Variation In Quality Research Articles

Dating Violence and the Quality of Relationships through Adolescence: A Longitudinal Latent Class Study.

Dating violence can manifest itself in different ways, with important consequences for both members of the couple. Due to the normalization of certain behaviour and the perceived quality of the relationship, it may be difficult to identify this violent dynamic in its early stages, allowing it to escalate and lead to severe levels of violent behaviour. This study aims to analyse violent profiles using latent class analysis (LCA) and explore the role of relationship quality variables as risk factors for those profiles. A two-stage longitudinal design was used with a sample of 2849 Spanish adolescents between 12 and 18 years old. The LCA produced five different groups: those not involved in violence; those involved in mild forms of violence (with two sub-groups: those involved in psychological-sexual violence and in psychological-physical violence); and those involved in the most severe forms of violence, with a co-occurrence of psychological-physical-sexual violence (with two sub-groups, according to the higher of lower frequency of involvement). Despite the differences between boys and girls, negative-quality variables played a more important role in dating violence. Discussion of the results focuses on both the complex nature of the violence and the multi-probabilistic view of its development.

SUGAR CANE BAGASSE ASH IN CONCRETE: A REVIEW

Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA), a by product of sugarcane processing, has shown great potential as a supplementary material in concrete production. A review of its application in concrete highlights its benefits, including improved mechanical properties, durability, and sustainability. SCBA contains high levels of silica, which can act as a pozzolanic material, enhancing the compressive strength and reducing the permeability of concrete. Incorporating SCBA also lowers the carbon footprint of concrete, contributing to greener construction practices by partially replacing cement. However, challenges remain, such as the variability in ash quality, proper ash treatment, and optimal blending ratios. Ongoing research focuses on refining these aspects to maximize the benefits of the SCBA in concrete, making it a promising alternative in the construction industry for sustainable development. Keyword - Sugarcane bagasse ash, Compression strength, Percentage strength, Sugarcane Workability, Slump test.

Pengaruh Quality Product, Social Network, dan Celebrity Endorsement terhadap Purchase Intention terhadap Kopi Kenangan Megamall Batam

Increasingly tight business competition requires companies to continue to innovate in their marketing strategies. Kopi Kenangan is one of the many coffee shops that are easy to find, especially in big cities. Therefore, Kopi Kenangan needs to understand the factors that influence purchase intention in order to maintain and increase their market share. This study aims to analyze the influence of social networks, product quality, and celebrity endorsements on purchase intention at Kopi Kenangan Megamall Batam. This study uses a quantitative approach with a survey method. Sampling was carried out using the Slovin formula, resulting in 100 respondents as research samples. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire with a Likert scale designed to measure the variables of social networks, product quality, celebrity endorsements, and purchase intention. The results of this study indicate that social networks do not affect purchase intention, while product quality and celebrity endorsements have a significant effect on purchase intention. Therefore, Kopi Kenangan needs to develop a promotional strategy through social networks and improve product quality to increase customer purchase intention towards Kopi Kenangan.

Re-Visiting the Co-movement between FinTech, Economic Policy Uncertainty, Governance Quality and Bank Variability in Pakistan: A Wavelet Coherence Approach

The recent literature about FinTech services in Pakistani commercial banks has grabbed much attention as these services have increased rapidly in the last few decades. This paper examines the co-movement between FinTech, economic policy uncertainty, bank- variability, and governance quality. The data was obtained from 2014-2020 on a monthly frequency. To address the relationship and co-movement, we have applied more advanced and sophisticated econometric models, autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL), and continuous wavelet (CTW) to investigate the relationship between the variables. These approaches provide flexibility of assumptions for time-series data and provide robust results. The results indicate a short and long-run symmetric relationship with a significant co-movement between the variables.

Analysis Brand Image, Product Quality, And Brand Ambassador On Customer Purchase Decision For Scarlett Whitening Product In Sidoarjo

The tight business competition between companies today means that all companies want to be the best to attract the attention of consumers. Scarlett Whitening is a company that reached a sales record of 1 billion in 4 hours when collaborating with Exo. EXO is used as a strategy to attract consumers to buy this product. However, Scarlett Whitening consumers do not only look at the type of product or quality, consumers also look at the advantages in terms of the brands that are most popular. This research aims to examine the influence of Brand Image, Product Quality, and Brand Ambassador on Consumer Purchasing Decisions in Sidoarjo. This type of research is quantitative using descriptive statistical data analysis methods and testing methods including: Validity Test, Reliability Test, Classical Assumption Test, and Hypothesis Test. Data collection took the form of distributing questionnaires which produced valid data for 100 samples. The results show that the brand image variable has an insignificant positive influence. Meanwhile, the product quality and brand ambassador variables have a positive and significant effect.

Institutional quality and economic growth in upper-middle-income African countries

PurposeTo determine which proxy institutional quality variables are most significant for a country’s economic growth, the paper aims to investigate the effect of institutional quality on economic growth in upper-middle-income African nations between 2002 and 2021.Design/methodology/approachIn an attempt to account for countries' heterogeneity, the study uses a random and fixed effect model estimated by the generalized least squares.FindingsThe empirical findings demonstrate that the institutional quality measures of political stability, voice and accountability, corruption control and violence absence are statistically and favorably significant factors influencing the economic growth of upper-middle-income African countries.Originality/valueThis paper is unique in that it uses both random and fixed effects models to determine the effect of institutional quality on economic growth in the context of upper-middle-income African countries between 2002 and 2021.

Fintech and Economic Policy Uncertainty Integration: Driving Efficiency in Commercial Banks through the Lens of ARDL Approaches

The financial landscape of Pakistan is changing due to the increased accessibility, affordability, and security of FinTech services. This change is essential for raising the standard of living for Pakistan's economic prospects and certain contributing factors to FinTech. This paper investigates the symmetric and asymmetric relationship between Fintech and economic policy uncertainty, bank variability, and governance quality in commercial banks of Pakistan from 2014 to 2020, considering linearity and non-linearity in the data. The data has been converted to monthly frequency, and the Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (N- ARDL) models have been applied to address long- and short-run associations. The study results reveal that EPU and bank variability have an asymmetric relationship with Fintech during the long run. In contrast, bank variability is connected during the long and short run. Furthermore, governance quality shows a symmetric relationship with Fintech in the long and short run. However, based on the findings of the error correction framework, there is no significant association in the long run. This paper concludes that Fintech, economic policy uncertainty, and bank variability have an asymmetric relationship, while GQ and Fintech are symmetrically associated. Moreover, it contributes to the existing literature by shedding light on the factors affecting Fintech services in commercial banks along with the financial and economic implications for investors, government, regulatory authorities, policymakers, and banks being institutional investors.

Aquatic insect biodiversity, water quality variables, and microplastics in the living weir freshwater ecosystem

Most Thai rivers have not yet reached "good" ecological status. Furthermore, the scientific community is deeply concerned about the existence and abundance of microplastics (MPs) in freshwater. The live weirs' river health status was assessed using water quality and a variety of aquatic insect species. The research was conducted along Khlong-La, which was compared in the absence (R1, R2) and presence of living weirs (LWs) (M71, M62, M4, and M2). In 2023, aquatic insects and water samples were gathered during two months: January (rainy season) and July (dry season). The results revealed that the six sampling sites had similar physical and chemical properties, with the exception of total dissolved solids, which varied significantly. A total of 658 aquatic insects from 25 families and 6 orders were identified. The Hydropsychidae dominated the aquatic insect fauna at the LWs locations, followed by Chironomidae, Naucoridae, and Caenidae. Ten genera were discovered at the reference site (R1), whereas 16, 21, 24, and 19 were discovered at LWs (M71, M62, M4, M2), and 16 at the reference site (R2). The results of CCA ordination revealed that the most important factors influencing aquatic insect diversity were dissolved oxygen, water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, and ammonia nitrogen. This study suggests that because of their significant responses to environmental factors, the species richness of aquatic insects may indicate the conservation value of habitats. The BMWPTHAI score was 41, 51, 57, 58, 73, 54, and the ASPTTHAI score was 5.12, 5.10, 5.18, 5.27, 4.86, and 5.40, respectively. Shannon-Weiner diversity index (Hʼ) values were 2.059, 2.461, 2.839, 2.777, and 2.587, respectively. The results showed that the water quality was average. The physicochemical data, as well as the BMWP and ASPT, revealed that the water at the living well was slightly polluted. Furthermore, larger MPs (>500 µm) were found in the largest concentrations, in the shape of fibers, and primarily in the color violet.

AI-based automated breast cancer segmentation in ultrasound imaging based on Attention Gated Multi ResU-Net

Breast cancer is a leading cause of death among women worldwide, making early detection and diagnosis critical for effective treatment and improved patient outcomes. Ultrasound imaging is a common diagnostic tool for breast cancer, but interpreting ultrasound images can be challenging due to the complexity of breast tissue and the variability of image quality. This study proposed an Attention Gated Multi ResU-Net model for medical image segmentation tasks, that has shown promising results for breast cancer ultrasound image segmentation. The model’s multi-scale feature extraction and attention-gating mechanism enable it to accurately identify and segment areas of abnormality in the breast tissue, such as masses, cysts, and calcifications. The model’s quantitative test showed an adequate degree of agreement with expert manual annotations, demonstrating its potential for improving early identification and diagnosis of breast cancer. The model’s multi-scale feature extraction and attention-gating mechanism enable it to accurately identify and segment areas of abnormality in the breast tissue, such as masses, cysts, and calcifications, achieving a Dice coefficient of 0.93, sensitivity of 93%, and specificity of 99%. These results underscore the model’s high precision and reliability in medical image analysis.

Empirical Research on the Impact of Technological Innovation on New Energy Vehicle Sales

In the context of global carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals, researching the driving forces and influencing factors behind the growth in sales of new energy vehicles (NEVs) is particularly urgent and crucial. Although the academic community has extensively explored various factors affecting NEV sales, technological innovation, as the core engine driving industry progress, is yet to receive sufficient and in-depth exploration regarding its potential profound impact on sales. Therefore, this study thoroughly analyzes the mechanism by which technological innovation influences sales, supplementing the existing literature, exploring sustainable industry development, and guiding the optimization of business strategies and precise government policies. This research employs the quality of NEV technology patents as a proxy variable for technological innovation, and conducts an empirical analysis using China’s NEV sales data from 2015 to 2022. The results of the study show the following: (1) the quality of technological innovation significantly contributes to the growth of new energy vehicle sales. This conclusion still holds when the administrative protection of intellectual property rights and the government’s public innovation environment indicators are used as instrumental variables of technological innovation quality. (2) Technological innovations in different links of the new energy vehicle industry chain have a positive impact on sales, especially those in the midstream battery, motor, and downstream charging services. This shows that in the critical period of new energy vehicle development, not only is the breakthrough of key technologies crucial, but also, non-critical technologies can promote sales growth by improving user experience and product performance. (3) Compared with plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), the overall technological innovation of new energy vehicles (NEVs) has a more significant effect on the sales of battery electric vehicles (BEVs). (4) In addition, the study finds that there is no significant difference between high-quality and low-quality technological innovations on the promotion of new energy vehicle sales, which indicates that the market values the overall effect of technological innovations more than the mere level of quality. The study of the impact of technological innovation on sales in different branches of the new energy industry chain can help to clarify the direction of technological innovation, optimize resource allocation, promote the synergistic development of the industry chain, enhance market competitiveness, and provide a scientific basis for policy formulation.

Vispro improves imaging analysis for Visium spatial transcriptomics.

Spatial transcriptomics (ST) is a cutting-edge technology that enables the comprehensive analysis of gene expression while preserving the spatial context of tissues. Within this framework, histological images serve a crucial role, providing spatially cohesive information that is often challenging to capture through gene expression alone. However, the imaging process in ST data presents inherent challenges, such as variability in image quality, artifacts from fiducial markers, and difficulty in distinguishing tissue regions. These challenges can significantly impair the accuracy and effectiveness of downstream analyses. To address these limitations, we developed Vispro, an end-to-end, fully automated image processing tool tailored for ST data. Vispro integrates four key modules: fiducial marker detection, marker removal and image restoration, tissue region detection, and segmentation of disconnected tissue areas. These modules systematically enhance the quality of ST images, reducing artifacts and improving tissue segmentation accuracy. Furthermore, by improving the integrity of image data, we demonstrate that Vispro facilitates downstream analyses such as cell segmentation and image registration, empowering researchers to extract more detailed and accurate biological insights from complex tissue architectures.

The Effect of Service Quality And Agency Skills on The Effectiveness of Sailing Time at Bulk Cargo Carrier

The length of the ship clearance process at an agency company makes a reference for each company in improving the quality of services provided and the skills of its employees. This study aims to determine the effect of service quality and skills on the effectiveness of sailing time for bulk cargo ships loaded with coal at three different agency companies on the island of Kalimantan. The method used is a quantitative approach through primary data processing on IBM SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science) 25 which comes from 30 respondents. The results of the research proven through the t test show that service quality and skills partially have a positive and significant influence on effectiveness. Simultaneous testing with an Fcount value of 33.755> 4.20 and a sig value of 0.000 <0.05 proves that service quality and skills together have a significant influence on effectiveness. This is supported by the coefficient of determination test which states that the service quality and skills variables have an influence of 71.4%, on the effectiveness variable, while 28.6% of effectiveness is influenced by variables outside of service quality and skills not examined by the author. The conclusion in this study is that the service quality and skills variables have a positive influence on the effectiveness variable partially and simultaneously.

Analisis Pengaruh Kualitas Pelayanan terhadap Kepuasan Konsumen Mutiara Salon Wanita Jatibening Pondok Gede Tahun 2024

This research aims to examine the influence of service quality on consumer satisfaction at Mutiara Women's Salon Jatibening Pondok Gede in 2024. To obtain data, the Service Quality and Consumer Satisfaction instrument in the form of a questionnaire (Questionnaire) was used. The research method used is quantitative with an associative approach. The sample in this study was 78 respondents. The analysis technique used is simple linear regression which is processed using the SPSS program. Based on the results of data analysis in the regression equation model, it is known that the results of the analysis of the coefficient of determination test in the Mode Summary table, obtained an R Square value (coefficient of determination) of 0.450, which means that the influence of the independent variable (X) on the dependent variable (Y) is 45%. So it can be concluded that the Service Quality variable has an influence of 45% on the Consumer Satisfaction variable. And another 55% was influenced by other variables not examined in this study.

Exploring the causes of variability in quality of oropharyngeal swab sampling for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid testing and proposed improvement measures: a multicenter, double-blind study.

Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has not been considered a public health emergency of international concern since last year, intermittent regional impacts still persist, and accurate testing remains crucial. Ribonuclease P protein subunit P30 (RPP30) RNA, known for its broad and stable expression in tissue cells, was used to evaluate samples from 10 hospitals with over 3,000 negative nucleic acid tests. The results revealed that the overall pass rate for the collected samples was consistently low and exhibited significant heterogeneity. After reassessing the evaluative effectiveness of RPP30 RNA Ct values from the samples of 132 positive individuals under quarantine observation, it was used to identify factors affecting sampling quality. These factors included different stages ranging from sample collection to PCR processing, various characteristics of both samplers and individuals being sampled, as well as sampling season and location. The results indicated that post-sampling handling had minimal impact, winter and fever clinic samples showed higher quality, whereas children's samples had lower quality. The key finding was that the characteristics of samplers were closely related to sampling quality, emphasizing the role of subjectivity. Quality control warnings led to substantial improvements, confirming this finding. Consequently, although there are various factors during the testing process, the most critical aspect is to improve, supervise, and maintain standardized practices among sampling staff.IMPORTANCEThis study further confirmed the reliability of internal references (IRs) in assessing sample quality, and utilized a large sample IR data to comprehensively and multidimensionally identify significant interference factors in nucleic acid test results. By further reminding and intervening in the subjective practices of specimen collectors, good results could be achieved.

Trait-specific groups of aquatic macrophytes respond differently to eutrophication of unshaded lowland streams

Understanding eutrophication effects on stream macrophytes is key to meaningful environmental management and governance. However, the response of macrophyte communities to eutrophication is complex and often the effect of eutrophication is obscured by other factors related to habitat variability including flow regime and light availability.In this study macrophyte community composition and abundance was quantified along a eutrophication gradient in 30 lowland streams. Slow flowing, medium sized streams with minimal shading were selected, to focus on examining water quality effects. The internal nutrient status of the plants and the bioavailable nutrient fraction of the sediment was measured and a national database of modelled stream descriptors was used to obtain information about land use and water quality variables. Statistical relationships between macrophyte community composition and clogginess and nutrient, underwater light, and carbon availability and flow disturbance were examined along the eutrophication gradient.Macrophytes with different growth strategies were related to different aspects of eutrophication and non-native taxa were found to dominate eutrophic streams.There was no relationship between nutrient concentrations and nutrient content of the macrophytes but sediment P was correlated with P concentrations in streams.Our results showed that 1) non-native species were common and clogginess was high in unshaded lowland streams with low water clarity and high nutrient and bicarbonate availability; 2) emergent species were associated with high nitrate availability and sediment phosphorus and low disturbance; 3) submerged species prevailed where water column total phosphorus and bicarbonate availability were high; and 4) nutrient concentrations that limit the development of clogginess are expected to be low where bicarbonate is high and flow or other physical disturbance is low. Our findings improve understanding of how stream macrophyte communities respond to changes in water quality related to eutrophication and anthropogenic changes in catchments and will contribute to informed management of macrophytes in streams.

Exploring genetic variability in fodder quality of forage sorghum in the North – Eastern regions of India

This study investigated genetic variability, character association, and genetic diversity in ninety-five forage sorghum genotypes, evaluated using a randomized block design for seven fodder quality traits. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for all traits. Genotypes such as G90 (424B), G23 (334B), G87 (CSV21F), G76 (330B), and G45 (373B) exhibit desirable fodder quality traits. Notably, G90 (424B) and G47 (NSS5B) stand out for their superior green forage yield per plant and fodder quality, making them prime candidates for varietal development programs. Crude protein emerged as a crucial selection factor for fodder quality. Green forage yield per plant showed minimal association with the other quality traits. A strong positive correlation was observed among in vitro organic matter digestibility, metabolic energy, crude protein, and ash content. D2 analysis identified five clusters, with genotypes from clusters V and IV recommended for crossing to produce superior transgressive segregants for fodder quality. Acid detergent fibre, crude protein, and ash content significantly contributed to genetic divergence. Considering these selected traits and genotypes, they could be invaluable in future sorghum forage breeding programs aimed at enhancing fodder quality traits. Keywords: Correlation, genetic diversity, Path analysis, Sorghum Fodder quality

A Suicide Attempt Multicomponent Intervention Treatment (SAMIT Program): study protocol for a multicentric randomised controlled trial.

Suicide has become a first-order public health concern, especially following the negative impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of the general population. Few studies have analysed the effects of early psychotherapeutic interventions on subjects who have attempted suicide, and even fewer have focused on those hospitalized in non-psychiatric units after a Medically Serious Suicide Attempt (MSSA). The main aim of this study is to describe the protocol designed to evaluate the effectiveness of individual psychological treatment for patients hospitalized after an MSSA. The secondary objectives of the study are: (1) to evaluate the impact on quality of life and other psychosocial variables of patients with a recent MSSA who receive early psychological intervention; (2) to analyse the biological, psychological, and clinical impact of early psychotherapeutic treatment on subjects hospitalized after an MSSA. A longitudinal randomised controlled trial will be conducted with patients over 16 years of age admitted to two general hospitals. The case intervention group will enrol for 8-sessions of individual psychotherapy, Suicide Attempts Multi-component Intervention Treatment (SAMIT), combining Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT), Mentalization-Based Therapy (MBT), and Narrative approaches, while the control group will receive a treatment-as-usual intervention (TAU). Longitudinal assessment will be conducted at baseline (before treatment), post-treatment, and 3, 6, and 12 months after. The main outcome variable will be re-attempting suicide during follow-up. Some psychotherapeutic interventions, usually implemented in outpatient, have proven to be effective in preventing suicidal behaviours. The combination of some of these may be a powerful treatment for preventing future SA in patients hospitalised after an MSSA, which is the most severely suicidal subgroup. Moreover, assessment of the biological, clinical and psychometric impact of this new intervention on patients during the first year after the attempt may help understand some of the multi-level factors associated with the effectiveness of psychotherapeutic interventions in MSSAs. The prevalence of high suicide rates requires the design of effective psychological interventions for their prevention, and also in order to design new pharmacological and psychological treatments. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT06238414. Date of registration: 1st February 2024, final update is protocol version 3.0, 19th March 2024.

Meningkatkan Kualitas Dan Minat Belajar Siswa Dengan Metode PBL Berbantuan Media Youtube Fase F Kelas XII SMA Negeri 1 Ronggurnihuta

Teachers are one of the main components that greatly determine the success of the teaching and learning process. Thus, teachers should create the right situations and conditions to enable the learning process in students by directing all sources and using the right teaching and learning strategies, which include approaches, methods and learning techniques. To overcome the low learning achievement of students, the researcher conducted a Class Action Research on students in class XII E SMAN. 1 Ronggurnihuta by applying the Problem Based Learning learning model assisted by YouTube. This research aims to improve the quality and interest of learning in students. This research was conducted in two cycles. Each cycle consists of several stages, namely planning, implementation of actions, observation and reflection. The data collection technique is carried out by means of tests and observations, with a descriptive approach. The results of the study increased from cycle 1 to cycle 2. In cycle 1 there are still students in the decent category in the learning achievement variable and the category begins to develop in the learning interest variable, then entering cycle 2 there is an increase with the absence of students in the decent category in the learning quality variable, and the category begins to develop in the learning interest variable

An Integration of the PLS/fsQCA Approach for Investigating the Impact of Quality Parameters on Relationship Quality in Mobile Banking

Understanding the channel-specific, post-adoption relational aspect in digital banking landscapes enables banks to refine their customer relationship strategies to acquire technology-driven benefits and improve bank customer relationships. The study aims to empirically assess the impact of a set of quality variables with word-of-mouth driving relationship quality (satisfaction and trust) that further strengthens bank-customer relationships. Using a stratified random sampling technique, the response of 370 mobile banking users was analyzed with PLS-SEM for the confirmatory analysis and then a configurational method was applied employing a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis. The findings indicate, that customers satisfied with quality aspects cultivate trust as a relational quality in mobile banking services. Further, the study found relevant configurations of significant antecedents that need to be prioritized in fostering bank-customer relationships through mobile banking.

Appropriateness and readability of Google Bard and ChatGPT-3.5 generated responses for surgical treatment of glaucoma.

To evaluate the appropriateness and readability of the medical knowledge provided by ChatGPT-3.5 and Google Bard, artificial-intelligence-powered conversational search engines, regarding surgical treatment for glaucoma. In this retrospective, cross-sectional study, 25 common questions related to the surgical management of glaucoma were asked on ChatGPT-3.5 and Google Bard. Glaucoma specialists graded the responses' appropriateness, and different scores assessed readability. Appropriate answers to the posed questions were obtained in 68% of the responses with Google Bard and 96% with ChatGPT-3.5. On average, the responses generated by Google Bard had a significantly lower proportion of sentences, having more than 30 and 20 syllables (23% and 52% respectively) compared to ChatGPT-3.5 (66% and 82% respectively), as noted by readability. Google Bard had significantly (p<0.0001) lower readability grade scores and significantly higher "Flesch Reading ease score", implying greater ease of readability amongst the answers generated by Google Bard. Many patients and their families turn to LLM chatbots for information, necessitating clear and accurate content. Assessments of online glaucoma information have shown variability in quality and readability, with institutional websites generally performing better than private ones. We found that ChatGPT-3.5, while precise, has lower readability than Google Bard, which is more accessible but less precise. For example, the Flesch Reading Ease Score was 57.6 for Google Bard and 22.6 for ChatGPT, indicating Google Bard's content is easier to read. Moreover, the Gunning Fog Index scores suggested that Google Bard's text is more suitable for a broader audience. ChatGPT's knowledge is limited to data up to 2021, whereas Google Bard, trained with real-time data, offers more current information. Further research is needed to evaluate these tools across various medical topics. The answers generated by ChatGPT-3.5™ AI are more accurate than the ones given by Google Bard. However, comprehension of ChatGPT-3.5™ answers may be difficult for the public with glaucoma. This study emphasized the importance of verifying the accuracy and clarity of online information that glaucoma patients rely on to make informed decisions about their ocular health. This is an exciting new area for patient education and health literacy.