Variation In Wages Research Articles

Pengaruh Upah dan Insentif Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan pada Kantor PT. PP London Sumatera Indonesia TBK

The background underlying this research is the performance of employees at the PT Office. PP London Sumatra Indonesia Tbk which must always be maintained in order to always be in the best position, that variable wages and incentives are accompanying factors in improving employee performance. The theory used in this writing is human resource management theory with a greater focus on wage and incentive factors and employee performance which are the variables in this research. The method used in this research is a survey approach, the type of research is quantitative descriptive and the nature of the research is explanatory. Data collection methods are questionnaires, interviews and documentation studies. The population is all employees at the PT Office. PP London Sumatra Indonesia Tbk had 586 employees in 2013 and the sample size of the entire population was determined to be 85 employees. The research results show that simultaneously there is a very significant influence between wages and incentives on employee performance at the PT Office. PP London Sumatra Indonesia Tbk and partially shows that there is a significant influence between wages and incentives on employee performance at the PT Office. PP London Sumatra Indonesia Tbk and partially the most dominant influence on employee performance is wages. The conclusion of the research results, simultaneously and partially, wages and incentives have a significant effect on employee performance at the PT Office. PP London Sumatra Indonesia Tbk. To further improve employee performance, the leadership of the PT. PP London Sumatra Indonesia Tbk needs to further increase wages and incentives for its employees to improve employee performance.

Analysis of The Effects of Training, Motivation, Work Environment, Leadership And Compensation on Employee Performance In Generation Z In Batam City

Amid the company's rapid growth, various new issues continue to emerge. Therefore, the performance and potential of employees must be maximized by the business. A company's success is a direct result of the people who work there. The research aimed to determine how Generation Z employees in Batam performed in leadership, training, motivation, work environment and weaknesses. This research uses various methods to test hypotheses regarding variables that may influence the performance of Generation Z employees in Batam City. Quantitative research methods were used on 385 respondents as research samples. The collected data was checked for outliers, evaluated for data validity and reliability, checked for traditional premises (normality, multicollinearity, and heteroscedasticity), and fit for hypotheses. In Batam City, Generation Z, leadership and wage variables significantly boost employee performance, while training, motivation and work environment factors do not match the results of the hypothesis analysis

Pengaruh Modal Usaha, Upah Tenaga Kerja, Dan Lama Usaha Terhadap Pendapatan Umkm Di Kecamatan Majalaya Kabupaten Karawang

This study is intended to determine the effect of business capital (X1), labor wages (X2) and length of business (X3) on MSME income (Y) in Majalaya District, Karawang Regency. This study used a quantitative descriptive verification method and data were obtained by distributing questionnaires which were distributed to 92 respondents from MSMEs in Majalaya District, Karawang Regency. Data analysis was carried out using path analysis and the help of the SPSS application version 24. The results showed that the venture capital variable obtained an average score of 4,36, which was categorized as good, the labor wage variable obtained an average score of 4,03, which was categorized as good, the old variable effort obtains an average score of 4,44, which is categorized as very good while the income variable obtains an average score of 4,23, which is categorized as good. The results of the descriptive test show that the variables of business capital and labor wages do not significantly influence MSME income, the magnitude of the influence of these two variables is 1.06% and 0.23%. While the length of business variable affects MSME income, the magnitude of the influence of the length of business variable on MSME income is 52.76%. However, when testing the hypothesis shows that there is a simultaneous effect of business capital, labor wages and length of business on MSME income. The magnitude of the influence of business capital, labor wages and length of business on MSME income is 54.05%. The influence of other variables outside the model is 45.95%.
 Keywords: Business capital, labor wages, length of business, income

Walras–Bowley Lecture: Market Power and Wage Inequality

We propose a theory of how market power affects wage inequality. We ask how goods and labor market power jointly determine the level of wages, the skill premium, and wage inequality. We then use detailed microdata from the U.S. Census Bureau between 1997 and 2016 to estimate the parameters of labor supply, technology, and the market structure. We find that a less competitive market structure lowers the average wage of high‐skilled workers by 11.3%, and of low‐skilled workers by 12.2%, contributes 8.1% to the rise in the skill premium, and accounts for 54.8% of the increase in between‐establishment wage variance.

Pengaruh Tingkat Pendidikan, Upah, dan Migrasi Terhadap Pengangguran di Kota Makassar

This research aims to find out that the problem of unemployment does not only affect economic life. Apart from that, the problem of unemployment is also closely related to the educational and social fields. In the current era, not only people with low education are unemployed, but more and more people with higher education are also unemployed. So researchers researched to determine the influence of education level, wages, and incoming migration on unemployment in Makassar City. This research uses quantitative research. This research uses quantitative research and the data used is secondary data, where secondary data is data contained in the media such as data from the central statistical agency and from online news and data in the form of complete data recording reports. Data was obtained from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) and the population and civil registration service in the period 2007-2022. The data analysis method used in this research is the multiple linear regression method using the Statistical Program For Social (SPSS) software method. The estimation results show that: The education level variable has an effect on unemployment in Makassar City, the Wage variable has no effect in Makassar City and the Incoming Migration variable has no effect on unemployment in Makassar City

Variations of Self-Employed in Eurozone Countries: The Role of Corruption and Wage Rate Growth

This study emphasizes two variables as significant determinants of the number of individuals who choose self-employment. First, it is assumed that the opportunity cost of self-employment has a negative effect. This cost is measured as the income that would be earned in wage employment. Second, self-employment provides more opportunities for tax evasion and tax avoidance. The higher the corruption rate, the higher the self-employment rate. These two variables—wages and corruption scores—are used as potential determinants of the ratio of self-employed persons to the total labor force. Data from the twenty Eurozone countries are employed to test these hypotheses. Both hypotheses cannot be rejected based on the empirical evidence. Keywords: Eurozone countries, wage growth, self-employment corruption, labor force, unemployment

Pengaruh Upah Minimum, Jumlah Penduduk, dan Inflasi Terhadap Tingkat Pengangguran di Kabupaten Kupang

This research aims to explain the influence of the minimum wage, population and inflation on the unemployment rate in Kupang Regency. This research is quantitative research with time series data for 19 years, namely in the observation period 2004-2022. The data used are minimum wage growth rate data, population growth rate data and inflation rate data sourced from the Kupang Regency Central Statistics Agency. The analytical method used is multiple linear regression analysis which is processed using Eviews-12 software. The results of this research show that partially the minimum wage variable has a positive relationship and hasa significant effect onthe unemployment ratein Kupang Regency. Meanwhile, the population variable and the inflation variable do not have a significant effect on the unemployment rate in Kupang Regency. Simultaneously, the variables minimum wage, population and inflation have a significant effect on the unemployment rate in Kupang Regency.

THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS ON POVERTY IN BALI PROVINCE

The aim of this research is to find out 1) To find out whether unemployment has a partial effect on the level of poverty in Bali Province; 2) To find out whether the minimum wage has a partial effect on the poverty level in Bali Province; 3) To find out whether unemployment and the minimum wage have a simultaneous effect on the poverty level in Bali Province. The socio-economic factors that will be studied are unemployment and minimum wages. The research was conducted in Bali Province. The quantitative data in this research were unemployment, minimum wages and poverty levels for the 2007-2021 period. The data source in this research is secondary data. The data analysis techniques used to solve the problems in this research are: 1) Classic Assumption Test which includes: Normality Test, Multicollinearity Test, Heteroscedasticity Test and Autocorrelation Test, 2) Hypothesis Testing using Multiple Linear Regression Analysis Techniques.Based on the results of the analysis, it is known that with a confidence level of 79.4 percent, all independent variables have a simultaneous or partial effect on the dependent variable. This means that socio-economic factors consisting of unemployment and minimum wages influence the poverty level in Bali Province both simultaneously and partially. If we look at the coefficient of determination, only 79.4 percent of the variation in unemployment and minimum wages can explain the variation in poverty levels in Bali Province. This is because there are many other factors that influence the level of poverty in Bali Province, including other socio-economic factors that are not discussed in this research

Pengaruh PDRB, Tingkat Pendidikan dan Upah Minimum Terhadap Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja di Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan Tahun 2016 – 2020

This study aims to determine the relationship between GRDP, Education Level, and Minimum Wage on Workforce Absorption in South Kalimantan Province in 2016-2020 and choose the most dominant factor influencing employment in regencies/cities in South Kalimantan Province. During the 2016-2020 period. This type of research is descriptive quantitative. The data collection technique that has been obtained uses a panel data regression analysis tool, and the fixed effect application model Eviews 10 is selected. These results show that GRDP, Education Level, and Minimum Wage affected Labor Absorption in South Kalimantan Province in 2016-202. Minimum Wage Variables are The most dominant variable influencing labor absorption in South Kalimantan Province in 2016-2020.

Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Upah Minimum dan Investasi Terhadap Tingkat Pengangguran di Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan

This study aims to determine the effect of economic growth, minimum wage, and investment partially and simultaneously on the unemployment rate in South Kalimantan Province and to determine the most dominant factor influencing the unemployment rate in South Kalimantan Province. This study uses secondary data obtained from BPS and BKPM South Kalimantan Province. The analytical technique used in this research is multiple linear regression analysis. This study's results indicate that the Minimum Wage variable partially significantly influences the unemployment rate in the province of South Kalimantan with a probability of 0.0010 <0.05. Meanwhile, economic growth and investment do not have a significant effect. The variables of economic growth, minimum wage, and investment simultaneously significantly affect the unemployment rate in South Kalimantan Province; the minimum wage has the most dominant influence on the unemployment rate in South Kalimantan Province.

The structural-demographic theory revisited: An empirical test for industrialized societies.

The structural demographic theory for industrialized societies generates three testable predictions. The first prediction is that labor oversupply leads to declining (relative) wages. The second prediction is that labor oversupply leads to elite overproduction: as relative wages fall, elite incomes display a hump-shaped pattern while elite numbers increase. The third prediction is that elite overproduction leads to political instability. I test these predictions on US data by combining evidence from existing studies with empirical proxies for elite numbers and elite income. The predictions are not supported by the data. First, labor oversupply cannot explain the polarization of wages and the decline in relative wages. The largest share in wage variance is explained by automation. Second, the data shows that as relative wages fall, elite incomes increase, in contrast to the hump-shaped pattern displayed by the model. Third, elite overproduction did not predict political instability in the last decades. Political instability is modelled by the Political Stress Index (PSI). The reviewed evidence shows that the increase in the model based PSI in the last decades is driven by the increase in inequality. The rise in inequality was caused by technological change, globalisation and to a lesser extent by the erosion of labor market institutions. Attributing the rise in inequality and the resulting increase in political instability to labor oversupply rather than to the lost race between education and technology may weaken incentives to design effective policies addressing the inefficiencies in the US education system.

The Right to Work and American Inequality

Labor historians describe Right to Work (RTW) as among the most consequential pushbacks against the early twentieth-century ascent of labor unions. Yet research on the economic consequences of RTW remains mixed, with nearly all research centered empirically and theoretically on the time surrounding RTW passage. In the current study, I use 41 waves of longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics between 1968 and 2019 to empirically and theoretically extend the mechanisms that link RTW and economic outcomes. First, following the vast majority of research on RTW, I show the demobilizing effects for labor following RTW passage: mean wages decline, wage inequality increases, and the union premium is halved in the middle and lower portion of the wage distribution. Second, I move theoretical focus beyond the time surrounding law enactment, arguing for a second-order effect whereby RTW institutionalizes a logic of polarized economic distributions and low labor power. To test this mechanism, I develop a novel strategy of comparison across respondents who are differentially mobile across state boundaries. I find individuals who cross RTW contexts experience a unique decline in mean wages and increase in wage variance, but this distinct trend can be explained by state-level institutional variation across RTW and non-RTW states. Thus, RTW is not only consequential in the periods around its passage, but also in establishing a long-standing, high-inequality regime. Results reveal multiple mechanisms by which RTW contributes to the long-run processes of union decline and broadly shared inequality growth.

Discounting of employment opportunities with urine drug testing requirements in opioid users enrolled in the Therapeutic Workplace.

The evidence-based Therapeutic Workplace (TWP) is a promising employment-based treatment where access to work is contingent on objective evidence of abstinence from drugs. TWP is sometimes criticized for requiring individuals who use drugs to voluntarily enroll in a program requiring urine drug testing. This experiment was conducted to assess whether urine drug testing as a condition of employment decreases the value of employment opportunities and to what degree. Participants were unemployed, DSM-IV opioid-dependent, and enrolled in TWP. Participants completed discounting tasks assessing preference for a hypothetical job paying a constant wage that did not require urine drug testing and a job that paid a variable wage but required drug testing. The primary outcome was 'job value' operationalized as percentage wage difference to accept a job requiring urine drug testing. Percent wage difference to accept a job that required urine testing was analyzed using GEE. Results revealed a significant main effect of recent drug use (χ2(1) = 10.07, p < .01). Most participants were willing to accept a urine drug-testing job across wages similar non-drug testing jobs. Participants reporting recent cocaine or heroin use were less likely to choose urine drug-testing employment.

Foreign Direct Investments—A Perspective of Sustainability: Evidence from the Austrian and German Labor Market

In the context of the sustainability roadmap, this study presents a quantitative perspective by investigating the interconnection between foreign direct investments (FDIs) and wage dynamics to contribute to the reduction of gender inequalities. This paper focuses on Austria and Germany, two European countries with strong commitments to sustainable change, as representative cases for the analysis. The main objective is to quantify the impact of FDIs on salary trends and investigate their relationship, especially concerning gender-related aspects. This research introduces fresh insights into the existing literature by shedding light on the role of FDIs in shaping wage dynamics, particularly related to gender equality. The quantitative analysis highlights the model’s robustness, revealing that approximately 86% of wage variation is explained by the independent variable, FDIs. This statistical result suggest a linear relationship between FDIs and wages in these two countries, reaffirming the potential impact of foreign investments on wage dynamics as a base for enhancing sustainable socioeconomic progress.

Floating Population: Migration With(Out) Family and the Spatial Distribution of Economic Activity

This paper argues that migrants’ decision to bring their dependent family members shapes their consumption behavior, their choice of destination, and their sensitivity to migration barriers. We document that in China: (i) rural migrants disproportionately move to expensive cities; (ii) in these cities they live without their family and in poorer housing conditions; and (iii) they remit more, especially when living without their family. We then develop a quantitative general equilibrium spatial model in which migrant households choose whether, how (with or without their family), and where to migrate. We estimate the model using plausibly exogenous variation in wages, housing prices, and exposure to family migration costs. We use the model to estimate migration costs and relate them to migration policy. We find that hukou policies protect workers in large, expensive, and high income cities at the expense of rural households, who use remittances to overcome some of these costs.

Demand and supply effects on native-immigrant wage differentials: the case of Malaysia

This paper uses a matched employee-employer dataset using the Productivity and Investment Climate Survey 2007 to assess the relative effect of demand and supply-side characteristics on the wages of native and immigrant workers in Malaysia. In doing so, the study demonstrates noteworthy differences in the wage determination process. Individual supply-side characteristics are found to be a key determinant of wages for native workers, and are relatively more important in explaining the wage variation than demand-side effects. In contrast, individual supply-side characteristics are found to explain noticeably less of the wage variation for immigrant workers. Therefore, this study reveals that native and immigrant wages do not solely reflect the workers’ productivity, although this effect is far more pronounced for the migrant workers.

Faktor-faktor yang Memotivasi Pemilihan Karir Mahasiswa

This research aims to identify factors that motivate career choices for accounting students. This motivation is measured by wage variables, professional training, professional recognition, social values, work environment, labour market considerations and personality. Data collection is carried out through the dissemination of questionnaires to students of the University of Palangka Raya accounting. A sample of 30 respondents. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 23. The results of the analysis show that the factors that motivate accounting students in choosing careers are the variables of professional recognition, social values and personality.

Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Produktivitas Tenaga Kerja Penyadap Karet PT Melania Indonesia Mas Estate (Studi Kasus di PT Melania Indonesia Mas Estate Desa Mainan, Kecamatan Sembawa, Kabupaten Banyuasin, Provinsi Sumatera Selatan

Factors Affecting Labor Productivity of Rubber Tapping PT. Melania Indonesia Mas Estate (Case Study at PT Melania Indonesia Mas Estate Toy Village, Sembawa District, Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra)&#x0D; This study aims to determine the productivity of the tapping labor force and the factors that influence the productivity of the rubber tapping workforce of PT Melania Indonesia. This analysis uses independent variables, namely wages, work experience and incentives. The dependent variable is the productivity of tapping labor. The sample of this research is the rubber tapper workers of PT Melania Indonesia as many as 78 respondents. Statistical method using Multiple Linear Regression Analysis using SPSS 24 program, with hypothesis testing statistical test t. The results of the analysis of data from the t test showed that the wage variable (X1) had a positive and significant effect on productivity with a Sig value of 0.009 &lt;0.05, the work experience variable (X2) and incentives (X3) also had a positive and significant effect on productivity with a Sig value. 0.000 &lt; 0.05 and 0.000 &lt; 0.05. The magnitude of the coefficient of determination R2 is 0.950. This means that the tapping labor productivity variable is influenced by the variables of wages, work experience and incentives by 95%. The conclusion of this study is that the variables of wages, work experience and incentives are factors that affect the productivity of rubber tappers in PT Melania Indonesia's plantation. In this case, plantation companies are expected to pay attention to stability in the provision of wages, work experience and incentives, this is because these variables are the driving factors that affect the workforce in achieving company goals.

College majors and skills: Evidence from the universe of online job ads

We use the near universe of U.S. online job ads to document four new facts about the skills employers demand from college majors. First, some skills—social and organizational—are demanded from all majors whereas others—financial and customer service—are demanded from only particular majors. Second, some majors have skill demand profiles that mirror overall demand for college graduates, such as Business and General Engineering, while other majors, such as Nursing and Education, have relatively rare skill profiles. Third, cross-major differences in skill profiles explain considerable wage variation. Fourth, although major-specific skill demand varies across place, this variation plays little role in explaining wage variation. College majors can thus be reasonably conceptualized as portable bundles of skills.

Pengaruh Upah Minimum, Tingkat Pendidikan, Inflasi Dan Covid-19 Terhadap Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja Kabupaten/Kota Provinsi Bali

Absorption of labor is one of the important factors in overcoming the problem of unemployment and to support economic development that is being carried out by developing countries in order to create equitable economic development. The research locations are in the districts/cities of Bali Province with secondary data obtained from the publications of the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS). The number of observations in this study were 108 observations with a period of 12 years and involved 9 regencies/cities of Bali Province using the observation method, as well as using descriptive analysis techniques and panel data regression analysis. The results of the panel data regression test show that the most appropriate chosen model is the random effect model (REM). The results of the study found that the minimum wage, level of education, inflation and Covid-19 have a simultaneous effect on employment in districts/cities of Bali Province. Partially the minimum wage variable has a positive and significant effect on employment absorption in districts/cities of Bali Province. The level of education and inflation have no positive and insignificant effect, and Covid-19 has a significant effect on employment in districts/cities of Bali Province.