Language Variation Research Articles

Interactions between Differential Object Marking and Definiteness in Standard and Heritage Romanian

The observation that not all grammatical realizations in heritage languages can be attributed to transfer from a dominant language has been emphasized in several recent works. This paper provides further arguments in this direction from heritage Romanian. As opposed to standard Romanian, the heritage Romanian data examined here do not exhibit a restriction which blocks overt definiteness on a differentially marked object (DOM), when the latter is unmodified but interpreted as definite. Moreover, in heritage Romanian there appear to be differences between the differential marker and (other) prepositions when it comes to interactions with overt definiteness. It is shown that the preservation of overt definiteness cannot be reduced to transfer; some of the dominant languages at stake, namely Serbian and Russian are determinerless, with nominals being used bare regardless of their syntactic function. The heritage data in turn give support to a theory under which the differential marker must be structurally set aside from (other) prepositions. If the latter spell out a P projection, the differential marker is the spell out of complex internal structure of certain classes of objects, which must project at least a DP. This structural complexity for DOM is transparent in other Romance languages, where definiteness is equally obligatory on the surface, if a definite interpretation is intended. Thus, the DOM-overt definiteness setting in the heritage data follows from predictable paths of language variation.

Analisis Alih Kode dan Campur Kode dalam Media Sosial Twitter Akun @KuntoAjiW

The mastery of more and more languages ​​causes a change in the use of one language with another in the communication process. The use of languages ​​with different ethnic backgrounds will also provide different language variations in the communication process. One of the language variations is in the form of code switching and code mixing. Code switching and code mixing are the changing of a particular language or variety of language into another language. Code switching and code mixing can occur in bilingual or multilingual communities. Language mixing occurs in the context of formal and non-formal speech. Code switching and code mixing can not only occur in direct speech, but can also occur in social media, especially Twitter. This study aims to identify forms and describe the factors that influence the occurrence of code switching and code mixing on the Twitter account @KuntoAjiW. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method. Data was obtained through observation and documentation on social media Twitter. The results of this study are in the form of code switching and code mixing, as well as factors that influence code switching and code mixing on social media Twitter on the @KuntoAjiW account. The forms of code switching and code mixing contained in the @KuntoAjiW account are Indonesian, Javanese and English. Factors that influence the occurrence of code-switching and code-mixing on the @KuntoAjiW account are the habits of speakers, speech partners, the presence of third speakers, and the use of more popular terms and topics of conversation..

EXPLORING GENDERED LANGUAGE USE: MULTILINGUAL FEMALE ADOLESCENTS IN BANDUNG, INDONESIA

This study focuses on the language characteristics of multilingual female teenagers in Bandung, a city with a diverse ethnic population. The research is based on a small sample of 16-18 year old students from a private high school and uses a descriptive-analytic method to analyze recorded conversations as primary data and interviews as secondary data. The study categorizes and analyzes the language variations and characteristics of the teens' speech, using theories from Lakoff (2017) and Holmes (2022). The results suggest that some, but not all, of the language features proposed by Lakoff are present in the teens' speech. Additionally, the study identifies six language functions used, including lexical hedges, tagging questions, empty adjectives, reinforcers, emphasis stress, and rising intonation. Due to the participants' multilingualism, the conversations often involve a mix of Indonesian, local (Sundanese), and English codes.

Variability as a functional marker of second language development in older adult learners

AbstractThis longitudinal study with time-serial data examines for the first time whether different types of intraindividual variation in second language (L2) performance and cognitive functioning are related, and how and when they influence L2 development longitudinally in older adulthood. We analyzed the L2 development of 26 German-speaking adults aged 62–79 who were taught L2 English for 2 × 90 minutes per week over 6 months. At each of the 15 measurements, the participants completed three L2 tasks and eight cognitive measures, and they answered open-ended questions about socioaffective variables such as L2 motivation. Results of generalized additive mixed models and qualitative content analyses showed,inter alia, that L2 variability—rather than inconsistency or dispersion—had a (nonlinear) effect on L2 growth, being especially large during periods of rapid development. The qualitative analyses revealed a blended operation of internal and external states being associated with periods of significant L2 growth.

Language Variation Discovered In The Interaction Between Buyer-Seller At Traditional Market

Language Variation Discovered In The Interaction Between Buyer-Seller At Traditional Market

НАГОЛОС ЯК МАРКЕР ОМОНІМІЧНИХ ВІДНОШЕНЬ ВЕРБАТИВІВ ТРЕТЬОГО СТРУКТУРНОГО КЛАСУ ПІВДЕННО-ЗАХІДНИХ ГОВОРІВ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ МОВИ

У статті проаналізовано співвіднесеність наголосу з процесами набуття окремими лексико-семантичними варіантами багатозначних ономатопів третього структурного класу південно-західних говорів української мови омонімічних відношень. Установлено, що означені процеси, попри закоріненість у праслов’янську мовну спільноту, належать до малопродуктивних лінгвальних явищ. Виявлено, що акцентна диференціація омонімічних відношень аналізованих вербативів супроводжувалася поступовим зміщенням наголосу з кореня на суфікс класу основи ‒ аж до остаточного закріплення за останнім (суфіксом).

Variasi Bahasa Masyarakat di Kecamatan Pakisjaya Kabupaten Karawang Jawa Barat

This research is motivated by the Karawang area which has several languages ​​used because of the many influencing factors. Differences in community groups are reflected in the variety of languages ​​of the community groups. Language in society is an inseparable unit. Therefore, language becomes an intermediary in order to interact with each other. Language variations that are formed from different usage based on the speakers. The differences that speakers use to communicate in everyday life in society. The purpose of this study was to obtain language variations in Pakisjaya sub-district, Karawang district, West Java. In this research method using description method by analyzing qualitative data. The form of the research is descriptive qualitative which in practice is in the form of a case study. The results of this study are the variations of the language obtained and examples of speakers' utterances that are carried out daily by the community. Then describe the meaning of the conversation used by the Pakisjaya sub-district community, West Java district. There are several factors influencing the occurrence of language variations. Language differences in society that become the existence of language variations.

Some Features of the Influence of African Languages on the Development of the Cuban National Version of Spanish

The author discusses the concept of language contacts and their role in the development of national variants of the Spanish language of Latin America. The author pays attention to such aspects as the concept of variability as a key aspect of the functioning of the Spanish language, the classification of language contacts depending on their duration, intensity and degree of influence of languages on each other. The subject of the study is the peculiarities of the interference influence of African languages on the formation of the Cuban national variant of Spanish as a representative of the Caribbean dialect-variant group. Africanisms make up a significant layer of lexical units that distinguish the Cuban national variant, forming several lexico-semantic groups directly related to the national culture. The main conclusions of the study may be confirmation of the role of the influence of African languages on the formation of the Cuban national version of Spanish and the importance of language contacts with African languages in the process of forming the Cuban national version. The author draws attention to the frequency of Afrocubanisms, the multiplicity of considering them as markers of dialect division of the considered national variant of the Spanish language. The novelty of the research lies in the analysis of the nature of the interaction of lexemes within the framework of culturally specific groups, the peculiarities of non-equivalent vocabulary as a component of culturally specific phraseological units and the role of the African component in the formation of the national-cultural linguistic specificity of the Spanish language of Cuba and the self-consciousness of the Cuban people.

A framework to recognize the sign language system for deaf and dumb using mining techniques

<span lang="EN-US">One way of communicating with the deaf is to speak sign language. The chief barrier to little Indian sign language (ISL) research was the language diversity and variations in place. It is essential to learn sign language to communicate with them. Most learning takes place in peer groups. There are very few materials available for teaching signs. Thus, signing is very challenging to learn. Fingerspelling is the first step in sign learning and is used whenever there is no appropriate sign or if the signatory is unfamiliar with it. Sign language learning tools currently available use expensive external sensors. Through this project, we will take this field further by collecting a dataset and extracting functionally helpful information used in several supervised learning methods. Our current work presents four validated fold cross results for multiple approaches. The difference from the previous work is that we used different figures for our validation set than the training set in four-fold cross-validations.</span>

Navigating the pitfalls of language standardisation: The imperfect binary ofauthenticityandanonymityin Creole-speaking Martinique

AbstractStandardisation is often touted as the default means to improve attitudes towards minoritised languages and prevent/reverse their obsolescence. However, standardisation can ‘tamper’ with the indexicalities of minoritised languages, potentially alienating their speakers. Two aspects of standardisation stand out as particularly problematic: the shift from ‘ideologies of authenticity’ to ‘ideologies of anonymity’ (Woolard 2016), and the resulting introduction/intensification of prescriptivism (Eckert 1983). Although much literature focuses on the irreconcilable nature of these ideologies, I show that their discursive manifestations are neither clear-cut nor always incompatible. First, I analyse a TV debate on the standardisation of Martinican Creole (MC), in which the fault-line between authenticity and anonymity is blurred and partially overcome. Next, I draw on a Martinican activist's Instagram profile to show how various discursive strategies and a positive take on language variation can help promote MC as an ‘anonymous’ language without forgoing its ‘authenticity’ or openly stigmatising spontaneous practices. (Minoritised languages, Creoles, Martinique, maintenance, standardisation, ideologies of authenticity, anonymity, prescriptivism, purism,Abstand)*

The way of speaking in the gender: gender variation in language

the way of speaking in the gender: gender variation in language

Features of cultures and their ways of seeing language: language variations

Features of cultures and their ways of seeing language: language variations

Functional Pragmatic Analysis on the Humorous Discourse in Balinese Language as a Media of Socialization of Health Protocols during the Covid-19 Pandemic

This study describes the choice of humor style used to reduce the anxiety experienced by Balinese people during the Covid-19 pandemic and also explains the language variations as well as linguistic phenomena for constructing a humor. The relationship between humor style and linguistic features is expected to explain the specificity of the humor discourse structure of Covid-19 in Balinese language. The data of this qualitative study were obtained through note-taking and sorting out some short films which were displayed on YouTube from April to May 2020. Furthermore, there were 13 discourses used as data source, and some of the humor styles include affiliative, self-enhancing, aggressive and self-defeating. The humor functions as a foundation for information on topics arranged deductively and inductively. The variations in Balinese language used are variety of kepara (general) and kasar (low). Also, the dominating linguistic phenomenon includes code mixing and switching, as well as semantic inaccuracy regarding word similarity. This study can establish public-communication model in a friendly atmosphere to eliminate the impact of socio-psychological gap.

The Language Variations Used among Speakers of Sasak Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara

Sasak language is rich of language varieties, both in dialect (pronunciation) and vocabulary. It is a unique language which shows some influences from Java, Bali and Makasar as the neigbouring Islands. The research is aimed at revealing the language variations made by the “sasak” speaker (an Austronesian language family) when they speak “sasaknese”. The research is qualitatively describe how the speakers of sasak stand the existence of their language by renewing, updating it through language variations to gain belonging sense among teens who were gradually used modern languages. For the sake of finding out accurate and valid data on sasaknese language variations used, some related literatures on relevant issues were deeply read and reviewed to provide the supporting data sources. The research data were collected and analyzed in qualitative ways. The model of data analysis were divided into three stages of data analysis, those stages are data reduction where the researcher selects and simplifies the big data into a more simple and readable one. And then display the data where the researcher fits the selected data into tables, matrixes or charts to support reader data display. The last stage is conclusion drawing and verification where the researcher made some verifications data to draw a final conclusion of the research. After all, the reports the language variations exist in sasak language, a language that is spoken by native community who live in Lombok. This local language is now endangered for the ignorances.

Contrast marking variation in Romance and Germanic languages

Abstract In research on information structure and discourse cohesion, contrast has been defined in different ways, depending on the pragmatic/semantic relation established between the propositions involved in the contrast, on the text types and on other discourse conditions. As a whole, despite – or possibly because of – its vagueness, contrast has proved to be a useful heuristic tool for characterizing discourse cohesion phenomena. This paper focuses on results from our research concerning cohesion phenomena in elicited discourse in Romance (Italian, French) and Germanic (German, Dutch) languages and aims to offer a more precise characterization of contrast against several variation parameters. We take into consideration earlier work on three tasks (Finite Story, Polarity-Switch Dialogues, Map Task) and add a new one (Spot the Difference). The comparison between the results allows us to disentangle the following variables: information units involved in the contrast relation; discourse conditions (monologue vs. dialogue); speakers’ access to information (shared vs. non-shared); effect of contrast on information in the common ground (alternative maintained vs. rejected). The aim is to achieve a more fine-grained definition of contrast relations, which allows us to identify and characterize the divergent behavior of Romance and Germanic languages, and to relate intra- and crosslinguistic differences revealed by speakers’ preferences in speech with structural specificities of the two language groups.

Genres in young learner L2 English writing

In learner corpus research, it is well known that one should control for genre when collecting and analysing written L2 (second language) English data, as genre is one factor that has been shown to account for language variation. This article presents a genre typology for annotating learner texts from the lower secondary level in Norway (ages 13-15, school years 8-10). The data are drawn from TRAWL (Tracking Written Learner Language), a new learner corpus currently under compilation. As the TRAWL corpus will be openly available for research, it is important that the typology is clearly described, which is the primary aim of the present study.
 Little research has been carried out on younger learners, and no detailed genre typology exists for classifying learner texts at the lower secondary level. Therefore, a genre typology developed by Ørevik (2019) for the upper secondary level was tested on data from TRAWL using a functional, social semiotic perspective and a mixed-methods (quantitative and qualitative) approach. The analysis showed that Ørevik’s typology was largely suitable for annotating the selected TRAWL data and only had to be slightly modified.
 By highlighting some of the theoretical and methodological challenges with the genre typology, the analysis may inform discussions about genre in L2 English teaching, which was a secondary aim of the present study. Not only do the results mirror the tensions in the international debate within genre research, they also mirror the everyday challenges of lower secondary school teachers/examiners, who seem to adopt an eclectic approach to genre.

The Dynamics of Multilingualism and Language Variation in A Border Region: A Study of Omuo-Ekiti, Nigeria

This study examines the impact of multilingualism on the indigenous languages/dialects of Omuo people. The data for the study are obtained through the use of the questionnaires and interview. The theoretical framework adopted for the study is Domain of Language Behaviour. The study discovers that Omuo dialect, which is a subset of Ekiti dialect is distinguishable from all other Ekiti dialects most especially at the phonological level. The reason for this is accrued to the fact that Omuo shares boundary with two states- Kogi State and Ondo State as such dialects of the immigrants from these states have influenced Omuo dialect at the phonological and lexical level. This shows that multilingualism can lead to language variation, change and endangerment. Omuo people are therefore encouraged not to allow their language to be eroded or coloured through the influx of people to their community.

Phenomenon of “Literally” Slang Term on Twitter: Semantics View

This study focused on using “literally” slang terms on Twitter which aims to find out what the meaning of language variations. This research uses a qualitative approach, with a descriptive analysis method. The way to collect the data is the statements taken from Twitter as media used by people. this study showed that the use of literally word that happened nowadays had many purposes and meaning conveyed by the person. The finding of the research are the people use literally term to emphasize, surprised and the meaning is real not figurative on what she/he stated on their Twitter account. The conclusion is the use of slang must be in accordance with the context when, where, with whom to speak because not all slang terms are used in all situations. The use of slang can be used among teenagers, among colleagues, in casual or informal situations. Users of slang terms must be smart in placing the words because if they do not know how to place the words, they will be considered as an impolite or arrogant person by others. From the results of the research above, tweet users use the word literally by giving the meaning is not out of the context of speech, the meaning is acceptable and understandable by others

Penerapan Metode RT-BT (Roundtable Berbasis Teks) dalam Pembelajaran Menulis Teks Dialog Berbahasa Jawa Siswa Kelas VIII A2 SMP Islam Sultan Agung 4 Semarang Tahun Ajaran 2021-2022

This study aims to describe the results of the application of the RT-BT (Text Based Roundtable) method in learning to write Javanese dialogue texts for class VIII A2 students of Islamic Junior High School Sultan Agung 4 Semarang in the 2021-2022 Academic Year. This is motivated by the lack of interest of students in learning to write Javanese dialogue in class VIII A2. Some of the difficulties experienced by students, including the selection of aspects of word choice or diction, aspects of spelling understanding that are still lacking, aspects of understanding difficult vocabulary, and the use of variations in language have not been understood by students so that there are still errors in its application. In addition, the teaching method that has not been varied is one of the factors causing the students' lack of enthusiasm in the learning process in the classroom. Thus, the formulation of the problem obtained is how the results of applying the RT-BT (Text Based Roundtable) method in learning to write Javanese dialogue texts are.This research is included in experimental research because the data obtained are used to determine the effect of certain treatments on controlled conditions. The approach used is descriptive quantitative because the data obtained is calculated statistically, then the data is analyzed descriptively by describing the results of the calculation of the data. The data obtained in this study were collected by means of observation (observation) and questionnaires (questionnaire), while the sampling used was purposive sampling.After analyzing the data, the following research results were obtained: 1) In the aspect of knowledge, there were 18 students or 72% who scored above the KKM, while 7 students or 28% had not reached the KKM. From this percentage, the completeness value obtained is 74.72. 2) In the aspect of skills, there are 22 students or 88% have reached the KKM specified, while 3 students or 12% have not reached the KKM so that the average value of the class is 82.88. Thus, the application of the RT-BT (Text Based Roundtable) method in learning to write Javanese dialogue texts for class VIII A2 students can have an influence on the achievement of the specified learning objectives.

Critical computation: mixed-methods approaches to big language data analysis

ABSTRACT In this theoretical piece, we discuss the limitations of using purely computational techniques to study big language data produced by people online. Instead, we advocate for mixed-method approaches that are able to more critically evaluate and consider the individual and social impact of this data. We propose one approach that combines qualitative, traditional quantitative, and computational methods for the study of language and text. Such approaches leverage the speed and expediency of computational tools while also highlighting the value of qualitative methods in critically assessing the outcome of computational results. In addition to this, we highlight two considerations for communication scholars utilizing big data: (1) the need to consider more language variations and (2) the importance of self-reflexivity when conducting big language data research. We conclude with additional recommendations for researchers seeking to adopt this framework in the context of their own research.