Variant In China Research Articles

Ethical Tradition and Modernity: The Problem of Ethical Culture in the Context of Modern China

基于当代中国社会的道德文化语境, 本文重新反省了近代百余年来中国现代化进 程中道德文化传统的蝉脱与嬗变, 以及隐含在这一脱变过程中的中国现代性与中国道 德文化传统之间的复杂关系, 推导并论证了这样一个基本学术判断: 即近世中国企图 脱出传统道德文化的自由与保守之两分, 表明了“传统之后”的中国道德文化陷入了 摆脱传统与持守传统的两难纠结, 而最终的结果看似已然超乎“传统之外”, 实则仍 然在“传统之中”, 只不过社会主义新道德以革命性变革的方式, 在近代百年的“诸 神论战”中脱颖而出, 成为现代中国的主流道德文化。然而. 她并非超脱于“传统之 外”的纯粹异物, 而是且只能是中国道德文化传统和中国现代性的新的延展, 仍然是 漫长、深厚、连贯的中国道德文化传统的“变体链”。 关键词: 道德文化 现代性 传统之后 传统之中 传统之外 This paper reexamines the metamorphosis of China’s moral and cultural traditions in the course of modernization over the last hundred years and the complex relationship between Chinese modernity and the moral and cultural traditions latent in this metamorphosis, in the context of contemporary China. We deduce and demonstrate the following basic conclusion: modern China’s attempt at resolving the dichotomy of liberalism and conservatism of moral cultural traditions shows that the country’s post-tradition ethical culture faces the dilemma of whether to hold on to tradition or abandon it. However, the final result may be that modern China is still “within tradition” rather than “outside tradition.” The only difference is that new socialist morality has risen dramatically to prominence out of intellectual debates in the last century and has become the mainstream moral culture of modern China. However, this does not represent something that is purely alien or “outside tradition,” but rather a new stage in the development of Chinese moral tradition and Chinese modernity; it is still part of the chain of transmitted variants in China’s long, profound and continuous moral cultural tradition.

Genetic Diversity of Parvovirus Isolates from Dogs and Wild Animals in China

We isolated three new parvovirus variants in China. The isolate from a blue fox was related to feline parvovirus, but possessed a mutation of VP2 residue A300P. Isolates from a raccoon dog and a masked civet were antigenically similar to canine parvovirus-2a but had a substitution of VP2 residue G300S.

Emergence of a Novel Shigella flexneri Serotype 4s Strain That Evolved from a Serotype X Variant in China

This paper describes the first isolation of a new Shigella flexneri serotype, designated 4s, in Beijing, China. Genotypic and phenotypic profiling suggests that this isolate is a clone of the S. flexneri serotype X variant reference strain. Of particular concern is the multidrug resistance exhibited by this isolate.

A history estimate and evolutionary analysis of rabies virus variants in China

To investigate the evolutionary dynamics of rabies virus (RABV) in China, we collected and sequenced 55 isolates sampled from 14 Chinese provinces over the last 40 years and performed a coalescent-based analysis of the G gene. This revealed that the RABV currently circulating in China is composed of three main groups. Bayesian coalescent analysis estimated the date of the most recent common ancestor for the current RABV Chinese strains to be 1412 (with a 95 % confidence interval of 1006-1736). The estimated mean substitution rate for the G gene sequences (3.961x10(-4) substitutions per site per year) was in accordance with previous reports for RABV.

Clinical and Virological Characteristics of Hepatitis B Virus Subgenotypes Ba, C1, and C2 in China

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) subgenotypes Ba, C1 (Cs), and C2 (Ce) are the most prevalent HBV variants in China. To investigate the virological characteristics of these subgenotypes and their clinical implications, we enrolled a cohort of 211 patients in the Guangdong Province of China, including 132 with chronic hepatitis B virus infection (CH), 32 with liver cirrhosis (LC), and 47 with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) according to clinical examination, liver function test, and ultrasonograph results. Overall, HBV Ba was found in 51.2% (108/211), HBV C1 in 33.6% (71/211), and HBV C2 in 15.2% (32/211) of the cases. The distribution of HBV genotype C was greater among patients in the LC and HCC groups than among patients in the CH group, while the distribution of HBV genotype B was greater among the CH patients than among the LC and HCC patients. No significant differences in clinical features were found among patients with HBV Ba, C1, and C2. Virologically, HBV C1 had the strongest association with the A1762T G1764A double mutation, while the mutation at position 1896 resulting in A (1896A) was uncommon. In contrast, HBV Ba had the highest frequency of 1896A but the lowest of A1762T G1764A, and HBV C2 had intermediate frequencies of these mutations. Mutations of 1653T and 1753V were specifically associated with HBV C2 and C1, respectively. Multivariate analyses showed that the 1653T, 1753V, and A1762T G1764A mutations and patient age significantly increased the risk of HCC development. In conclusion, HBV Ba, C1, and C2 have different mutation patterns in the enhancer II/core promoter/precore region. Therefore, genotyping and detecting the 1653T and 1753V mutations, in addition to the A1762T G1764A double mutation, might have important clinical implications as predictive risk factors for hepatocarcinogenesis.

Emergence and predominance of an H5N1 influenza variant in China

Emergence and predominance of an H5N1 influenza variant in China

Emergence and predominance of an H5N1 influenza variant in China.

The development of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza viruses in poultry in Eurasia accompanied with the increase in human infection in 2006 suggests that the virus has not been effectively contained and that the pandemic threat persists. Updated virological and epidemiological findings from our market surveillance in southern China demonstrate that H5N1 influenza viruses continued to be panzootic in different types of poultry. Genetic and antigenic analyses revealed the emergence and predominance of a previously uncharacterized H5N1 virus sublineage (Fujian-like) in poultry since late 2005. Viruses from this sublineage gradually replaced those multiple regional distinct sublineages and caused recent human infection in China. These viruses have already transmitted to Hong Kong, Laos, Malaysia, and Thailand, resulting in a new transmission and outbreak wave in Southeast Asia. Serological studies suggest that H5N1 seroconversion in market poultry is low and that vaccination may have facilitated the selection of the Fujian-like sublineage. The predominance of this virus over a large geographical region within a short period directly challenges current disease control measures.

Biochemical and HIV-1 Coreceptor Properties of K26R, a New CCR5 Variant in China's Sichuan Population

Despite multiple exposures to HIV-1, some individuals remain uninfected. This resistance to HIV infection has been associated with homozygosity for a 32-basepair deletion in the CCR5 receptor gene. This variant is frequent in caucasians but extremely rare in Asians and Africans. Identifying variations in the CCR5 gene that affect susceptibility to HIV infection in non-caucasians is therefore of great interest. In this report, we identify 5 CCR5 coding region variants in a Chinese population. The K26R mutation is an undescribed gene variant, whereas 228delK was already found in caucasians and G106R, C178R, and R223Q were previously described in Asian populations and functionally analyzed. As the function of K26R was still unknown, we focused our work on studying its chemokine receptor activity and HIV coreceptor properties compared with wild-type CCR5 and G106R, an already analyzed mutant taken as another control. We observed that K26R displayed alteration in MIP1-beta/CCL4 and RANTES/CCL5 ligand binding and exhibited a slightly decrease for HIV coreceptor properties.

Procurement Protocols for Public-Private Partnered Projects

Infrastructure megaprojects have often failed to meet original stakeholder expectations in both “pure” free markets and totally central-planned economies. Such failures provide the rationale for public-private partnerships (PPPs) that synergize both public and private strengths. Build-operate-transfer (BOT) type schemes are a popular type of PPP. They improve project procurement environments by changing traditionally adversarial scenarios to partnerships that integrate finance, design, construction, and operation. Many countries are still inexperienced in the complexities and implications of PPPs. The growing body of multicountry experiences in this domain needs to be tapped through comparison and benchmarking. Various kinds of BOT-type infrastructure developments in both developed and developing countries are compared in this paper to identify strengths from successful approaches and to draw lessons from less successful or abortive projects. Particular examples include toll roads in the United States, the Private Finance Initiative in the United Kingdom, and BOT and its variants in China. The experiences derived and lessons drawn are expected to improve the procurement protocols of public clients in future partnered infrastructure projects.

Detection and genotyping of GBV-C/HGV variants in China

We detected GBV-C/HGV sequences in the sera from 64 out of a total of 324 subjects in the south of China. In agreement with findings of others, we noted an especially high rate of infection among intravenous drug addicts and patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. The detection was achieved by nested PCR to amplify the 5′ noncoding region (5′NCR) of the viral genome. Sequence analysis of the resulting 234 bp product revealed a total of 26 different sequences of which 25 were found to belong to the genotype G3, which is the most prevalent genotypes among Asian isolates, and one belonged to genotype G1, common among African isolates. The sequence divergence between the genotypes was largely clustered in a short variable region (V2) within the 5′NCR, and we showed that genotyping may be achieved equally well by analysis of this variable region as by the more detail analysis of the entire 5′NCR or of the entire viral genome.

The Early History of Veterinary Literature and its British Development

New-emerging variants of Pseudorabies virus (PRV) compromise the protection provided by current vaccines and cause the death of all ages of vaccinated pigs since 2011. New vaccines based on current circulating PRV strain are needed to control the spread of disease since the variants are antigenically different from classical strains of virus. In this study, a TK/gE/gI triple gene-deleted PRV derived from current circulating field isolate was generated by using bacterial artificial chromosome techniques, and the rescued virus showed similar growth properties in vitro to its parent strain but reduced plaque size. To evaluate it as vaccine candidate, 9 day-old pigs were vaccinated and challenged with a virulent PRV variant. The results showed that vaccination can generate high level of protective gB-specific antibodies after vaccination and provide complete protection to the viral challenge. By contrast, the unvaccinated piglets all died within 6 days after viral challenge. Therefore, the TK/gE/gI triple gene-deleted PRV could be a promising vaccine candidate to control the wide spreading of PR variants in China.