Variation Of Oscillation Frequency Research Articles

Experimental investigation of the oscillation threshold to limit state operation of a single branch pulsating heat pipe

The study investigates the characteristics of oscillations and associated thermo-hydrodynamic phenomena for startup, limit state, and intermediate transitional behavior of a pulsating heat pipe (PHP) with the help of its single branch. Experiments are performed on a transparent single branch PHP (SBPHP) at different orientations, evaporator and condenser section temperatures using n-pentane as the working fluid. The entire two-phase flow behavior is recorded with the help of shadowgraph based high speed imaging synchronized in real-time domain with pressure data acquisition at evaporator end. Instability threshold is determined in terms of evaporator temperature at different tube orientations and condenser temperatures. The oscillation startup mechanism along with the associated intermittency is studied in detail. The SBPHP is found to have characteristic variations in oscillation amplitude and frequency as it undergoes a gradual transition from its oscillation threshold to limit state. The mechanism by which the limit state creeps-in and intumesces further is an intrinsic function of liquid-vapor distribution in SBPHP, which in turn depends on the applied boundary conditions. The operational limit is governed by evaporator dryout exceeding permissible limits marked by the steep rise in the dry length of evaporator. As SBPHP approaches or operates at its limit state, evaporator is found to have different regimes across its length, viz., mild convective evaporation combined with subcooled nucleate boiling, saturated nucleate boiling, forced convective boiling, film breakdown and permanent dryout. The liquid film distribution, pressure fluctuations, and heat transfer components in evaporator at the limit state have also been studied.

Study on Rotor-Bearing System Vibration of Downhole Turbine Generator under Drill-String Excitation

Downhole turbine generators (DHTG) installed within drill-string are susceptible to internal and external excitation during the drilling process, causing significant dynamic loads on bearings, and thereby reducing the bearing’s service life. In this study, a finite element model of an unbalanced rotor-bearing system (RBS) of DHTG with multi-frequency excitations, based on the Lagrangian motion differential equation, is established. The responses of the RBS under different drill-string excitations in terms of time-domain response, whirl orbit, and spectrum are analyzed. For a constant rotor speed, lateral harmonic translational and lateral oscillation both transform the whirl orbit to quasi-periodic, while axial rotation only changes the response amplitude. Changing the duration of pulse excitation leads to different response forms. Then, the dynamic characteristics of the RBS supported by a squeeze film damper (SFD) are investigated. The results indicate that SFD effectively reduces the displacement response amplitude and bearing force near the critical speed. As the axial rotation angular velocity of the drill-string increases, the first critical speed and displacement response decrease, while the variation of lateral oscillation frequency and amplitude has limited impact on them. The established model provides a means for analyzing the dynamic characteristics of DHTG’s RBS under drill-string excitations during the design stage.

Design and Analysis of a Novel Bionic Tensegrity Robotic Fish with a Continuum Body.

Biological fish exhibit remarkable adaptability and exceptional swimming performance through their powerful and flexible bodies. Therefore, designing a continuum flexible body is significantly important for the development of a robotic fish. However, it is still challenging to replicate these functions of a biological body due to the limitations of actuation and material. In this paper, based on a tensegrity structure, we propose a bionic design scheme for a continuum robotic fish body with a property of stiffness variation. Its detailed structures and actuation principles are also presented. A mathematical model was established to analyze the bending characteristics of the tensegrity structure, which demonstrates the feasibility of mimicking the fish-like oscillation propulsion. Additionally, the stiffness variation mechanism is also exhibited experimentally to validate the effectiveness of the designed tensegrity fish body. Finally, a novel bionic robotic fish design scheme is proposed, integrating an electronic module-equipped fish head, a tensegrity body, and a flexible tail with a caudal fin. Subsequently, a prototype was developed. Extensive experiments were conducted to explore how control parameters and stiffness variation influence swimming velocity and turning performance. The obtained results reveal that the oscillation amplitude, frequency, and stiffness variation of the tensegrity robotic fish play crucial roles in swimming motions. With the stiffness variation, the developed tensegrity robotic fish achieves a maximum swimming velocity of 295 mm/s (0.84 body length per second, BL/s). Moreover, the bionic tensegrity robotic fish also performs a steering motion with a minimum turning radius of 230 mm (0.68 BL) and an angular velocity of 46.6°/s. The conducted studies will shed light on the novel design of a continuum robotic fish equipped with stiffness variation mechanisms.

500 MHz high resolution proximity sensors with fully integrated digital counter

We report on the design and characterization of two inductive proximity sensors based on LC oscillators operating at 500 MHz. The distance from the target is obtained by measuring the oscillation frequency variation. Both sensors contain an off-chip LC resonator consisting of a two turns 4 mm diameter planar coil and a ceramic capacitor. The LC resonator is connected to integrated CMOS electronics. The first sensor output stage consists of a buffer whereas the second sensor output stage includes a co-integrated 21 bits digital frequency counter. The first sensor has frequency noise floor of 0.085 Hz/Hz above 3 kHz. At a distance of 200 μm from the coil, the resolution is 0.2 pm/Hz and the integrated resolution from 1 mHz to 1 kHz is 22 pmrms. The second sensor reaches a noise floor of 2 Hz/Hz corresponding to a resolution of 5 pm/Hz and an integrated resolution of 900 pmrms.

Simulation of a ring oscillator operation during γ-ray irradiation using the TID response model of MOSFETs and its experimental verification

The response of N-type MOSFET characteristics to TID (Total Ionizing Dose) effects caused by γ-ray irradiation was modeled as a sum of two exponential functions which expresses the charge accumulation of the oxide traps and the interface traps respectively. This model was applied to the circuit simulation of a ring oscillator operation. It was shown that the simulation result reproduces the variation in the measured oscillation frequency experimentally. The simulation also showed that there is an optimum size ratio between N-type MOSFET and P-type MOSFET which can minimize the variation in oscillation frequency due to TID effects. These obtained results verified that the proposed method can be applied to the prediction of response in a dynamic operation circuit to TID effects.

The roles of rigid splitter plates in flow-induced vibration of a circular cylinder

While it is known that rigid splitter plates play significant roles in flow control, the exact roles of them in flow-induced vibration (FIV) have not been systematically investigated. This has motivated the present work to experimentally investigate the FIV of a cylinder equipped with an upstream rigid splitter plate (USP), a downstream plate (DSP), and symmetrically arranged splitter plates in a water tunnel with Reynolds number of 1100–7700. The length of the plate is in a range of L* = 0–3.6 (L*=L/D, L is the plate length, D is the cylinder diameter). The response characteristics, vortex evolution, fluid force, and pressure fields are thoroughly analyzed. Both USP and DSP can succeed in oscillation mitigation and drag reduction. However, dramatic galloping is observed for DSP with L* = 0.4–3.2. The low-pressure region forms near the downstream plate is beneficial to trigger galloping. For USP, only vortex-induced vibration is found, and the transition of response branches corresponds to the variation in oscillation frequency and phase jumps in total transverse force and vortex force. However, the vortex mode transition from 2S to 2P disappears with long plate length. Flow visualization reveals that the upstream vortex induced by USP alters the downstream vortex shedding. Furthermore, a high-pressure region forms near the tip of USP, yielding an obstructive force that suppresses the growth of oscillation. With the combination of USP and DSP, weak galloping is excited in a narrow range of L* = 1.0–1.8, and the linear increase is also broken due to the existence of USP.

Properties of the ionisation glitch

Aims. In the present paper, we aim to constrain the properties of the ionisation region of a star from the oscillation frequency variation (a so-called glitch) caused by rapid structural variations in this very region. In particular, we seek tof avoid the use of calibration based on stellar models, thus providing a truly independent estimate of these properties. These include both the helium abundance and other physical quantities that can have a significant impact on the oscillation frequencies, such as the electronic degeneracy parameter or the extent of the ionisation region. Methods. Building on previous findings, we applied structural perturbations of the ionisation zone to the wave equation for radial oscillations in an isentropic region. The resulting glitch model is thus able to exploit the information contained in the fast frequency oscillation caused by the helium ionisation but also that in the slow trend accompanying the ionisation of hydrogen. This information can be directly expressed in terms of parameters related to the helium abundance, electronic degeneracy, and the extent of the ionisation region, respectively. Results. Using Bayesian inference, we show that substantial recovery of the properties at the origin of the glitch is possible. We find a degeneracy between the helium abundance and the electronic degeneracy, which particularly affects the helium estimate. Extending the method to cases where the glitch is subject to contamination (e.g., surface effects), we note the importance of the slow glitch trend associated with hydrogen ionisation. We propose the use of a Gaussian process to disentangle the frequency glitch from surface effects.

Study of mode transition in three-dimensional laser beam oscillating welding of aluminum alloy

Although 2-d (two-dimensional) beam oscillation can reduce the porosity defects during laser welding of aluminum alloys, it distributes the heat input, resulting in a higher power required to form a capillary. Therefore, this research draws attention to an alternative approach, which is considered to be beneficial to laser absorption in oscillation laser beam welding, 3-d (three-dimensional) oscillation of the laser beam. (3-d oscillation means that the laser spot moves on the two-dimensional plane and the defocus change simultaneously, causing the heat input to change) An experiment was designed where the variation of oscillation frequency leads to significant changes in capillary behavior. The result shows that the increase of vertical oscillation can promote the formation of a capillary. When the oscillation frequency reaches some special values, the capillary appears and disappears periodically, such as the vertical oscillating frequency is 5 Hz, rotation oscillating frequency is 200 Hz. Meanwhile, welding pores are generally distributed at the position where the capillary begins to disappear. The reason for promoting capillary formation during 3-d laser beam oscillation, and the change of normalized temperature, which is meaningful for understanding the welding mode transition, is illustrated by a simplified model. Compared with traditional linear welding, the experimental results show that it is possible to obtain lower porosity seam during 3-d laser beam oscillation welding in low feed rate, and the mechanism of stabilizing the molten pool is discussed qualitatively.

Numerical study of natural oscillations of supported drops with free and pinned contact lines

The oscillation of droplets supported by solid surfaces is important for a wide variety of applications such as dropwise condensation. In the present study, the axisymmetric natural oscillations of a liquid drop supported by a flat surface are investigated by direct numerical simulation. The liquid–gas interface is captured using a geometric volume-of-fluid method. A parametric study is carried out by varying the equilibrium contact angle and the gravitational Bond number (Bo). Both positive and negative gravities are considered, and thus the results cover both pendant and sessile drops. To incorporate the effect of contact line mobility, the two asymptotic limits, namely, the pinned contact line (PCL) and free contact line (FCL) conditions, are considered and their effects on the drop oscillation features are characterized. The predicted oscillation frequencies for PCL and FCL serve as the upper and lower bounds for general situations. The drop oscillation is initiated by increasing the gravity magnitude for a short time. The first mode due to the drop centroid translation dominates the excited oscillation. The oscillation frequency scales with the capillary frequency, and the normalized frequency monotonically decreases with the equilibrium contact angle. For zero gravity, the computed frequencies for all contact angles agree remarkably well with the inviscid theory for both the PCL and FCL conditions. The kinetic energy correction factor is introduced to account for the additional contribution of the oscillation-induced internal flow to the overall kinetic energy of the drop. Both the frequency and the kinetic energy correction factor increase with Bo, decrease with the contact angle, and increase when the contact line condition changed from FCL to PCL. The variation of oscillation frequency due to the change of Bo is particularly significant when the contact angle is large, suggesting that the gravity effect must be incorporated to accurately predict the oscillation frequency for drops supported by hydrophobic or superhydrophobic surfaces.

Pinning and rotation of a skyrmion in Co nanodisk with nanoengineered point and ring defects.

Magnetic skyrmions have been proposed as promising information carriers in the application of spintronics, while the material imperfections are inevitable, thus an understanding of pinning effects on skyrmions in confined geometry is crucial for both fundamental research and development of spintronic devices. Here, we present the interactions of a skyrmion with a point and an extended ring defect, in a Co nanodisk which can be applied in skyrmion oscillator, based on micromagnetic simulations. By comparing with the skyrmion preferred position which is in the nanodisk center without defects, we identify the pinning strength and skyrmion preferred positions with a point defect as a function of skyrmion-defect distance and different local parameters of defect region being considered. The pinning centers range from skyrmion center, domain wall and off-center regions. We find a confinement effect on the skyrmion size with a ring defect. Moreover, we also show the rotation of the skyrmion in the presence of a ring defect, that can lead to a variation of oscillation frequency in a large range. These findings provide a complete understanding of the interaction between skyrmion and defects in a nanodisk and may provide a guidance for the design of skyrmion oscillators.

Nonintrusive estimation of subsurface geometrical attributes of the melt pool through the sensing of surface oscillations in laser powder bed fusion

Molten pool geometry, whose surface parameters may be extrapolated through direct process observations, has been identified as a fundamental indicator of stability in laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). However, a parameter that cannot be directly measured on industrial systems by means of conventional sensing equipment is the molten pool depth. Indeed, methods based on x-ray imaging demonstrated in the literature have helped to better understand the process. However, retrofitting such solutions to industrial systems does not appear as a viable route currently. Within the present investigation, a nonintrusive sensing method for the indirect measurement of subsurface molten pool geometry based on the detection of surface oscillations is presented. The analysis of frames acquired using a high-speed camera and a secondary illumination light allows the identification of the crests of capillary waves through bright reflections on the surface of the molten pool. The characteristic oscillation frequency of the surface ripples may be correlated with the penetration depth or to other subsurface geometrical parameters. Proof of concept testing of the sensing principle was conducted on two different materials, namely, AISI316L and IN718, by means of single track LPBF depositions. Experiments were conducted at different levels of laser emission power to induce variations in molten pool characteristics. The process was observed by employing an off-axis illumination light and a high-speed camera, which allowed acquisitions with high spatial and temporal resolution. The acquired frames were postprocessed to extract the oscillation indicator, and analysis of the power spectral density of the signal allowed for the identification of the oscillation frequency. Results show that oscillation frequencies range from 3 to 5.5 kHz. Molten pool penetration depth and cross-sectional area could be correlated with the oscillation frequencies for the inline detection of these parameters during LPBF depositions. For both materials, higher oscillation frequencies corresponded to a shallower molten pool and a smaller mass of molten material. Moreover, different characteristic curves of oscillation frequency variations as a function of the melt pool cross-sectional area were determined for IN718 and AISI316L.

Water Adsorption vs Phase Transition of Aerosols Monitored by a Quartz Crystal Microbalance.

A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) with a high sensitivity of 0.1 ng was applied to monitor the oscillation frequency variation (Δf) of standard single species, two-component systems with typical ambient aerosol compositions, and ambient aerosol filter samples as a function of relative humidity (RH) and determine their deliquescence RH (DRH) and phase transition. Δf is associated with the adsorption or desorption process of water molecules for solid samples and physical properties of the sample film during solid-to-aqueous phase transition (deliquescence). During the pre-deliquescence stage, the water adsorption process led to the increased mass with decreasing Δf, especially for the hydrates such as MgCl2 and Ca(NO3)2, which have more than 20% and 40% increased mass, respectively. The water adsorption process might cause a mass deviation of ambient particulate matter measurement using similar instrument principles. During the deliquescence stage, the observed rapid increasing Δf with RH was caused by a significant change in the physical properties (such as density and viscosity) of the sample film. The determined DRH for a given single-component system is consistent with the results estimated from the thermodynamic models. For a complex system, the QCM can determine the DRH1st well as the eutonic point and track the possible variation of the physical properties of inorganic or with organic acid mixture systems. During the post-deliquescence stage, the gradual increasing trend of Δf with RH for Ca(NO3)2 and an external mixture of NaCl-Ca(NO3)2 was mainly contributed by a stronger RH dependent of physical properties for Ca(NO3)2(aq). Overall, this study provides the possible physical properties variation of common aerosol composition as a function of RH, which was consistent with the results calculated from the thermodynamic models. The stronger water adsorption for MgCl2 and Ca(NO3)2 with solid-like viscosity at RH < DRH might lead to different chemical reactivities in the atmospheric chemistry in addition to the radiative forcing of aerosols caused by the hysteresis.

Estimation of frequency and amplitude of ring oscillator built using current sources

Abstract In this paper a method is proposed to derive an equation for the oscillation frequency and amplitude of a ring oscillator built using two different current sources. Taking into consideration the transistor’s region of operation, the proposed method estimates the variation in oscillation frequency because of externally added load capacitance, supply voltage and number of stages. The analytical model so proposed is justified using 0.18 μm and 0.09 μm CMOS technology for a 5 stages ring oscillator. Indeed, the estimated oscillation frequency agrees with the simulated one, while the error was within 5%.

A Low-Power Sensitive Integrated Sensor System for Thermal Flow Monitoring

Thermal-based flow monitoring has found widespread applications due to its noncontact measurement, high sensitivity, low flow resistance, miniaturization, ease of integration, and low-power consumption. In this work, a low-cost and affordable inkjet-printed graphene-based thermal sensor is integrated with a low-power CMOS circuit for flow rate monitoring. The custom inkjet-printed sensor consists of a silver nanoparticle interdigitated pattern with a coating of graphene, all printed on a glossy photo-paper substrate. The sensor read-out circuit is an energy-efficient current-starved ring oscillator. The sensor current controls the bias current of a current-starved ring oscillator and modulates the output frequency. A driver circuit then transforms the output to a square wave pulse signal. The scheme is designed and fabricated using the 0.13- $\mu \text{m}$ standard CMOS process and occupies an area of 1.5 mm $\times1.7$ mm. Test results indicate that the prototype ring oscillator circuit consumes 19– $90~\mu \text{W}$ for an oscillation frequency variation of 517 kHz–6.45 MHz. The output frequency variation with sensor current shows linear performance with ${R}^{2} = 0.9966$ .

A wide tuning range VCO design using multi-pass loop complementary current control with IMOS varactor for low power applications

In this work a wide-bandwidth low-power voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) design is presented using a new differential delay cell with complementary current control mechanism and inversion mode MOSFET (IMOS) varactor. The variations in output oscillation frequency of the VCO has been achieved by changing the capacitance of the delay cell with the usage of IMOS varactor containing two PMOS transistors connected in parallel. The proposed three-stage VCO has been designed with 1.8 V power supply in 180 nm CMOS technology. Capacitance of IMOS varactor has been varied by altering the source/drain voltage Vcontrol and back-gate voltage Vsb of IMOS. The variations in power supply voltage from 1 V to 2.4 V provides output frequency from 1.893 GHz to 7.926 GHz with power dissipation of 0.953 mW to 24.261 mW with IMOS varactor width of 5 µm. The results have been extended for the IMOS width of 10 µm, 15 µm and 20 µm. The tuning range of 122% has been achieved with the power supply tuning method. The variations in source/drain voltage of IMOS from 1 V to 2.4 V provides the output frequency from 6.373 GHz to 5.460 GHz with power dissipation of 9.62 mW. The tuning range of 15.7%, 22.3%, 44% and 40.6% has been obtained for IMOS with widths of 5 μm, 10 μm, 15 μm and 20 μm with the source/drain voltage Vcontrol variations. Further, frequency variation from 5.895 GHz to 6.406 GHz has been obtained with back-gate voltage Vsb tuning of IMOS varactor from 0 V to 2.4 V. The phase noise measured for the VCO is −90.67 dBc/Hz@1 MHz and the figure of merit (FoM) for the VCO is 172.86 dBc/Hz with supply voltage of 1.8 V. Proposed VCO circuit achieved a low power dissipation, wide tuning range, better phase noise and figure of merit (FoM).

A low power VCO design using composite load for delay cell with IMOS varactor for wider tuning range

In this paper, a new low-power voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) design is presented using inductive composite load for the delay cell and inversion mode MOSFET (IMOS) varactor using 180nm CMOS technology. The output oscillation frequency of the VCO has been changed by varying the capacitance of the delay cell with the usage of IMOS varactor comprising two PMOS transistors connected in parallel. Variation in source/drain voltage (Vct) and back-gate voltage (Vsb) of IMOS changes the capacitance of IMOS resulting in variations in output oscillation frequency of VCO. Power supply voltage (Vdd) variations from 1V to 2. 4V gives output oscillation frequency from 0. 972 GHz to 4. 231 GHz and consumes power from 0. 002mW to 0. 919mW with IMOS varactor width of 2µm. The results have been drawn out for the IMOS width of 5µm, 8µm and 12µm. The source/drain voltage (Vct) variation of IMOS from 1V to 2. 4V show the output oscillation frequency from 2. 648 GHz to 3. 253 GHz and achieves power consumption of 0. 279mW. Results have been further extended for IMOS with widths of 2μm, 5μm, 8μm and 12μm and a tuning range of 21% has been obtained for source/drain voltage (Vct) variations. Further, the back-gate voltage (Vsb) tuning of IMOS varactor from 1V to 2. 4V shows frequency variations from 3. 114 GHz to 3. 282 GHz. The VCO shows a phase noise of-107. 77dBc/Hz@1MHz offset from centre frequency and the figure of merit (FoM) for the VCO is -168. 94dBc/Hz with supply voltage of 1. 8V. Proposed VCO tunes the output frequency with IMOS varactor loading without changing the overall power dissipation of circuit. Proposed VCO circuit achieved a low power dissipation, wide tuning range, better phase noise and figure of merit (FoM).

An ultra low-power current-mode clock and data recovery design with input bit-rate adaptability for biomedical applications in CMOS 90 nm

This paper presents a clock and data recovery (CDR) topology that can adjust the power consumption with its input bit-rate. Current-mode structures are utilized to control the power consumption. The system is comprised of a phase detector, a charge pump, a second-order filter, a voltage-to-current converter, a bias controller, and a current controlled oscillator. In order to attain an ultra-low power profile, subthreshold source-coupled logic (STSCL) is used to implement the system blocks. A modified version of low-voltage current-mirror is proposed and utilized to improve the thermal stability of the CDR structure. The proposed current mirror improves the oscillator frequency variation more than 20 times. The CDR is simulated in 90 nm standard CMOS process with VDD = 1 V. It can recover clock frequencies between 1 MHz and 25 MHz. The corresponding power consumption is between 195 nW and 450 nW, and the measured deterministic-jitter is less than 100 ns.

Active Integrated Antenna Based Permittivity Sensing Tag

In this article, a novel negative resistance oscillator based active integrated tag antenna design is proposed for sensing material permittivity at a distance from the reader. A microstrip interdigital sensing arm acts as the terminating element of the oscillator. A broadband microstrip monopole tag antenna, working as the load element, is used to transmit the output signal of the oscillator to the reader. The frequency of oscillation varies with the permittivity of the loaded overlay dielectric substrate sample on the interdigital sensing arm. An oscillation frequency variation of 200 MHz (6.8 GHz to 7 GHz) is experimentally observed for change in relative permittivity from 1 (unloaded) to 10.2. The proposed tag is calibrated, and it can measure relative permittivity of 1 to 12 with better than 3.6% accuracy. The permittivity of the loaded material can be calculated by measuring the output signal frequency of the active tag and utilizing frequency positioning algorithm. The phase noise of the stand-alone oscillator is measured to be better than -105 dBc/Hz and -117 dBc/Hz at 500 KHz and 2 MHz frequency offsets, respectively. The design is optimized theoretically and by simulation, and its proof-of-concept working principle is demonstrated experimentally. The proposed active sensor tag provides good reading range of about 600 cm and consumes very low power (6 mW). It has low profile (40 cm x 87 cm), and it is suitable for low cost batch fabrication.

Quantitative thickness measurement of polarity-inverted piezoelectric thin-film layer by scanning nonlinear dielectric microscopy

A quantitative measurement method for a polarity-inverted layer in ferroelectric or piezoelectric thin film is proposed. It is performed nondestructively by scanning nonlinear dielectric microscopy (SNDM). In SNDM, linear and nonlinear dielectric constants are measured using a probe that converts the variation of capacitance related to these constants into the variation of electrical oscillation frequency. In this paper, we describe a principle for determining the layer thickness and some calculation results of the output signal, which are related to the radius of the probe tip and the thickness of the inverted layer. Moreover, we derive an equation that represents the relationship between the output signal and the oscillation frequency of the probe and explain how to determine the thickness from the measured frequency. Experimental results in Sc-doped AlN piezoelectric thin films that have a polarity-inverted layer with a thickness of 1.5 µm fabricated by radio frequency magnetron sputtering showed a fairly good value of 1.38 µm for the thickness of the polarity-inverted layer.

Magnetic Field Generated by the Loops Used in Traffic Control Systems

In this paper, a detailed study about the value, in any point of space $P(x,y,z)$ , of the magnetic field generated by a rectangular loop that carries a current $I$ has been made. The analysis focuses on the study of rectangular magnetic loops that are used as sensors in traffic control systems. The inductance of magnetic loops is calculated numerically in three different ways, and the optimal way of performing the numerical summation is derived, which takes into account the magnetic field singularity on the conductor itself. The calculations also take into account the distance between the different turns in the loop. Later, the results are compared with the most commonly used empirical methods for inductance calculation. This paper shows the great similarity between empirical and numerically calculated results and concludes with the experimental verification and validation of the obtained theoretical results. Thus, both the system to evaluate the results and the proposed numerical methods for inductance calculation can be used in other loops geometries. This methodology can also be used for the mutual inductance calculation that appears between a buried loop and any kind of vehicle geometry, whose oscillation frequency variation determines the magnetic signature. The mutual inductance calculation can be used to determine the signal level that can be exchanged between the loops on the pavement and those on the vehicle, which in turn can be used as a short-range communication system between vehicles and infrastructures, with applications such as vehicles classification, speed measurements, or communication between vehicles.