Flux Variations Research Articles

Effect of Ion Flux Variation in DC Magnetron Sputtering on the Deposition of Cubic Boron Nitride Film

Cubic boron nitride (cBN) thin films were deposited using DC magnetron sputtering, and the effect of the ion flux on the deposition behavior and residual stress of the cBN thin films was investigated. To increase the ion flux, the magnetic force ratio of the central/peripheral permanent magnets inserted in the magnetron sputtering source was reduced. Due to the complementary relationship between ion flux and energy for cBN deposition, the critical bias voltage required for cBN nucleation decreased as the ion flux increased. The cBN content of the films was relatively higher under the deposition condition of the increased ion flux. This was interpreted to indicate the thinning of the intervening hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) layer formed prior to cBN nucleation. Comparing the compressive residual stress of the cBN films, the residual stress was relieved as the bias voltage decreased regardless of the ion flux. The increase in ion flux made it possible to deposit the cBN films at a low bias voltage, thereby depositing cBN films with lower residual stress. The results showed that reducing ion energy by increasing ion flux for cBN deposition is a promising method for depositing low-stress cBN thin film having thin intervening hBN layer.

The spatiotemporal variation of land surface heat fluxes in Tibetan Plateau during 2001–2022

The surface energy budget is important for understanding of energy and water cycle processes in the Tibetan Plateau (TP). In this study, the daily sensible (SH) and latent (LE) heat fluxes at the horizontal resolution of 1° are first estimated using the maximum entropy production (MEP) model (hereinafter SHMEP and LEMEP) in the entire TP during 2001–2022. The MEP model is built on physical and statistical principles to simulate surface heat fluxes. The surface net radiation, soil moisture (SM), and land surface temperature (LST) are the main driving variables for MEP model. To select the relatively accurate MEP input data, the merged surface net radiation (Rn–merged) under all-sky conditions are generated from CERES, ISCCP-FH, and ERA5 using the Bayesian Model Averaging scheme. Besides, the TP SM and LST from various data sources are evaluated using the in-situ observations at site scale. Based on the daily Rn–merged, ERA5 SM, CERES LST, and the MEP model, the daily SH and LE are estimated in the entire TP. The results show the daily SHMEP and LEMEP perform well at the validation sites, with the regional mean correlation coefficient (R) above 0.7, root-mean-square error (RMSE) of <19 W m−2, absolute value of bias and mean absolute error (MAE) below 11 W m−2. The monthly SHMEP has the regional mean R of 0.96 and RMSE of 6.30 W m−2 at all the measurement stations. For LEMEP, the regional mean R and RMSE values are 0.93 and 10.01 W m−2, respectively. The MEP simulation results are superior to the SH and LE in ERA5, ERA-Interim, MERRA-2, and JRA-55 reanalysis datasets and previous studies, especially for LE. Based on this new dataset, the spatial and temporal varying characteristics of SH and LE in the TP are analyzed. The annual mean SHMEP value are large in the western TP, the Qaidam Basin in the northern TP, and the Himalaya ranges, and small in the southeastern TP. The annual mean LEMEP has the maximum value in southeastern TP, and minimum value in western TP and the Qaidam Basin. The annual mean SHMEP and LEMEP over the entire TP are 34.79 W m−2 and 20.16 W m−2, with the significant declining trends of −0.17 W m−2 year−1 and − 0.052 W m−2 year−1 during the study period, respectively. The spatial distributions of the MEP surface heat fluxes and their trends are mainly influenced by the model inputs of Rn and SM in the TP.

Atmospheric deposition of microplastics in Shiraz, Iran

The atmosphere plays a critical role in the regional and global transportation and redistribution of microplastics (MPs). However, the significance of rainfall and its means of scavenging MPs are not well understood. In this study, MP deposition was determined during successive dry and rainy events over eight consecutive days in the Shiraz region of Iran. Flux magnitudes and temporal distributions at six sites within and outside the city (including a remote, non-urbanised location) were similar and revealed a progressive increase in MP abundance and deposition during dry periods (up to about 50 MP m−2 h−1) and subsequent relatively rapid wet deposition (washout) by incipient rainfall (peaking at about 130 MP m−2 h−1). Wet deposition of MPs progressively decreased throughout the rainfall event, but with evidence of secondary peaks, before atmospheric accumulation and dry deposition increased during the next dry event and the cycle continued. Dry and wet deposition were dominated by fibres (that included polyester-polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride and polyethylene) but the evolution of deposition did not appear to be associated with changes in MP size. These observations indicate that, as with other airborne pollutants, initial rainfall is an efficient scavenger of atmospheric MPs. Along with variations in methodology, this effect may contribute to the wide variation in MP fluxes reported in the literature.

Analysis of the Amount of Flux Variation on the HTS Surface by the Oscillation of HTS Magnetic Bearing Rotor

Magnetic bearing is used in flywheel energy storage system and can address energy loss at contact points in rotating because a rotor can be supported without contact points. However, in order to keep a rotor levitating, a control system is required. The HTS magnetic bearing levitates the rotor by pinning force without a control system and of a rotor including permanent magnets and a HTS. The vertical oscillation of the rotor is suppressed because the flux is interlinked to the outside of the HTS. Therefore, the rotor oscillates in the horizontal direction in rotating. This oscillation generates the flux variation on the HTS surface and it decreases the number of revolutions. This paper proposes an analysis of flux variation on the HTS surface by the oscillation of HTS magnetic bearing rotor. The effect of the oscillation of the rotor on the number of revolutions is shown by the analysis of the flux variation of the HTS. In the analysis results, the amount of flux variation increased rapidly because the rotor increases the oscillation. The flux variation causes a decrease the in number of revolutions and the small oscillations cause flux variation on the HTS surface. However, the decrease in the number of revolutions is small because the amount of the flux variation is small.

Variation of material fluxes in a large heterogenic subtropical river: A combination of climate change and human damming influences

Study regionThe West River, the main tributary of the Pearl River, China Study focusA hydrological model of the West River was successfully established and used to quantify the role of basin-wide spatiotemporal change of the impacts of climate change and human damming activities in the variation of material fluxes (water discharge and sediment load) at the river outlet at both interannual and seasonal time scales of the period from 1975 to 2017. New hydrological insights for the regionThe interannual variations of water discharge and sediment load were controlled by a single factor locally: runoff variation was positively correlated with the ENSO index (r = 0.56, p < 0.001) and the dams caused a 75.1% reduction of the annual sediment load in the post-dam period (2009–2017). Seasonally, climate change can alter the monthly water discharge by − 12–23% in the latter half of an abnormal year, while the dams caused a 4.6% reduction and a 12.4% increase in the summer and winter sediment load, respectively. There was a strong interaction between the two influencing factors seasonally, particularly during the wetter summer or drier winter, wherein the dominant driving mechanism in the monthly variation of material fluxes can switch. For the river basin, the impacts of climate change and dams are spatially variable. The basin-wide spatiotemporal change of the impacts of climate change and human damming activities can complicate the hydrological signal at the river outlet.

Lithospheric Structure Controls Sequentially Active Detachment Faulting at the Longqi Segment on the Southwest Indian Ridge

AbstractOceanic detachment faulting, a major mode of seafloor accretion at slow and ultraslow spreading ridges, is thought to occur during magma‐poor phases and be abandoned when magmatism increases. In this framework, detachment faulting is the result of temporal variations in magma flux, which is inconsistent with recent geophysical observations at the Longqi segment on the Southwest Indian Ridge (49°42′E). In this paper, we focus on this sequentially active detachment faulting system that includes an old, inactive detachment fault and a younger, active detachment fault. We investigate the mechanisms controlling the temporal evolution of this tectonomagmatic system by using 2D mid‐ocean ridge spreading models that simulate faulting and magma intrusion into a visco‐elasto‐plastic continuum. Our models show that temporal variations in magma flux alone are insufficient to match the inferred temporal evolution of the sequentially active detachment system. Rather we find that sequentially active detachment faulting spontaneously occurs at the Longqi segment as a function of lithospheric thickness. This finding is in agreement with an analytical model, which shows that a thicker axial lithosphere results in a smaller fault heave and that a flatter angle in lithosphere thickening away from the accretion axis stabilizes the active fault. A thicker axial lithosphere and its flatter off‐axis angle combined have the potential to modulate sequentially active detachment faulting at the Longqi segment. Our results thus suggest that temporal changes of magmatism are not necessary for the development and abandonment of detachment faults at ultraslow spreading ridges.

Global Hall MHD Simulations of the Solar Wind Implantation Flux on the Lunar Surface

The solar wind can directly interact with the lunar surface and provide an important source for surface space weathering and water generation. Here we study the solar wind implantation flux on the lunar surface with global Hall MHD simulations. The shielding effects of both the Earth’s magnetosphere and lunar magnetic anomalies are considered. It is found that a large-scale lunar mini-magnetosphere can be caused by the solar wind interaction with the magnetic anomalies on the lunar far side, which causes a large shielding area on the surface. In addition, the Earth’s magnetosphere brings a longitudinal variation in the implantation flux, with minimum fluxes at 0° longitude. With the integrated flux over a lunation, we find that there are some local cavities on the implantation flux map, which are colocated with both the magnetic anomalies and the lunar swirls. Further studies show that there is a south–north asymmetry in the implantation flux, which can be used to explain the lower water content observed in the southern hemisphere. Our results provide a global map of the solar wind implantation flux on the lunar surface and are useful for evaluating the large-scale effect of solar wind implantation and sputtering on the space weathering and the water or gas generation of the surface.

Geophysical and Geochemical Constraints on Magma Storage Depths Along the Cascade Arc: Knowns and Unknowns

AbstractThe iconic volcanoes of the Cascade arc stretch from Lassen Volcanic Center in northern California, through Oregon and Washington, to the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt in British Columbia. Recent studies have reviewed differences in the distribution and eruptive volumes of vents, as well as variations in geochemical compositions and heat flux along strike (amongst other characteristics). We investigate whether these along‐arc trends manifest as variations in magma storage conditions. We compile available constraints on magma storage depths from InSAR, geodetics, seismic inversions, and magnetotellurics for each major edifice and compare these to melt inclusion saturation pressures, pressures calculated using mineral‐only barometers, and constraints from experimental petrology. The availability of magma storage depth estimates varies greatly along the arc, with abundant geochemical and geophysical data available for some systems (e.g., Lassen Volcanic Center, Mount St. Helens) and very limited data available for other volcanoes, including many which are classified as “very high threat” by the USGS (e.g., Glacier Peak, Mount Baker, Mount Hood, Three Sisters). Acknowledging the limitations of data availability and the large uncertainties associated with certain methods, available data are indicative of magma storage within the upper 15 km of the crust (∼2 ± 2 kbar) beneath the main edifices. These findings are consistent with previous work recognizing barometric estimates cluster within the upper crust in many arcs worldwide. There are no clear offsets in magma storage between arc segments that are in extension, transtension or compression, although substantially more petrological work is needed for fine scale evaluation of storage pressures.

Solar Wind‐Magnetosphere Coupling During High‐Intensity Long‐Duration Continuous AE Activity (HILDCAA)

AbstractHigh‐Intensity Long‐Duration Continuous AE Activity (HILDCAA) intervals are driven by High Speed solar wind Streams (HSSs) during which the rapidly‐varying interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) produces high but intermittent dayside reconnection rates. This results in several days of large, quasi‐periodic enhancements in the auroral electrojet (AE) index. There has been debate over whether the enhancements in AE are produced by substorms or whether HILDCAAs represent a distinct class of magnetospheric dynamics. We investigate 16 HILDCAA events using the expanding/contracting polar cap model as a framework to understand the magnetospheric dynamics occurring during HSSs. Each HILDCAA onset shows variations in open magnetic flux, dayside and nightside reconnection rates, the cross‐polar cap potential, and AL that are characteristic of substorms. The enhancements in AE are produced by activity in the pre‐midnight sector, which is the typical substorm onset region. The periodicities present in the intermittent IMF determine the exact nature of the activity, producing a range of behaviors from a sequence of isolated substorms, through substorms which merge into one‐another, to almost continuous geomagnetic activity. The magnitude of magnetic fluctuations, dB/dt, in the pre‐midnight sector during HSSs is sufficient to produce a significant risk of Geomagnetically Induced Currents.

Temperature Thresholds for Carbon Flux Variation and Warming‐Induced Changes

AbstractThe response of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) to environmental changes is strongly nonlinear, characterized with threshold behaviors that are not well understood. Here, we investigated the threshold behaviors in the relationship between NEE and surface air temperature based on FLUXNET2015 observations, Community Land Model simulations, and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) model outputs. An air temperature threshold of 16.4°C, corresponding to the maximum carbon sink (Tsink), was identified for all 205 FLUXNET2015 sites combined. For deciduous broadleaf and mixed forests, wetlands and wheat‐barley croplands, and rice‐maize‐soybean croplands, we identified a carbon‐source threshold (Tsource) of 6.8, 5.0, and 18.0°C, respectively, beyond which the ecosystem becomes less of a carbon source. Five cold climate types mainly encompassing these plant functional types showed a clear carbon‐source Tsource of 12.2°C. Six CMIP6 models project a threshold temperature increase of 1.0–2.8°C by the 2090s, which results primarily from a shift of the optimum temperature for gross primary production. Not accounting for the warming‐induced threshold changes may lead to an estimated time of the average summer air temperature passing Tsink that is earlier by 4.5–6.7 and 6.4–12.2 years at low (15°N–15°S) and high (≥60°S or ≥ 60°N) latitudes, respectively.

Axion flux monodromy discharges relax the cosmological constant

Linear axion monodromy models modulated with higher powers of fields naturally realize the quantum-mechanical flux discharge mechanism for relaxing the cosmological constant toward zero. Working with multiple copies of superposed linear and quadratic flux monodromies, each copy spanned by a pair of fluxes, we show that when the axion is very massive and so effectively decoupled, the membrane discharges relax the cosmological constant toward an attractor 0 < Λ/M 4 Pl ≪ 1. If we restrict the flux variations and the intermediate flux values to never venture beyond a finite flux range, the terminal value of the cosmological constant will be tiny but finite. We show how it can reproduce the observed scale of dark energy, and explain how to incorporate matter sector phase transitions.

Photometry of Outer Solar System Objects from the Dark Energy Survey. I. Photometric Methods, Light-curve Distributions, and Trans-Neptunian Binaries

We report the methods of and initial scientific inferences from the extraction of precision photometric information for the >800 trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) discovered in the images of the Dark Energy Survey (DES). Scene-modeling photometry is used to obtain shot-noise-limited flux measures for each exposure of each TNO, with background sources subtracted. Comparison of double-source fits to the pixel data with single-source fits are used to identify and characterize two binary TNO systems. A Markov Chain Monte Carlo method samples the joint likelihood of the intrinsic colors of each source as well as the amplitude of its flux variation, given the time series of multiband flux measurements and their uncertainties. A catalog of these colors and light-curve amplitudes A is included with this publication. We show how to assign a likelihood to the distribution q(A) of light-curve amplitudes in any subpopulation. Using this method, we find decisive evidence (i.e., evidence ratio <0.01) that cold classical (CC) TNOs with absolute magnitude 6 < H r < 8.2 are more variable than the hot classical (HC) population of the same H r , reinforcing theories that the former form in situ and the latter arise from a different physical population. Resonant and scattering TNOs in this H r range have variability consistent with either the HCs or CCs. DES TNOs with H r < 6 are seen to be decisively less variable than higher-H r members of any dynamical group, as expected. More surprising is that detached TNOs are decisively less variable than scattering TNOs, which requires them to have distinct source regions or some subsequent differential processing.

Response of Soil Respiration to Altered Snow Cover in a Typical Temperate Grassland in China

The snow cover in temperate areas is undergoing significant changes, which may affect soil respiration (Rs), the second largest carbon flux in global carbon cycling. However, currently, there are relatively few in situ field studies on the effects of altered snow cover on Rs in temperate areas during the non-growing season compared to the research on Rs during the growing season. Therefore, it limited the accurate prediction of the characteristics and magnitude of changes in soil carbon emissions in temperate areas under global change scenarios. Here, an in situ field experiment was conducted in a typical grassland in Inner Mongolia in China to explore the characteristics of Rs under three different snow cover treatments, i.e., increasing snow (IS), decreasing snow (DS), and ambient snow that was regarded as the control check treatment (CK). The results showed that the range of Rs flux and cumulative emission flux in all treatments in the non-growing season in the study area ranged from 5.87 ± 0.20 to 55.11 ± 6.42 mg CO2 m−2 h−1 and from 22.81 ± 0.68 to 26.36 ± 0.41 g C m−2, respectively. During the observation period, the depth of the largest snow cover for each treatment did not exceed 18 cm, and none of the snow treatments caused significant variations in Rs flux (p &gt; 0.05). However, the cumulative flux of Rs in the whole non-growing season was only stimulated significantly by 15.6% by the IS treatment compared with that of CK. The relatively high Rs flux in the non-growing season was observed to mainly occur in the soil deeply frozen period (DFP) and the soil melting period (SMP). Further analysis revealed that Rs flux under different snow treatments were mainly positively correlated with soil temperature during SMP. The main factors controlling Rs varied with different sampling periods. Our findings suggest that the non-growing season is also an important period of non-negligible carbon emissions from typical grassland soils in temperate zones.

Spatiotemporal Variation and Dynamics of Endogenous Nutrient Fluxes from Sediments in Hangzhou West Lake

Spatiotemporal Variation and Dynamics of Endogenous Nutrient Fluxes from Sediments in Hangzhou West Lake

Quasi-simultaneous Optical Flux and Polarization Variability of the Binary Super Massive Black Hole Blazar OJ 287 from 2015 to 2023: Detection of an Anticorrelation in Flux and Polarization Variability

We study the optical flux and polarization variability of the binary black hole blazar OJ 287 using quasi-simultaneous observations from 2015 to 2023 carried out using telescopes in the USA, Japan, Russia, Crimea, and Bulgaria. This is one of the most extensive quasi-simultaneous optical flux and polarization variability studies of OJ 287. OJ 287 showed large amplitude, ∼3.0 mag flux variability, large changes of ∼37% in degree of polarization, and a large swing of ∼215° in the angle of the electric vector of polarization. During the period of observation, several flares in flux were detected. Those flares are correlated with a rapid increase in the degree of polarization and swings in electric vector of polarization angle. A peculiar behavior of anticorrelation between flux and polarization degree, accompanied by a nearly constant polarization angle, was detected from JD 2,458,156 to JD 2,458,292. We briefly discuss some explanations for the flux and polarization variations observed in OJ 287.

Heat transfer in a fluidized bed tubular solar receiver. On-sun experimental investigation

Using particles as heat transfer fluid in a solar receiver is an attractive way to increase the global efficiency of solar power plants. In the case of the particle-in-tube solar receiver concept, the fluidized particles circulate vertically in tubes thanks to a controlled pressure gradient and an additional air injection. Experiments are conducted with olivine particles in a one-tube mock-up at the 1 MW CNRS solar furnace (France). The tube of high aspect ratio (more than 3 m height over 48 mm internal diameter) is irradiated along a 1-m height with several solar flux configurations that correspond to realistic operation conditions of a solar thermal power plant. The novelties of this paper lie in extending the operating parameters compared to earlier studies and in linking the fluidization regimes to wall heat transfer. Slugging, turbulent fluidization and fast fluidization regimes are detected within the receiver tube. It is shown that the system can tolerate high solar flux densities, up to 800 kW/m2. The system proves to be highly controllable and flexible with respect to particle mass flux variation and transient operations. Particle temperature increase ranges from 100 to 650 °C depending on the particle mass flux. Maximum thermal efficiency and particle outlet temperature of respectively ∼ 60 % and 680 °C are obtained, proving that this technology can be combined with highly efficient thermodynamic cycles. Global wall-to-particle heat transfer coefficient varies strongly with particle mass flux. It reaches a quasi-plateau above 15 kg/(m2s) with a mean value of 1000 ± 200 W/(m2K) and peaks data up to 1500 W/(m2K). A dimensionless heat transfer index is derived to account for the effects of the particle mass flux on the experimental results. It highlights that both increasing the temperature and working in the turbulent fluidization regime result in the increase of the heat transfer between the tube walls and the particles.

Low bandgap GaAsNBi solar cells

The development of low bandgap GaAsNBi solar cells grown using MBE is reported. The devices include a pin heterostructure with GaAsNBi as the i-layer. The substrate rotation is stopped during epitaxy of the GaAsNBi layer (stationary growth), resulting in a continuous variation in the source fluxes over the wafer, enabling the investigation of a wide range of growth conditions in a single growth run. In particular, we investigate the photovoltaic properties as a function of the As/Ga flux ratio around the critical stoichiometric value. For slightly below stoichiometric As/Ga, the lattice mismatch and bandgap energy are minimized to 8 × 10-4 and 0.86 eV, respectively, while the crystal quality remains good. Increasing As/Ga over the stoichiometric ratio leads to a rapid increase in the tensile mismatch and bandgap energy, likely due to reduction in Bi incorporation. Despite a slightly higher open-circuit voltage offset at high As/Ga, this also leads to an clear increase in the external quantum efficiency and short-circuit current, suggesting significant differences in the carrier collection efficiencies. The results demonstrate the importance of the As/Ga flux ratio in controlling the solar cell performance, and the viability of GaAsNBi as a candidate for a low bandgap subjunction in multijunction solar cells.

GOES GLM, biased bolides, and debiased distributions

The large combined field of view of the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) instruments onboard the GOES weather satellites makes them useful for studying the population of other atmospheric phenomena, such as bolides. Being a lightning mapper, GLM has many detection biases when applied to non-lightning and these systematics must be studied and properly accounted for before precise measurements of bolide flux can be ascertained. We developed a Bayesian Poisson regression model which simultaneously estimates instrumental biases and our statistic of principal interest: the latitudinal variation of bolide flux. We find that the estimated bias due to the angle of incident light upon the instrument corresponds roughly with the known sensitivity of the GLM instruments. We compare our latitudinal flux variation estimates to existing theoretical models and find our estimates consistent with GLM being strongly biased towards high-velocity bolides.

Carbon Dioxide Fluxes and Influencing Factors in the Momoge Salt Marsh Ecosystem, Jilin Province, China

This study observed the characteristics and influencing factors of the carbon fluxes of the Momoge salt marsh ecosystem over four years, which behaves as a CO2 sink. The daily, seasonal, and interannual variations in CO2 fluxes in the Momoge salt marshes were observed using the eddy covariance method and were compared with various environmental factors. An overall daily “U”-shaped distribution was observed, with uptake during the day (negative values) and release at night (positive values). Annually, the carbon fluxes in the study area roughly exhibited a “V” shape. The carbon fluxes during the non-growing season predominantly showed positive values, indicating the release of CO2 into the atmosphere. Photosynthetically active radiation was the primary influencing factor affecting the hourly and daytime variations in net ecosystem exchange (NEE) during the growing season, while temperature was the main factor influencing nighttime NEE dynamics. The air temperature, soil temperature, photosynthetically active radiation, precipitation, and water level all had significant impacts on the daily net CO2 exchange. At the monthly scale, larger values of soil temperature, air temperature, photosynthetically active radiation, and aboveground biomass corresponded to a stronger carbon absorption capacity of the ecosystem. Overall, temperature remains the primary factor for carbon fluxes in the Momoge wetlands.

Temporal variations of carbon and water fluxes in a subtropical mangrove forest: Insights from a decade-long eddy covariance measurement

Mangroves, highly efficient ecosystems in sequestering CO2, are strongly impacted by climate change. The lack of long-term observation in mangroves hinders the evaluation of seasonal and inter-annual variability in carbon and water fluxes and their responses to various environmental drivers. In this study, we measured net ecosystem CO2 exchange and evapotranspiration between the atmosphere and subtropical mangroves using the eddy covariance technique over a decade (2010–2019) in southern China. This mangrove forest acted as a strong CO2 sink, with annual net ecosystem production (NEP) ranging from 622.5 to 832.8 g C m−2 year−1. The annual evapotranspiration (ET) varied between 934.6 and 1004.9 mm year−1. During the study period, ET consistently remained higher in the wet season (May to October) compared to the dry season, while NEP did not exhibit consistent seasonal variation. Path analysis indicated that during the dry season, NEP was primarily influenced by global solar radiation and vapor pressure deficit. However, in the wet season, NEP was regulated by a combination of global solar radiation, vapor pressure deficit, air temperature, and tidal inundation time. Additionally, the promoting effect of global solar radiation on NEP decreased in the wet season, while the inhibitory influences of higher temperature and vapor pressure deficit on NEP intensified during the period. Unlike NEP, the dominant factors affecting ET (global solar radiation, air temperature, and vapor pressure deficit) and their intensities remained relatively consistent during both seasons. Furthermore, the relative importance of global solar radiation on NEP and ET increased over the decade, while the influence of tidal inundation time diminished. This study not only improves the understanding of the response of subtropical mangroves to climate change but also provides a valuable benchmark dataset to validate the interannual variability of mangrove carbon and water fluxes estimated from the models.