Income Variables Research Articles

Associations between common genetic variants and income provide insights about the socio-economic health gradient.

We conducted a genome-wide association study on income among individuals of European descent (N = 668,288) to investigate the relationship between socio-economic status and health disparities. We identified 162 genomic loci associated with a common genetic factor underlying various income measures, all with small effect sizes (the Income Factor). Our polygenic index captures 1-5% of income variance, with only one fourth due to direct genetic effects. A phenome-wide association study using this index showed reduced risks for diseases including hypertension, obesity, type 2 diabetes, depression, asthma and back pain. The Income Factor had a substantial genetic correlation (0.92, s.e. = 0.006) with educational attainment. Accounting for the genetic overlap of educational attainment with income revealed that the remaining genetic signal was linked to better mental health but reduced physical health and increased risky behaviours such as drinking and smoking. These findings highlight the complex genetic influences on income and health.

COVID-19 pandemic and housing demand mortgage: Partial adjustment model approach

One of the efforts to encourage the fulfillment of housing needs is the provision of housing both from the government and the private sector by considering the community's purchasing power. The background of this research is that the fulfillment of housing needs by both the government and the private sector has yet to be maximized while the demand for housing is relatively high. This research is still necessary because the demand for housing is still high. Increased housing demand will push house prices due to limited housing land. The problems faced focus on the relatively high demand for mortgages because even in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic, people still make houses their top priority. This study aims to analyze the effect of people's income, loan interest rates, the amount of housing finance, and dummy before and during the COVID-19 pandemic on housing demand mortgage. The data analysis technique in this study used multiple regression Partial Adjustment Model (PAM). The results showed that the variables of income as proxy for GDP and loan interest rates significantly affected housing demand mortgage. In contrast, the amount of housing finance and the COVID-19 dummy had no significant impact. The research implication that researchers can provide to the government is to provide policy recommendations regarding the Housing Finance Liquidity Facility (FLPP) program, which is intended for low-income communities.

Stormwater isn’t impervious to racism: rethinking stormwater capture in Los Angeles County

ABSTRACT Ubiquitous to the modern urban landscape, impervious surfaces like concrete and asphalt contribute to environmental harms, including stormwater runoff and urban heat island effects. Replacing impervious surface with green stormwater infrastructure can help address these harms and offer other environmental and social benefits. Existing literature has found that neighbourhoods of colour on average have more impervious surface, less urban tree canopy and experience hotter temperatures. This study builds on the literature by examining the relationship between race and impervious surface in Los Angeles County and tying results to the local stormwater context. This study (1) analyses impervious surface levels by racial group quintiles at the census tract level and (2) utilises spatial autoregressive combined (SAC) regressions with control variables for income, owner-occupied rates, population density and land use types. Results show that census tracts with more people of colour have more impervious surface, and Black and Hispanic residents experience the most impervious surface on average. For white residents, the inverse is true – census tracts with higher white populations have less impervious surface. SAC regressions show that the magnitude of the relationship between race and impervious surface diminishes with more control variables, though statistical significance remains for whites and Hispanics in the model with all controls. Results indicate that neighbourhood environments are still shaped by systemic racism. However, by targeting green stormwater infrastructure to neighbourhoods of colour, there is the potential to help reverse the legacy of environmental racism while also meeting stormwater goals.

Pengaruh Pendapatan Margin Murabahah dan Pendapatan Bagi Hasil Musyarakah terhadap Laba Bersih

This murabahah financing product is also a product that is quite profitable for banks in developing working capital. Net profit is profit that has been reduced by costs that are a burden on the company in a certain period including taxes. With the increase in murabahah margin income and musyarakah profit sharing income, it will be able to increase the company's net profit. Net profit greatly influences the increase and decrease in profit which will indicate the company's performance. In this study, the author is interested in analyzing the factors that support net profit growth, as well as identifying strategies to increase efficiency and effectiveness to increase murabahah margin income and murabahah profit sharing income. The purpose of this study is to determine how much influence murabahah margin income and musyarakah profit sharing income have on the net profit of PT. BPRS Al-Ma'soem. This study uses a quantitative method with an explanatory approach to analyze the effect of murabahah margin income and musyarakah profit sharing income on the net profit of PT. BPRS Al-Ma'soem. Based on the results of the study, the variables of murabahah margin income and musyarakah profit sharing income have a positive and significant effect on net profit of 87%. Based on the calculation of SPSS 25.0 For Windows, the results in the data show Fcount> Ftable, namely, 29.799> 4.459, then Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected, which means that simultaneously there is a significant effect between murabahah margin income and musyarakah profit sharing income on net profit.

Income of workers in industrial parks post-COVID-19 pandemic: The raised issues in Vietnam

This study aimed to analyze the adaptation of workers in industrial parks in Vietnam post-COVID-19 through fluctuations in their income. Data were collected from a survey of 438 workers working in industrial parks and in-depth interviews with five workers in different positions in industrial parks. The study utilized the ordinary least squares (OLS) method to quantify the factors influencing workers’ income. Additionally, the difference test method was applied to assess the income variations among workers based on their professional qualifications and occupational skills. The most significant factor identified is the experience of workers (unstandardized coefficient = 0.271), followed by the education level of workers (unstandardized coefficient = 0.128). Additionally, the study reveals that differences in professional qualifications lead to an income disparity of 1.898 million VND per month, while the variations in complementary skills contribute to an income difference of 0.592 million VND per month. Furthermore, the adaptation of workers in Vietnam’s industrial parks post-COVID-19 is at a relatively good level. From there, the study suggests several solutions to enhance workers’ income to adapt to new post-COVID-19 conditions.

Contract and sustain: evaluating the results of progressive implementation of limited entry and catch shares in West Coast and Alaska Fisheries over four decades

Access to West Coast and Alaskan fisheries has been progressively tightened for more than four decades with limited license programs, buybacks, and catch share programs. We document the implementation of a series of limited access and catch share programs in federally and state managed fisheries of the West Coast and Alaska, and evaluate trends in participation, diversification, vessel revenue, and variation of revenue between 1981 and 2022 for this large interconnected system of fisheries. Over time, progressive tightening through further input controls, buybacks, and catch shares led to substantial consolidation and greater specialization coinciding with increased temporal diversification, maintained or increased revenue per vessel, and reduced variation in inter-annual revenue. However, low levels of fishery diversification for many fishers, and high dependency on a few key fisheries, may have left fishers vulnerable to ecological and economic shocks that impacted key fisheries leading to increased income variation and further declines in participation in recent years.

Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Pendapatan pada Usaha Tani Jagung di Desa Daenaa Kecamatan Limboto Barat Kabupaten Gorontalo

This study aims to determine the effect of production factors on income in corn farming. This study falls within the descriptive quantitative approach category of survey research. Both primary and secondary data types are utilized. In order to get a sample of 51 corn farmers, the sampling technique employed is a systematic sampling of the population of 819 corn farmers. Multiple linear regression analysis is the data analysis method used. The findings revealed that According to a significant value of 0.000, the independent variables of land area, labor, seeds, fertilizer, pesticides, and agricultural machinery all have a tangible impact on the dependent variable of farmer income when taken together (simultaneously). Second, five independent variables have a genuine (significant) impact on the dependent income variable: land area, labor, seeds, fertilizer, and pesticides. In contrast, agricultural machinery has no influence (insignificant) on income. Third, the coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.823 indicates that the independent variables under investigation account for 82.3% of the revenue, while production factors unrelated to the dependent variables account for 17.7%.

The Influence of Income, Knowledge, and Time Period on Customer Decisions to Take Financing at PT. BPRS ADECO Langsa

When taking out murabahah financing at a BPRS, customers will always consider their income. Customer income is very important because it can determine the customer's ability to make installment payments. Apart from income, when taking out financing at a bank, customers can be influenced by other factors such as the customer's knowledge of a product. Apart from that, another factor that can influence a customer's decision to take out financing is the time period. This is because the financing payment period varies depending on the length of time agreed between the customer and the bank. Therefore, researchers are interested in conducting research on income, knowledge and time period on customers' decisions to take financing. The research method is quantitative with an associative approach. The sample using the limeshow formula of 100 people. The results of the research showed that: (1) Variables interested in conducting research on income, knowledge and time period on customer's decision to take financing. (2) The knowledge variable on customer decisions in taking financing at PT BPRS Adeco Langsa is 0.000 < 0.05 and tcount 5.697 > ttable 1.984. (3) The time period variable for the customer's decision to take financing at PT BPRS Adeco Langsa is 0.341 > 0.05 and tcount 0.957 < ttable 1.984. (4) The income, knowledge and term variables can be said to have a simultaneous influence on customer decision variables in taking financing at PT BPRS Adeco Langsa. With test results Fcount 34.058 > Ftable 2.696 and Sig. 0.000 < 0.05. The R2 value is 51.6% and the remaining 48.4% is influenced by other variables outside this research.

ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF INFLATION RATE, INCOME OF SHARIA PAWNSHOPS, AND GOLD PRICES ON RAHN CREDIT DISTRIBUTION AT PT. PEGADAIAN SYARIAH IN INDONESIA (2019–2023)

This study aims to analyze whether the inflation rate, company revenue, and gold price have an influence on Rahn lending at PT Pegadaian Syariah Indonesia. This research methodology is quantitative. Financial reports, BPS, and Statistical Reports of Indonesian Specialized Financial Institutions published by the Financial Services Authority (OJK) between 2019 and 2023 are the secondary data sources used in this study. SPSS software was used to process the data for this study. Multiple linear regression analysis, traditional hypothesis testing, and hypothesis testing (statistical test/partial test, f/simultaneous test, and coefficient of determination test) are some of the data analysis methods used in this study. The result of this study are; the distribution of Rahn pawn is negatively affected by the inflation variable, the pawnshop income variable has a good influence on pawnshop distribution, and the gold price volatility variable has a positive effect on the distribution of rahn pawn

The Effect of School Administrators' Level of Positive Psychological Capital on School Atmosphere

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of school administrators' positive psychological capital levels on school climate. The sample group of the study, in which the relational survey model was used, consisted of 327 school administrators. In the study, 'Questionnaire Form' was applied to obtain demographic information of the participants and then the 'Positive Psychological Capital Scale' and 'School Climate Scale' were applied to obtain data. In the study, it was seen that school administrators had a 'Very Good' level of psychological capital. It was seen that the perception levels of school administrators' positive psychological capital differed significantly in the sub-dimension of "psychological resilience" according to the gender variable in terms of socio-demographic characteristics. While the age variable had a significant and positive effect on the 'self-efficacy' sub-dimension, it was observed that the professional experience variable did not have a significant effect on the positive psychological capital perceptions of administrators. In addition, the income variable was found to have a significant effect on the dimensions of 'optimism and extroversion'. As a result, it was determined that administrators' perceptions of positive psychological capital positively affect school climate. The results were discussed on the basis of the related literature and suggestions for future research were presented.

Tracking of Financial Burden: A Longitudinal Study of Out-of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPE) among Rural Households with Hypertension (HTN)

Abstract Objectives The study aimed to determine the monthly expenditure pattern and out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) associated with managing hypertension in households with patients with hypertension in a rural community in Karnataka, India. Materials and Methods A longitudinal study was conducted over a period 6 months in a rural community under a rural primary health center in Karnataka. One hundred and one households were included in the study with at least one member diagnosed with hypertension. Household income and other sociodemographic variables were also recorded to assess the economic impact relative to household resources. Monthly spending on nonhealth essentials and hypertension-related OOPEs revealed significant financial strain on households. Statistical Analysis Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the study of population's demographic characteristics, monthly expenditure in nonhealth essentials, and OOPE. Inferential statistics of Friedman and chi-square tests (Fischer's exact) were used to determine factors associated with OOPE. Results The population's median age was 59.1 ± 12 years, with a median of 5 (3–10) years since diagnosis with hypertension. Micro to macro vascular complications related to hypertension were present in 17 (22.66%), and 13 (24.52%) were admitted to the hospital in the past 1 year/for 6 months’ follow-up. Seventy-two (71.30%) had a monthly OOPE on health (INR) of ≥ 500. Higher socioeconomic status and visits to private health facilities for hypertension treatment were associated with higher OOPE. Conclusion Monthly expenditure among households with patients with hypertension in the rural community shows no significant variation for nonhealth essential items. Higher OOPE was associated with households having higher socioeconomic status and visits to private health facilities for treatment of hypertension.

Work ethic: Religious and cultural values that encourage independence and the spirit of migration

The work ethic of the Madurese people is influenced by religious and cultural values, encouraging hard work, independence, and the spirit of wandering to achieve prosperity. Previous studies have shown that the high work ethic of Sukarara craftsmen is influenced by culture, religion, and self-actualization, but the results are limited to the local context. This study will reveal the unique work ethic of the Madurese people, rooted in cultural and religious values, creating a tenacious and adaptive attitude to achieve success amidst challenges. This qualitative research design uses in-depth interviews and ATLAS.ti for analysis, involving six informants with diverse backgrounds, to understand the work ethic of Madurese entrepreneurs. This study involved interviews with six Madurese entrepreneurs, highlighting their work ethic and income. The results show variations in income, with a strong work ethic as a key factor for success. The Sankey diagram illustrates the relationship between work ethic, social support, and positive attitudes. Madurese cultural values, such as persistence and responsibility, support the entrepreneurial spirit. The Theory of Planned Behavior shows the importance of attitudes, social norms, and perceived control in shaping work ethic. Cultural values and social support are crucial in shaping the work ethic of Madurese entrepreneurs. Further research needs to explore other variables that influence entrepreneurial success.

Internal conflicts and shocks: A narrative meta-analysis

Do variations in local incomes influence peace and conflict in low- and middle-income countries? The present meta-regression analysis contributes to answering this question by delving into the narratives that researchers use to qualify how various shocks affect conflict risk through channels implicitly linked to income. After examining 2,464 subnational estimates from 64 recent empirical studies, we find that several publication biases related to authors’ methodological choices influence our understanding of this phenomenon. Importantly, studies that fail to uncover empirical effects that conform to researchers’ expectations on the theoretical mechanisms are less likely to be published. After accounting for publication selection bias, the analysis finds that, on average, income-increasing shocks in the agriculture sector are negatively associated with the local risk of conflict. Nonetheless, the analysis finds no average effect of income-decreasing shocks in the agriculture sector or income-increasing shocks in the extractive sector on the local risk of conflict. The article opens avenues for further study on the granular observed heterogeneity in the literature, particularly focusing on the conditional aspects of how shocks and conflicts are measured and the geographical coverage, among others.

Examining socio-economic disparities among e-cigarette users and cigarette smokers in three Canadian jurisdictions.

It is well established that a gradient exists among cigarette smokers, such that smoking is more prevalent among individuals who are of lower socio-economic status (SES). In this study, we examined whether a similar SES gradient exists among electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) using youth and adults in three Canadian jurisdictions. A secondary analysis of data from Ontario, Quebec and Yukon respondents (n = 58,592) to the 2017-2018 Canadian Community Health Survey was conducted. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models explored SES measures: total and relative household income, and education level, separately on use of e-cigarettes or cigarettes in the past 30 days. Models adjusted for additional socio-demographic and psychosocial covariates. A significant inverse SES gradient existed for cigarette smoking based on education and income variables, with higher education and income associated with decreasing consumption in a stepwise manner. No SES gradient was observed for e-cigarettes. While a robust SES gradient was observed among cigarette smokers, no gradient for e-cigarette use was observed. Explanations for these findings may be linked to perceptions that e-cigarettes are healthier, have convenient designs and appealing flavours, and less stigmatised. As more becomes known about potential harms from e-cigarettes, effective interventions may be needed to prevent the emergence of a gradient that disproportionately affects those at lowest income and education levels. Continued monitoring of e-cigarette use patterns across SES groups is necessary for public health.

The Determinants of Farm Income Variability: Evidence From Estonia

The Determinants of Farm Income Variability: Evidence From Estonia

Electric vehicle ownership and political preferences in Norway

Using a representative survey of about 23,000 Norwegian households in the years 2020 to 2022, we find that electric vehicle (EV) ownership is strongly related to political preferences on the cosmopolitan/liberal vs. nationalist/traditional axis. Regression results, using car owners only, show that when we control for income, education, and other demographic variables, as well as year and municipality fixed effects, a one standard deviation shift in the nationalist/traditional direction reduces EV ownership by 5.4 percentage points relative to the sample mean among car owners (18.8 percent EV ownership). We also find a relationship between EV ownership and political preferences on the left vs. right axis, where right means favouring less state involvement in the economy. Here a one standard deviation shift towards the right results in a 2.9 percentage point increase in EV ownership ceteris paribus.

Why Some Nonelderly Adult Medicaid Enrollees Appear Ineligible Based on Their Annual Income

Context: Recent studies have highlighted Medicaid enrollment among middle- and higher-income populations and questioned whether the program is reaching those for whom it is intended. Methods: The authors use administrative tax data to measure Medicaid enrollment and income in 2017, they use survey data to measure monthly income, and they use administrative data to identify Medicaid enrollment pathways. Findings: Among 38.8 million nonelderly adults in Medicaid at any point in 2017, 24.4 million had annual income below their state's typical eligibility threshold, and 14.4 million (37%) had income above the threshold. Among those above the threshold, 3.5 million enrolled through a pathway allowing higher income (pregnant women, the “medically needy,” and others). The authors also estimate that more than 12 million had at least one month with income below the threshold, and roughly 4 million had at least five months with income below the eligibility threshold. Conclusions: Pathways allowing higher income account for one quarter of enrollees with annual incomes above typical thresholds. Among low-income adults, month-to-month variation in income is common and can account for most or all of the remaining enrollees with annual incomes above typical thresholds. A complete accounting of eligibility status would require merged data on income, Medicaid enrollment, and family structure.

COTTON FARMERS' PERCEIVED RISK AND INCOME VARIABILITY AFFECTED BY COMMODITY DERIVATIVE MARKETS: A CASE STUDY ON ODISHA (INDIA)

Agricultural production, particularly cotton farming, is highly vulnerable to fluctuating commodity prices and unpredictable weather, making risk mitigation crucial for sustainability and profitability. Cotton growers face market volatility and climate challenges that impact yields and income. Previous studies, such as Sharma & Bhushan (2019), highlighted the correlation between market instability and income fluctuation for smallholder cotton farmers, emphasizing improved risk management strategies. The quantitative study used data from 1000 cotton farmers from Odisha (India), selected via stratified random sampling to capture demographic diversity. A structured questionnaire was employed to gather information on key variables, with electronic distribution increasing accessibility. While the research provides. valuable insights, its cross-sectional design limits causal conclusions, and reliance on self-reported information may introduce bias and utilize SPSS to perform structural equation modeling (SEM) to understand the relationships between farmers' perceived risk, income variability, and the use of commodity derivatives. The result shows the negligible effect of commodity derivatives on the revenue stability of cotton growers, except for input costs. The varied risk assessments of farmers indicate that essential financial aspects are overlooked.

Estimating the Cost of Crime Victimization: A Compensating Income Variation Approach Using Different Utility Proxies

Estimating the Cost of Crime Victimization: A Compensating Income Variation Approach Using Different Utility Proxies

Entrepreneurs and COVID-19 pandemic: Who are more likely to close their business in Latin America and the Caribbean?

The COVID-19 pandemic led entrepreneurs to close numerous businesses due to reduced demand. This article aims to determine the specific characteristics of business owners in Latin America and the Caribbean, who faced closures due to low demand during the pandemic, including factors such as age, gender, income, and contextual variables such as economic sector and stringency measures. To do so, we employ a binary response model to estimate the likelihood of business closure due to low demand. Various model specifications, including both individual and contextual variables, are used to better analyze these effects. Our findings reveal a profile of entrepreneurs who were at a higher risk of closing their businesses due to reduced demand during the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, entrepreneurs without health insurance or emergency savings, operating within the wholesale and retail sector, were more susceptible to business closures.