness in solar cells. In this work, we present a facile wet chemical approach to remove the ZnS and Cu8GeS6 impurities from small (∼11 nm) Cu2ZnSn1-xGexS4 (x = 0.0 to 0.7) nanoparticles synthesized by a hydrothermal process. The wet chemical process converted the nanostructures Cu-rich Zn-poor from their initial Zn-rich Cu-poor stoichiometry. Moreover, the bandgap energies of the nanostructures were reduced by about 0.1 eV after chemical treatment due to change the oxidation state of Cu from Cu1+ to Cu2+. The kesterite films prepared by spin coating of chemically treated nanoparticle inks revealed enhanced electrical conductivity and hole concentration in comparison to the films prepared using untreated nanoparticle inks. While the highest hole concentration of about 6.52x1018 cm−3 was obtained for the films made of Cu2ZnSn1-xGexS4 nanoparticles with the highest x value (x = 0.7), the highest hole mobility (18.9 cm2V−1s−1) was achieved for x = 0.3. The effects of secondary phase elimination on carrier concentration and mobility variation have been discussed.