Varying Injection Pressure Research Articles

Experimental and Statistical Assessment for Hydrogen-Powered Dual-fuel Diesel Engine Using a Novel Biodiesel Blend at Variable Injection Pressure

Hydrogen has been proven to be a potential fuel alternative in the area of field of transportation and power generation. The study aimed to improve the efficiency of a dual-fuel engine running on a blend of biodiesels and hydrogen by optimizing operating parameters. This involved varying the injection pressure of pilot fuel (220, 240, and 260 bar) and adjusting engine load (ranging from 20% to 100% in increments of 20% in five steps). The results indicate that maximum brake thermal efficiency of 28.11 % and liquid fuel substitution by 85% when the injection pressure of pilot fuel was set to 240 bar at 100 % engine load. At 100% load, setting the injection pressure of fuel to 240 bar resulted in a substantial drop in the emissions of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons by 9.27% and 47.61%, respectively. The response surface methodology specified that the optimized value of the engine load and pilot fuel injection pressure was found to be 55.93% and 242.731 bar, respectively for achieving optimum results of response variables from the engine.

Utilization law of shale gas in hydraulic fracturing with the Changning–Weyuan block in China as an example

The process of extracting shale gas, particularly the study of the utilization law of shale reservoirs modified by hydraulic fracturing technology, is crucial for understanding the effective development of shale gas. This understanding can significantly influence the estimated ultimate recovery of reserves. Our study focused on Longmaxi Formation shale in the Changning–Weiyuan block. To investigate the hydraulic fracturing expansion mechanism and utilization law, we employed shale reservoir physical and mechanical characterization, indoor triaxial hydraulic fracturing experiments, and numerical simulations. The findings are as follows. The rupture pressure of hydraulic fractures increases with the peripheral pressure, and high stress is conducive to the formation of internal microfractures. Additionally, a high rate of water injection enhances fracture extensions along the direction of fluid injection. Under varying injection pressures, the length of crack extensions and number of bond damages in shale are positively correlated with the injection pressure. Conversely, under different differential ground stresses, the length of crack extensions and number of bond damages are negatively correlated with the injection pressure. The six main factors affecting the effective utilization of shale gas are as follows: the stimulated reservoir volume, number of hydraulic fracture clusters, fracture length, fracture height, number of fracture stages, and cluster spacing, accounting for 27.13%, 14.74%, 10.31%, 9.58%, 9.53%, and 9.29%, respectively, with a cumulative contribution rate of 80.58%. This study clarifies the hydraulic fracturing mechanisms of shale reservoirs and the laws governing shale gas production, providing technical support for the development of shale gas reservoirs.

Waste-recovered quaternary blends: Enhancing engine performance through hydrogen induction by varied injection timing and pressure for sustainable practices

This study explores sustainable energy solutions by utilizing waste-recovered quaternary blends of Scenedesmus obliquus, waste plastics, n-octanol, and hydrogen induction to enhance engine performance. This research aims to address this imperative by proposing a novel blend that not only repurposes waste materials but also leverages hydrogen induction to augment the combustion characteristics of a single cylinder Kirloskar engine's injection timing and injection pressure. The waste plastic is recovered by the pyrolysis method and Scenedesmus obliquus by the transesterification process. The study revealed that out of all the blends, the fuel at 23° before Top Dead Center (bTDC) and 210 bar outperformed all blends with 1.99% better brake thermal efficiency than diesel. The lowest brake specific energy consumption observed was 10.753.35 MJ/kW-hr at 23° bTDC and 240 bar injection pressure, which was 160.38 kJ/kW-hr higher than diesel. Fuel Injection Timing at 23° bTDC at 170 bar shows a 42 ppm decrease for Scenedesmus Obliquus Waste Plastic Octanol 50% (SOWPOCT50) mix compared to diesel. At fuel injection timing (FIT) timing, 23° bTDC and a pressure of 240 bar Injection Pressure (IP), the SOWPOCT50 mixture lowered 0.097 g/h Carbon Monoxide (CO) concentration to diesel. This enormous increase in efficiency and reduction in emission paved a potential replacement source for neat diesel towards the Sustainable Development Goals.

Impact of varying injection pressure on CI engine characteristics fuelled with Ceiba pentandra biodiesel and NOx reduction strategy

Impact of varying injection pressure on CI engine characteristics fuelled with <i>Ceiba pentandra</i> biodiesel and NOx reduction strategy

Integrated Optical Diagnostics Of Cyclopentane Sprays To Characterize Transcritical Phase Transitions

This research investigates spray phase transitions under subcritical and transcritical conditions relevant to high-pressure combustion systems. Using advanced optical diagnostic techniques, including shadowgraphy (SH), Mie scattering (MS), and infrared radiation (IR) measurements, the study focuses on cyclopentane sprays in a high-pressure, high-temperature chamber filled with gaseous nitrogen. Three cases are studied to understand spray behavior under varying injection conditions. SH and MS analyses reveal significant differences across the cases. As the chamber temperature increases, the liquid core length shortens, indicating enhanced vaporization. This is particularly evident in the MS images, where step-like transitions in the axial distribution highlight abrupt phase changes from liquid to gas in subcritical conditions. Such transitions are absent under supercritical conditions, suggesting a smoother phase transition process. IR measurements provide additional insights into the spray dynamics, especially under transcritical conditions. The IR images display complex downstream (at x/D &gt; 125) signal patterns with bimodal distributions. The application of inverse Abel deconvolution highlights negative intensities near the spray axis downstream, indicative of regions near the pseudo-critical temperature. This phenomenon, characterized by blocked background radiation due to critical opalescence, offers indirect evidence of the pseudo-critical temperature and the associated phase transition dynamics. Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) analysis identifies dominant frequencies around 4.5 kHz, corresponding to injection pressure fluctuations. This correlation suggests that injection pressure variations significantly influence spray fluctuations. Differences in mode shapes among the cases are also observed; lateral fluctuations near the injector nozzle exit are present in Cases 1 and 2 but not in Case 3. Axial fluctuations beyond a certain length are consistent in all cases. The lateral fluctuations are related to the chamber pressure and the potential large-scale vortex formation or cavitation in the nozzle. The combined use of SH, MS, and IR methodologies provides a comprehensive understanding of transcritical spray dynamics, emphasizing the effectiveness of combining multiple optical diagnostic techniques. These findings will improve numerical simulations and contribute to the development of more efficient high-pressure combustion systems. The research underscores the complexity of phase transitions in sprays and the critical role of precise diagnostics in the advancement of combustion technology.

Experimental investigations of CI engine performance using ternary blends of n-butanol/biodiesel/diesel and n-octanol/biodiesel/diesel

This study explored the ternary blends of biodiesel-diesel-n-butanol and biodiesel-diesel-n-octanol on common rail direct injec-tion (CRDI) diesel engines. The compositions of fuels, which varied from 0% to 100%, were altered by up to 5%. On the basis of their properties, these blends were chosen, with various concentrations of alcohol at 5% and 10%, 5% diesel, and the remainder being biodiesel. Two ternary fuel blends of waste cooking oil biodiesel (90–85%), diesel (5%), and butanol (5–10%), namely BD90D5B5 and BD85D5B10, and subsequently, another two ternary similar blends of waste cooking oil biodiesel (90–85%), diesel (5%), and octanol (5–10%), namely BD90D5O5 and BD85D5O10, were used to conduct the experiments. The experiments were done with varying injection pressure from 17° to 29° crank angle (CA) before top dead centre (bTDC). The optimum con-dition for the blends is achieved at 26°CA bTDC for 80% loading. So, the engine trials were conducted on 26°CA bTDC to attain the results. The BD90D5O10 blend achieved the lowest brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) reading of 0.308 kg/kWh while operating at full load. The maximum brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was 31.46% for BD90D5B5. The maximum heat release rate (HRR) achieved with BD85D5O5 fuel blend was 58.54 J/°CA. The quantity of carbon monoxide that BD85D5B10 created was the lowest (25.86 g/kWh). BD85D5B10 had a minimal unburned hydrocarbon emission of 0.157 g/kWh while operating at full load. Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were emitted in the maximum quantity by BD85D5O10, which was equal to 6.01 g/kWh. This study establishes the viability of blends of biodiesel and alcohol as an alternative for petro-diesel in the future to meet the growing global energy demand.

Adaptation and Validation of Injection Rate Predictive Model for Solenoid Type Injectors with Different Nozzle Geometry

The present research analyses the injection rate of a direct rail injection diesel engine, focusing specifically on the influence of the nozzles and various operating conditions from real road tests on the rate of injection. A diesel injector test bench was used for feedback with real data from the test vehicle under real road conditions. An analysis of the behaviour of the injection rate was carried out using the zero-dimensional model. This model generated a predictive model that incorporated the five variables identified through a developed multivariate analysis of variance, showing a high correlation of dependence between variations in injection pressure, the diameter of the holes, and the number of holes with greater representativeness. The results obtained showed that the nozzle geometry and the physical properties of the fuel had a direct effect on the injection rate. This analysis enriches the understanding of fuel injection and its effects on diesel engine performance by providing an analysis of the system components that influence the injection rate and generating a simple tool to feed thermodynamic diagnostic models. The proposal model may be used as an input in thermodynamics predictive models and reduce the simulation load in computational fluid dynamics predictive models.

Nozzle effects on spray combustion and emissions in compression ignition engines using waste cooking oil biodiesel: A computational fluid dynamics analysis at varying injection pressures

AbstractThis study investigates the spray combustion characteristics of waste cooking oil (WCO) in comparison between a swirl nozzle (SN) and a conventional nozzle (CN) of equal cross‐section. n‐Heptane, methyl decanoate, and methyl‐9‐decenoate were used as WCO substitutes in the simulation. The research primarily focuses on multiphase flow using the Lagrangian‐drop Eulerian‐fluid (LDEF) method, employing an equilibrium phase spray model (EP) for droplet behaviour analysis. The model's efficacy was validated through comparisons with experimental works by other engine researchers. At varying injection pressures, the study found that SN slightly reduced evaporative spray tip penetration but increased the cone angle compared to CN. This suggests early fuel jet disintegration and improved air entrainment due to SN. SN also showed a higher heat release rate and temperature, with soot reduction between 3.20 to 6.72% as injection pressure increased from 100 to 300 MPa. This indicates that SN achieves better air‐fuel mixture than CN. Further, the study discovered that the influence of SN becomes more significant as the rheological properties of WCO lessen under ultra‐high injection pressures.

Impact of RON on a heavily downsized boosted SI engine using 2nd generation biofuel – A comprehensive experimental analysis

Sustainable energy solutions are paramount in the urgent global drive against climate change, especially in transportation. This research focuses on second-generation biogasolines and their potential in the context of decarbonisation. Two biogasolines, 99 RON E20 and 95 RON E20, were rigorously tested in a downsized single-cylinder engine. Their performance, combustion, and emissions were compared against the conventional fossil fuel, 95 RON E10, under varying engine loads. Additionally, a comprehensive injection parameter sweep was conducted for both biofuels at low and high loads, shedding light on their unique operational characteristics and operational regimes. This research significantly enhances our knowledge about the potential of these new biofuels and their implications for a more sustainable energy future. The findings of the experiments demonstrate no substantial difference between the tested biofuels and fossil fuels. Biofuel with a higher octane number provides more knock resistance than fossil fuel, resulting in increased thermal efficiency due to spark advance ability. However, more significant hydrocarbon emissions were detected for biofuels than fossil fuels due to more extensive aromatic content. Both biofuels have stable combustion in low and high-load operations under varying injection pressures and injection start times. 99 Bio E20 has a wider operational range than 95 Bio E20. However, due to very high HC emissions, especially at high-load operations, an early injection start with more significant injection pressure is not recommended for biofuel. From a broader perspective, both biofuels exhibit the promising potential to serve as drop-in replacements in spark ignition engines.

Impact of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles addition in Eichhornia Crassipes biodiesel used to fuel compression ignition engine at variable injection pressure

Power production through combustion of fuels plays a vital role in the progress of a nation. In liquid fuels, biodiesel has emerged as a potential replacement of fossil fuel. In this regard, the improvement of fuel properties or adjustment of the operating parameters can improve the efficiency and lower the emission for a biodiesel run diesel engine. In this regard, the current study focuses on the use of novel nano blended biodiesel, prepared by blending titanium dioxide nano particles along Eichhornia Crassipes biodiesel. Three different biodiesel blends are prepared having composition of titanium dioxide by 50 ppm, 100 ppm and 150 ppm which is tested in a four stroke, single cylinder, naturally aspirated water cooled diesel engine of 3.5 kW rated power for different loading conditions for performance, emission, and combustion evaluation. Further, at the same engine conditions, the biodiesel blend having 150 ppm of titanium dioxide is tested at fuel injection pressure of 220 bar. The findings suggests that the brake thermal efficiency improves and emissions lowers with the addition of nano particles at high fuel injection pressure. The maximum improvement of brake thermal efficiency of 1.01% in comparison to diesel mode has been found for nano blended biodiesel composition of 150 ppm of titanium dioxide at fuel injection pressure of 220 bar under full loading condition. For the same fuel injection pressure of 220 bar and same nano blended biodiesel composition, the hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emission were found to minimum at 60% load.

Study of the Variation of Fuel Pressure to Improve Spraying and the Range of the Injection Jet

The current study is focused on how varying injection pressure in the fuel supply system of multi-point injection systems can improve fuel atomization and injection jet range. The aim is to achieve a more efficient mix dosage, thus improving combustion and reducing exhaust emissions. In addition, it is intended to develop a characterization of the injection actuators, specifically the injectors, through a series of tests in which the injector pressure, engine speed and injection pulse are modified. To carry out these tests, a heuristic testing technique, like the empirical approach, was implemented, and a mobile device was used to capture the spray frames of the injectors. These data were then used to generate a correlation model between injection and spray angles, considering 0.5 bar pressure variation intervals within the established ranges. This approach made it possible to visualize and record the behavior of the spray in the injector, including the spray angle, the injected fuel flow rate and the working pressure during the operation process. Following the guidelines established in the proposed methodology, a significant result was obtained by varying the pressure at 5 bar and with an injection pulse of 2 ms. In this case, a flow reduction of 66 mL of the injected fluid was achieved, which corresponds to a significant reduction in fuel consumption. Additionally, a spray angle of 10.48° was observed with optimized atomization. These results were verified on vehicles with similar injection systems by testing on the GT-600-PRO injection test bench. In summary, this study shows that by varying the injection pressure and optimizing other parameters, it is possible to achieve a significant reduction in fuel consumption and improve fuel atomization in multipoint injection systems. These findings have a significant impact on the Ecuadorian vehicle fleet and provide a scientific approach to improving fuel efficiency and performance.

Investigation on chlorella Sp. HS2 microalgae growth using CO2 from engine exhaust to study carbon sequestration

A functional method of exploiting engine exhaust waste has been explored in current investigation. In experimentation, a direct injection (DI) 4-stroke diesel engine has been considered. The engine was operated at varying injection pressures and injection timings. The exhaust emissions such as CO2, NO, HC, and CO were determined at different engine load conditions. To capture CO2 emissions at an optimal temperature desired for microalgae cultivation within a designed photobioreactor (PBR) tank, a shell and tube type heat exchanger was designed and operated to cool exhaust gases. Highest volume of CO2 produced through the engine exhaust was used to cultivate Chlorella sp. HS2 microalgae. The results of biomass productivity and growth rate were compared for photobioreactor tanks, one with CO2 supplementation and the other without any external CO2 supply. The results derived in this study depict the effective usage of exhaust gases to harness CO2 in the form of microalgae.

Chemical extraction of Biodiesel and Parametric analysis of DI-Diesel Engine using Algae esterified Oil-Gasoline Blends

Of late, the automobiles of all categories are massively increasing which aggravates the dependency on fossil fuel thus, the accessibility of petro-fuel decreases relentlessly. Under these circumstances, the investigations are taking new dimensions to find alternative, renewable with cost-effective fuel exclusively biofuels. However, a newer approach has been attempted for the production of biodiesel from wild stuff of Spirulina algae which is explored directly in its aquatic systems of the natural environment. The chemical extraction process was attempted with wild biomass of algae via pre-treatment for obtaining promising lipid content then; the algal oil (lipid) was subjected to the production of biodiesel through sequential transesterification reactions. The obtained biodiesel was measured as 94.65% produced from 0.920kg of algal oil extracted out of 1.6kg of algal biomass in a stipulated duration of time (2.50hr) taken for attaining maximum temperature. Further, the produced biodiesel was evaluated for its distinctive properties and the outcomes were compared with ASTM standard specifications. All the results appeared to be within the standards limit thereby, the methodical analysis was done for the performance and emission parameters via interacting algal biodiesel in the experimental (DI) diesel engine test-rig configured with a variable injection pressure of 210, 220 &amp;amp; 230 respectively. The blending ratio of algal diesel and gasoline (AB10 &amp;amp; AB 20v/v) were prepared based on volume and the results were correlated with petro-diesel. The physico-chemical parameters like color, odour, viscosity, density, total acid number, initial boiling point, flash point, calorific value, cetane number etc. were found to be significant when compared with petro-fuel. Correspondingly, the interactive parameters like flash point, pour point, cloud point, carbon residue, sulfur, ash, and water contents were correlated with the standard specifications. The substantial approach was observed in emission characteristics such as hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOX) respectively in engine-algal fuel interactions. Whereas, a slight increase than petro-diesel with respect to sulfur oxide (SOX) emission and smoke opacity were also recorded. However, the marginal increase in Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was noticed and the brake power (BP) was found slightly lower than petro-diesel. In conclusion, the protocol of producing biodiesel from wild stuff biomass of Spirulina maxima was found to be techno-economically feasible and this potential algal biodiesel can be recommended for the current engine applications without any alterations.

Production of HHO gas in the water-electrolysis unit and the influences of its introduction to CI engine along with diesel-biodiesel blends at varying injection pressures

Hydrogen has been identified as a clean and renewable energy source that has a significant potential to replace fossil fuels. The effective production of hydrogen on a commercial scale, however, presents a vital obstacle in today's world. Water splitting electrolysis, which offers high energy conversion and storage capabilities, has emerged as a promising approach for achieving the efficient hydrogen production to address this issue. This experimental research focuses on the production of hydrogen-oxygen gas through the electrolysis process. HHO gas provides promising benefits in terms of better combustion and lower emissions. Therefore, it also focuses on how best HHO gas can be utilized in diesel engines to improve the performance and to reduce the emissions. HHO gas produced at 60 L per hour through electrolysis process is mixed with air in a mixing chamber. Also, Palm munja methyl ester of 10% and diesel fuel of 90% was volumetrically blended to get B10 biodiesel. Therefore, totally four test fuels (Diesel, Diesel + HHO, B10, and B10 + HHO) were tested on a single-cylinder Kirloskar water-cooled direct injection diesel engine under different engine speeds ranging from 1447 to 1550 rpm. The engine injector pressure was varied from 200, 220, and 240 bar during the experiments with an interval of 20 bar. The engine has been modified for hydrogen and oxygen inlet at the entrance manifold 6 cm away at an angle of 30°. The results shows that at 200 bar injection pressure with B10 + HHO blend exhibits better performance and released lower emissions. The performance results also show that the brake thermal efficiency was improved up to 14.16%, and the brake power was increased by 3.22%, while the brake-specific fuel consumption is reduced by 11.53%. The emission results show that CO, HC, NOx, and CO2 emissions were reduced by 20.87%, 11.47%, 1.96%, and 5.22%, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that B10 + HHO provides better performance and the lowest emissions compared with other blends.

Effects of ambient density and injection pressure on ignition and combustion characteristics in diesel spray under plateau cold-start conditions

Gaining insights into the multi-parameter coupling dominated in-cylinder combustion process takes on critical significance to controlling and enhancing the performance of diesel engines under plateau cold-start conditions. In this study, the effect of varying injection pressure and ambient density on ignition and combustion characteristics of No. -50 diesel spray was investigated through high-speed direct photography and the two-color imaging technique, respectively. Regarding ignition characteristics, the increase of the ambient density led to the variation of the non-monotonic trend of ignition delay time with the rise of the injection pressure to a monotonous decrease, whereas the correlation between the axial ignition location and the injection pressure remained unaffected. Under three different ambient densities, the transition modes of the flame structure varied with the increase of injection pressure, subsequently impacting combustion characteristics. For combustion characteristics, the average level of flame temperature and soot were inversely proportional to the injection pressure for all three ambient densities. Higher ambient density facilitated the heat release from combustion chemical reactions, influencing the impact of increasing turbulence intensity on the ignition and combustion processes of diesel spray. The overall temperature level of the flame displayed an inflection point with the rise of the injection pressure, and this inflection point is delayed with the increase of the ambient density. The local high-temperature regions in flames (＞2300 K) were identified under higher ambient densities, such that soot generation and oxidation were subjected to significant competition. At ρam = 16.6 kg/m3, the oxidation dominant time gradually decreased with the rise of the injection pressure, leading to the integral KL factor maximum at Pinj = 80 MPa case. The optimal fuel injection pressures for cold starting at different altitudes were determined by considering the ignition and combustion characteristics of the flames.

Experimenting the Various Behavior of Pumpkin Seed Oil Methyl Ester with Varied Injection Pressure – Combustion and its emission performance

&lt;p&gt;Because of its better physio-chemical qualities, biofuel is indeed a viable substitute source of energy for diesel vehicles. The biofuels used in this study is synthesized from pumpkin seed oil using the esterification reaction technique. The biodiesel was synthesized under ideal conditions and was employed to evaluate the impact of injection pressure varying from 200 to 275 bar in 25 bar increments and was tested for its effectiveness, combustions and the emission performance of 1 cylinder, 4 stroke DI diesel engine at a regular momentum of 1500 rpm using 25% Pumpkin seed biodiesel (PSBD25). The outcomes demonstrated that the BTE of PSBD25 be raised by 1.68 %, the release of CO, HC, and smoke were diminished, but NO emissions were boosted at higher IP of 250 bar compared to the standard IP of 200bar. Pressure of Cylinder and heat release rate for PSBD25 were increased for PSBD25, but ignition delay was shortened when compared to PSBD25 at standard IP of 200 bar. It is concluded that, there is a greater progress in performance and ignition features, as well as a reduction in exhaust gas release for PSBD25 with the exception of NO emissions at 250 bar IP at maximum load conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#x0D;

Experimental investigation to assess the suitability of jute biodiesel on diesel engine at varying injection pressure and exhaust gas recirculation

Among the bi-products of crude oil, diesel is one of the most widely used fuel because of its high calorific value, low fuel consumption, and higher brake thermal efficiency. But due to the raise in scarcity of fossil fuels there is a need for the search of alternative fuels that can replace petroleum products in the internal combustion engine. Biodiesel has enormous potentials as a green and technologically viable alternative to Diesel. Due to their similarities with the Diesel they gained a lot of attention and importance in the areas of fuel. In the present work, Jute biodiesel is used as fuel to investigate the performance and emission characteristics especially NOx and CO2 of diesel engine along with variation in fuel injection pressure as 180, 200, and 220 bar and exhaust gas recirculation as 5%, 10%, and 15%. The results of these are compared with diesel and analysed.

Process optimization of Scleropyrum pentandrum biodiesel production and study the effect of blends on CI engine characteristics for variation of engine parameters

Intense and continuous research from past decade efforts on biodiesel yield. Adding to this presently the Indian government has taken measures to introduce the biodiesel blends in transport sector which is attracting more research in biofuel’s field. This research article presents the influence of injection pressure, injection timing and compression ratio for different blend variation on performance, combustion, and emissions characteristics of diesel engine. The biodiesel yielded from Scleropyrum pentandrum seeds is subsequently optimized through response surface methodology (RSM). The optimized parameter levels temperature 65 °C, catalyst amount 1% (w/v oil), reaction time 91 min and methanol to oil ratio 37% (v/v oil) yielded biodiesel of 92.9%. B5(95% diesel + 5% biodiesel), B10(90% diesel + 10% biodiesel), B20(80% diesel + 20% biodiesel) & B30(70% diesel + 30% biodiesel) were four blends opted to study fuel characteristics on CI engine with variation of injection pressure, compression ratio and injection timing. The performance study reported higher brake specific fuel consumption and lower brake thermal efficiency in B5, B10, B20 & B30 blends in comparison to diesel. The carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons and Smoke emissions were comparatively less and same was true for rise in injection pressure to 220 & 240 bar from 200 bar. The increase of compression ratio to 20:1 and injection timing to 25.5°BTDC facilitated in control of carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons, and Smoke emissions other than NOx. The B20 blend with injection pressure 220 bar and maintaining the compression ratio and injection timing to standard setting is suggested to be the feasible blend considering the performance and emissions.

Effect of injection pressure on exhaust emissions of diesel engine fuelled with LPG

In the context of exhaustion of fossil fuels day by day due to heavy demand with the use of agriculture sector and transport sector, escalation of fuel prices in International Oil Market causing huge economic burden on developing countries like India and rise of pollution levels with fossil fuel, the conservation of fossil fuels has become pertinent. Gaseous fuels have many merits over liquid fuels, as the pollutants emitted by gaseous fuels are low due to clean combustion, high calorific value in comparison with liquid fuels. Vegetable oils are good substitutes for diesel, as they are renewable, comparable calorific value and cetane (meausre of combustion quality) number when compared with neat diesel operation. However, the disadvantages associated with vegetable oils such as high viscosity and low volatility cause combustion problems in diesel engines. They can be rectified to some extent by converting them into biodiesel. They are many methods to induct gaseous fuels such as port injection, carburetion technique, injection of gaseous fuel at the near end of compression stroke etc,. Investigations were carried out with LPG as primary fuel inducted by port injection and diesel was injected into the engine in conventional manner. Particulate matter (PM), oxides of nitrogen (NOx ), carbon mono oxide (CO) levels and un-burnt hydro carbons (UBHC) are the exhaust emissions from a diesel engine. They cause health hazards, once they are inhaled in. They also cause environmental effects like Green-house effect and Global Warming. Hence control of these emissions is an immediate effect and an urgent step. The pollutants of PM, NOx ,CO and UBHC were determined at full load operation of the engine with varied injection pressure and compared with diesel operation on conventional engine. The maximum induction of LPG was 35% of total mass of diesel as full load operation. Particulate emissions were determined by AVL Smoke meter, while other emissions were measured by Netel Chromatograph multi-gas analyzer at full load operation. These pollutants were drastically reduced with induction of LPG and further reduced with an increase of injection pressure.

Analysis of the Emissions and Performance of a Diesel Engine Using Pumpkin Seed Oil Methyl Ester with Different Injection Pressures

Biodiesel fuel is a potential alternative energy source for diesel engines due to its physiochemical characteristics relatively similar to those of traditional diesel fuel. In this study, the performance, emission, and combustion features of a mono cylinder DI diesel engine are assessed using 20% Pumpkin seed methyl ester (PSOME20) and considering varying injection pressures (200, 220, 240, and 260 bar). The considered Pumpkin seed oil is converted into pumpkin biodiesel by transesterification and then used as fuel. The findings demonstrate that the Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) of PSOME20 can be raised by 1.68%, and the carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and smoke emanations can be lowered, while oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions are increased at an injection pressure (IP) of 240 bar compared to the standard IP of 200 bar. The cylinder pressure and the Heat Release Rate (HRR) become higher at 240 bar, whereas the ignition delay is shortened with respect to PSOME20 at a normal IP of 200 bar.