Energy Variance Research Articles

Energy-Efficient Content-Based Routing in Internet of Things

The convergence of the Internet, sensor networks, and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems has ushered to the concept of Internet of Things (IoT) which is capable of connecting daily things, making them smart through sensing, reasoning, and cooperating with other things. Further, RFID technology enables tracking of an object and assigning it a unique ID. IoT has the potential for a wide range of applications relating to healthcare, environment, transportation, cities… Moreover, the middleware is a basic component in the IoT architecture. It handles heterogeneity issues among IoT devices and provides a common framework for communication. More recently, the interest has focusing on developing publish/subscribe middleware systems for the IoT to allow asynchronous communication between the IoT devices. The scope of our paper is to study routing protocols for publish/subscribe schemes that include content and context-based routing. We propose an Energy-Efficient Content-Based Routing (EECBR) protocol for the IoT that minimizes the energy consumption. The proposed algorithm makes use of a virtual topology that is constructed in a centralized manner and then routes the events from the publishers to the intended interested subscribers in a distributed manner. EECBR has been simulated using Omnet++. The simulation results show that EECBR has a significant performance in term of the energy variance compared to the other schemes.

Influence of Temperature on Ductile-Fragile Behavior

The article to be presented will cover the whole process done in a fracture test for impact, taking into account the thermal treatment of the sample to be studied. The main objective of this article is to observe, verify, analyze and understand how the temperature difference of several samples influences the type and appearance of the fracture. The impact test have a great importance in industry, is through this that you can verify that the material is ideal for application in the production of equipment and vehicles that operate in high or low temperatures. The evaluation criteria of this trial are the energy absorbed by the sample, and the percentage of its characteristic lateral extension, and the percentage of fracture, ductile or fragile, and corresponding to a ductile fracture mode, in which the test at higher temperatures, the impact energy is relatively large, and fragile fracture mode, being one that as the temperature decreased, the impact energy will suffer decline. The most important result of the impact test is the measure of the energy absorbed by the test body to deform and break, measured by the variance of the gravitational potential energy of the hammer (machine component of the impact test) before and after impact. Therefore, providing the conclusion that the smaller the energy absorbed by the sample, more fragile it is depending on the temperature applied.

Probing the energy cascade of convective turbulence.

The existence of a buoyancy-dominated scaling range in convective turbulence is a longstanding open question. We investigate this issue by considering the scale-by-scale energy budget in direct numerical simulations of Rayleigh-Bénard convection. We try to minimize the so-called Bolgiano length scale, the length scale at which buoyancy becomes dominant for scaling. Therefore, we deliberately choose modest Rayleigh numbers Ra=2.5×10(6) and 2.5×10(7). The budget reveals that buoyant forcing, turbulent energy transfer, and dissipation are contributing significantly over a wide range of scales. Thereby neither Kolmogorov-like (balance of turbulent transfer and dissipation) nor Bolgiano-Obukhov-like scaling (balance of turbulent transfer and buoyancy) is expected in the structure functions, which indeed reveal inconclusive scaling behavior. Furthermore, we consider the calculation of the Bolgiano length scale. To account for correlations between the dissipation rates of kinetic energy and thermal variance we propose to average the Bolgiano length scale directly. This gives an estimate, which is one order of magnitude larger than the previous estimate, and actually larger than the domain itself. Rather than studying the scaling of structure functions, we propose that the use of scale-by-scale energy budgets resolving anisotropic contributions is appropriate to consider the energy cascade mechanisms in turbulent convection.

Large-eddy simulation in a mixing tee junction: High-order turbulent statistics analysis

This study analyses the mixing and thermal fluctuations induced in a mixing tee junction with circular cross-sections when cold water flowing in a pipe is joined by hot water from a branch pipe. This configuration is representative of industrial piping systems in which temperature fluctuations in the fluid may cause thermal fatigue damage on the walls. Implicit large-eddy simulations (LES) are performed for equal inflow rates corresponding to a bulk Reynolds number Re=39,080. Two different thermal boundary conditions are studied for the pipe walls; an insulating adiabatic boundary and a conducting steel wall boundary. The predicted flow structures show a satisfactory agreement with the literature. The velocity and thermal fields (including high-order statistics) are not affected by the heat transfer with the steel walls. However, predicted thermal fluctuations at the boundary are not the same between the flow and the solid, showing that solid thermal fluctuations cannot be predicted by the knowledge of the fluid thermal fluctuations alone. The analysis of high-order turbulent statistics provides a better understanding of the turbulence features. In particular, the budgets of the turbulent kinetic energy and temperature variance allows a comparative analysis of dissipation, production and transport terms. It is found that the turbulent transport term is an important term that acts to balance the production. We therefore use a priori tests to evaluate three different models for the triple correlation.

Turbulent Dispersion of a Passive Scalar in a Staggered Array of Cubes

In this article, we report a numerical and experimental study of turbulent dispersion of a passive scalar released from a continuous ground-level point source in a staggered array of 16 × 16 cubical obstacles. Experimental measurements of the flow and dispersion were obtained in a boundary-layer water channel using laser-induced fluorescence (for concentration) and laser Doppler velocimetry (for velocity). Numerical simulations of the flow and scalar fields for this experimental configuration were performed using two in-house computer codes based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) method. Results of a detailed comparison between water-channel measurements and model predictions of the mean flow, turbulence kinetic energy, mean concentration, and concentration variance are presented. An advanced model for the concentration variance dissipation rate is validated in the new context of plume dispersion within and above a staggered array of cubical obstacles.

Study of fission dynamics of the excited nuclei produced in fusion reactions in the framework of the four-dimensional Langevin equations

The dynamics of fission of excited nuclei has been studied by solving four-dimensional Langevin equations with dissipation generated through the chaos-weighted wall and window friction formula. The projection of the total spin of the compound nucleus to the symmetry axis, K, was considered as the fourth dimension in Langevin dynamical calculations. The average pre-scission neutron multiplicities, mean kinetic energy of fission fragments and the variances of the mass and kinetic energy have been calculated in a wide range of fissile parameter for compound nuclei 162Yb, 172Yb, 215Fr, 224Th, 248Cf, 260Rf and results compared with the experimental data. Calculations were performed with a constant dissipation coefficient of K, γK (MeV zs)-1/2, and with a non-constant dissipation coefficient. Comparison of the theoretical results for the average pre-scission neutron multiplicities, mean kinetic energy of fission fragments and the variances of the mass and kinetic energy with the experimental data showed that the results of four-dimensional Langevin equations with a non-constant dissipation coefficient are in better agreement with the experimental data. Furthermore, the difference between the results of two models for compound nuclei with low fissile parameter is low whereas, for heavy compound nuclei, is high.

A novel platform to study the effect of small-scale turbulent density fluctuations on underwater imaging in the ocean

Optical signal transmission is an important component of numerous underwater applications, including visibility and electro-optical (EO) communication. In addition to the well-studied effect of particle backscatter, underwater optical signal transmission can be limited by changes in the index of refraction (IOR) due to small-scale variations in temperature and salinity, sometimes called “optical turbulence”. These variations in IOR, which are associated with oceanic turbulence, can lead to the blurring of an underwater optical target, particularly at high spatial frequencies, thus reducing target detail. The 2011 Bahamas Optical Turbulence Experiment (BOTEX) was conducted to investigate this impact of turbulence on underwater optical signal transmission. Investigating naturally occurring “optical turbulence” requires a platform held at depth, capable of concurrent measurements of optical impairment by turbulence, which requires a significant optical path length, as well as associated physical and optical background conditions of the ambient environment. Our novel platform consisted of a high-speed camera and optical target mounted on a 5m-long frame, along with several Nortek Vector Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) and PME Conductivity–Temperature (CT) probes, to estimate turbulent kinetic energy and temperature variance dissipation rates experienced by the frame. Data on the background turbulence was collected with a Rockland Oceanographic Vertical Microstructure Profiler, to aid in analysis and guide error estimates of the ADV/CT measurements. This study was the first effort attempting to collect turbulence measurements on a frame designed for the investigation of the effect of density microstructure variations on optical signal transmission in the open ocean. Our results highlight the numerous challenges associated with studying this phenomenon in the dynamic oceanic environment. Here, we present the interpretation of the high-resolution velocity and temperature measurements collected on the frame and discuss the associated difficulties. Despite the numerous challenges, the investigation of the effect of microstructure on underwater optics is needed for efforts aimed at mitigating the impact of “optical turbulence” on underwater EO signal transmission and may help advance optical methods to quantify oceanic microstructure.

Vertical mixing due to double diffusion in the tropical western Pacific

AbstractThis study calculates the vertical diffusivity and the fluxes of heat, salt, and buoyancy due to turbulence and double diffusion based on a 14 day time series of observations of the dissipation rates of turbulent kinetic energy and thermal variance at 0°N, 156°E from 25 October to 18 November 2012. Salt fingering dominates shear‐driven turbulence below 100 m. The estimated flux and associated vertical diffusivity due to double diffusion are approximately 1 order of magnitude higher for temperature and density and 2 orders of magnitude higher for salinity compared to values calculated from a turbulence model. Under weak turbulence conditions, the turbulence model significantly underestimates the magnitude of the vertical buoyancy flux with the flux having the wrong sign. Under these conditions, fluxes induced by double‐diffusive mixing need to be considered.

Nutrient Intake, Diet Quality, and Weight/Adiposity Parameters in Breakfast Patterns Compared with No Breakfast in Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2008

BackgroundThe effect of different breakfast consumption patterns on nutrient intake, diet quality, and weight/adiposity status is unknown. ObjectiveTo compare nutrient intake, diet quality, and weight/adiposity measures of consumers assigned to different breakfast patterns with breakfast skippers. Design and participantsThese associations were assessed in adults 19+ years (N=18,988) participating in the 2001-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Intake was determined from 1-day 24-hour dietary recall. Diet quality was quantified using the Healthy Eating Index-2005. Body mass index (calculated as kg/m2) and waist circumferences were determined. Twelve patterns (including No Breakfast [approximately 19% of population]), explaining 58% of the variance in energy from the breakfast meal, were examined. Covariate adjusted general linear models were used to compare nutrient intakes, Healthy Eating Index-2005 scores, and body mass index/waist circumference of consumers of different patterns with breakfast skippers. The P value was Bonferroni corrected (<0.05/12 breakfast patterns <0.0042). ResultsConsumers of the Grain/100% Fruit Juice and Presweetened Ready-to-Eat Cereal (RTEC)/Lower-Fat Milk patterns had lower daily intakes of nutrients to limit (added sugars, saturated fatty acids, solid fats, cholesterol, and sodium) than breakfast skippers. Consumers of the Grain/100% Fruit Juice; Presweetened RTEC/Lower-Fat Milk; and RTEC/Lower-Fat Milk/Whole Fruit/100% Fruit Juice patterns had higher daily intakes of all shortfall nutrients examined (dietary fiber; vitamins A, D, and C; calcium, potassium, folate, iron, and magnesium) than breakfast skippers. Consumers of the Grain/100% Fruit Juice; Grain; Presweetened RTEC/Lower-Fat Milk; RTEC/Lower-Fat Milk/Whole Fruit/100% Fruit Juice; Cooked Cereal; Lower-Fat Milk/Whole Fruit; and Whole Fruit patterns had higher Healthy Eating Index-2005 scores than breakfast skippers. Consumers of the Grain/100% Fruit Juice; Presweetened RTEC/Lower-Fat Milk; RTEC/Lower-Fat Milk/Whole Fruit/100% Fruit Juice; and Cooked Cereal patterns had lower body mass indexes and waist circumferences than breakfast skippers. ConclusionsResults suggest dietary and weight advantages of consuming breakfast, especially ones that include grains, cereals, lower-fat milk, and whole fruit/100% fruit juice, in contrast to the potential adverse effects of skipping breakfast.

Damage alarming analysis for ancient wood structures based on wavelet packet energy spectrum

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to establish the damage alarming indexes for ancient wood structures and study the damage sensitivity and noise robustness of these indexes under random excitation. Design/methodology/approach – Xi’an Bell Tower is taken as a case in this paper to simulate the damage of ancient wood structures through finite element (FE) simulation and determine the satisfactory damage alarming indexes with wavelet packet energy spectrum. Findings – The results of this paper show that: 1) the damage alarming indexes can effectively identify the damage of ancient wood structures, each index with a different damage sensitivity; 2) the energy ratio deviation is greater than the energy ratio variance and is close to the maximum variation of energy ratio; 3) the energy ratio deviation has a better alarming effect than the energy ratio variance during the initial period of the damage. With the accumulation of the damage, the energy ratio variance outperforms the energy ratio deviation; 4) the sensitivity of the energy ratio deviation and variance varies from positions, changing from the highest to lowest at the mortise-and-tenon joints, the beam mid-span and the plinth; 5) if signal to noise ratio (SNR) is 40db or larger, the indexes can accurately identify the damage of ancient wood structures. As SNR increases, the indexes will have an increasingly higher sensitivity and certain ability to resist noise. Research limitations/implications – The FE model is simpiy, it does not completely reflect Xi’an Bell Tower. Practical implications – It will provide a theoretical basis for the damage alarming of Xi’an Bell Tower. Social implications – It makes structural health monitoring through structural vibration response under ambient excitation a new research field in damage detection as well as a positive way of ancient architecture protection. Originality/value – This paper studies the damage alarming effect on ancient wood structures from different wavelet functions and wavelet packet decomposition levels. To study the effect under white noise environment, this paper adds Gaussian white noise with a SNR of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 db to the acceleration response signal of intact structure and damaged structure.

Templated deposition of multiscale periodic metallic nanodot arrays with sub-10 nm gaps on rigid and flexible substrates

Multiscale metallic nanostrucutures, which support hybrid coupling of plasmon resonances, are essential for the engineering of plasmonic devices. The fabrication of large area periodic multiscale structures still remains a challenge, considering the cost and efficiency. In this work, highly ordered multiscale Ag nanoarrays with lateral dimensions of up to 6 mm × 6 mm have been successfully fabricated on both rigid silicon and flexible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate by thermal evaporation using ultrathin anodic aluminum oxide films as masks. Owing to the peculiarities of thermal evaporation and the variance of substrate surface energy, the unit cell of the periodic arrays consist of a core-satellite structure on silicon and randomly distributed child particles on PDMS, with gaps as small as 10 nm. The flexible Ag nanoarrays on PDMS demonstrate a broadband extraordinary optical transmission with an enhancement up to 2.7 times when normalized to the exposed area. Moreover, the transmission and diffraction properties can readily be controlled by stretching the PDMS. These tunable optical properties support the multiscale Ag nanoarrays to be applied in some optical and optoelectronic devices.

Going Beyond the Threshold: Scattering and Blow-up in the Focusing NLS Equation

We study the focusing nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation in the $L^2$-supercritical regime with finite energy and finite variance initial data. We investigate solutions above the energy (or mass-energy) threshold. In our first result, we extend the known scattering versus blow-up dichotomy above that threshold for finite variance solutions in the energy-subcritical and energy-critical regimes, obtaining scattering and blow-up criteria for solutions with arbitrarily large mass and energy. As a consequence, we characterize the behavior of the ground state initial data modulated by a quadratic phase. Our second result gives two blow up criteria, which are also applicable in the energy-supercritical NLS setting. We finish with various examples illustrating our results.

Energetics and mixing efficiency of lock-exchange flow

Mixing efficiency between different water masses is typically assumed to be constant in diapycnal mixing parameterizations used in ocean models. As of now, most coarse resolution ocean circulation models employ a constant mixing efficiency value of 0.2 for the shear driven mixing, internal waves and bottom boundary layer parameterizations. This study investigates the energetics and mixing efficiency of the lock-exchange flow at different Reynolds numbers. The lock-exchange experiment resolves Kelvin–Helmholtz vortices and is an idealized test case for oceanic gravity currents. At first, the required spatial resolution for the direct numerical simulations (DNS) is determined in simulations at a constant Reynolds number of 3500. The evolution of background potential energy and tracer variance are used to assess model results. We found that the model spatial resolution should resolve at least the Kolmogorov scale but not necessarily the Batchelor scale if convergences of background potential energy, tracer variance and dissipation are considered. Simulations at Reynolds number of 125, 500, 1000, 2500, 3500, 5000, 6000, 10,000 show that the mixing efficiency in the lock-exchange flow is smaller than 0.2, and it saturates around 0.12 when Reynolds numbers exceed the value of 2500.

Thermal behaviour and kinetics of alga Polysiphonia elongata biomass during pyrolysis

The pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of Polysiphonia elongata were investigated using a thermogravimetric analyzer. The main decomposition of samples occurred between 225°C and 485°C at heating rates of 5–40°C/min; owing to release of 78–82% of total volatiles. The heating rate effected pyrolysis characteristics such as maximum devolatilization rate and decomposition temperature. However, total volatile matter yield was not significantly affected by heating rate. The activation energy of pyrolysis reaction was calculated by model free Friedman and Kissenger–Akahira–Sunose methods and mean values were 116.23kJ/mol and 126.48kJ/mol, respectively. A variance in the activation energy with the proceeding conversions was observed for the models applied, which shows that the pyrolysis process was composed of multi-step kinetics. The Coats–Redfern method was used to determine pre-exponential factor and reaction order. The obtained parameters were used in simulation of pyrolysis process and results were in a good agreement with experimental data.

Fatigue and physical activity after myocardial infarction.

Fatigue is prevalent after myocardial infarction (MI) and is a barrier to physical activity (PA). Because PA is an important health behavior in preventing or delaying recurrent MIs, examining the influence of biophysical markers and fatigue on PA is important as a prerequisite to developing effective interventions. This study compared PA in 34 men and 38 women, aged 65 and older, 6-8 months post MI, and examined the influence of biophysiological measures and fatigue on PA in this sample. Using a cross-sectional descriptive correlational design, adults completed a demographic form that included documentation of blood pressure, heart rate, height and weight; the Revised Piper Fatigue Scale (RPFS), and the Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Adults, and blood collection for measurement of hemoglobin (Hgb), interleukin-6, and B-natriuretic peptide. There were no differences in frequency of PA between older men and older women; however, men reported a higher intensity of PA (p = .011). When controlling for sex, age, and biophysiological measures, the RPFS significantly explained 16% of the variance in the frequency of PA (p = .03), with no individual subscale serving as a significant predictor. The RPFS behavior/severity subscale explained 31% of the variance in energy expended on all PA (p < .001) and 40% of the variance in energy expended on moderate-intensity PA (p < .001). The older adults participating in this study did not participate in the recommended levels of PA, and fatigue significantly influenced PA post MI.

Future Australian Severe Thunderstorm Environments. Part I: A Novel Evaluation and Climatology of Convective Parameters from Two Climate Models for the Late Twentieth Century

Abstract The influence of a warming climate on the occurrence of severe thunderstorms over Australia is, as yet, poorly understood. Based on methods used in the development of a climatology of observed severe thunderstorm environments over the continent, two climate models [Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Mark, version 3.6 (CSIRO Mk3.6) and the Cubic-Conformal Atmospheric Model (CCAM)] have been used to produce simulated climatologies of ingredients and environments favorable to severe thunderstorms for the late twentieth century (1980–2000). A novel evaluation of these model climatologies against data from both the ECMWF Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) and reports of severe thunderstorms from observers is used to analyze the capability of the models to represent convective environments in the current climate. This evaluation examines the representation of thunderstorm-favorable environments in terms of their frequency, seasonal cycle, and spatial distribution, while presenting a framework for future evaluations of climate model convective parameters. Both models showed the capability to explain at least 75% of the spatial variance in both vertical wind shear and convective available potential energy (CAPE). CSIRO Mk3.6 struggled to either represent the diurnal cycle over a large portion of the continent or resolve the annual cycle, while in contrast CCAM showed a tendency to underestimate CAPE and 0–6-km bulk magnitude vertical wind shear (S06). While spatial resolution likely contributes to rendering of features such as coastal moisture and significant topography, the distribution of severe thunderstorm environments is found to have greater sensitivity to model biases. This highlights the need for a consistent approach to evaluating convective parameters and severe thunderstorm environments in present-day climate: an example of which is presented here.

A stochastic extension of the explicit algebraic subgrid-scale models

The explicit algebraic subgrid-scale (SGS) stress model (EASM) of Marstorp et al. [“Explicit algebraic subgrid stress models with application to rotating channel flow,” J. Fluid Mech. 639, 403–432 (2009)] and explicit algebraic SGS scalar flux model (EASFM) of Rasam et al. [“An explicit algebraic model for the subgrid-scale passive scalar flux,” J. Fluid Mech. 721, 541–577 (2013)] are extended with stochastic terms based on the Langevin equation formalism for the subgrid-scales by Marstorp et al. [“A stochastic subgrid model with application to turbulent flow and scalar mixing,” Phys. Fluids 19, 035107 (2007)]. The EASM and EASFM are nonlinear mixed and tensor eddy-diffusivity models, which improve large eddy simulation (LES) predictions of the mean flow, Reynolds stresses, and scalar fluxes of wall-bounded flows compared to isotropic eddy-viscosity and eddy-diffusivity SGS models, especially at coarse resolutions. The purpose of the stochastic extension of the explicit algebraic SGS models is to further improve the characteristics of the kinetic energy and scalar variance SGS dissipation, which are key quantities that govern the small-scale mixing and dispersion dynamics. LES of turbulent channel flow with passive scalar transport shows that the stochastic terms enhance SGS dissipation statistics such as length scale, variance, and probability density functions and introduce a significant amount of backscatter of energy from the subgrid to the resolved scales without causing numerical stability problems. The improvements in the SGS dissipation predictions in turn enhances the predicted resolved statistics such as the mean scalar, scalar fluxes, Reynolds stresses, and correlation lengths. Moreover, the nonalignment between the SGS stress and resolved strain-rate tensors predicted by the EASM with stochastic extension is in much closer agreement with direct numerical simulation data.

MRI-PET image fusion based on NSCT transform using local energy and local variance fusion rules

Image fusion means to integrate information from one image to another image. Medical images according to the nature of the images are divided into structural (such as CT and MRI) and functional (such as SPECT, PET). This article fused MRI and PET images and the purpose is adding structural information from MRI to functional information of PET images. The images decomposed with Nonsubsampled Contourlet Transform and then two images were fused with applying fusion rules. The coefficients of the low frequency band are combined by a maximal energy rule and coefficients of the high frequency bands are combined by a maximal variance rule. Finally, visual and quantitative criteria were used to evaluate the fusion result. In visual evaluation the opinion of two radiologists was used and in quantitative evaluation the proposed fusion method was compared with six existing methods and used criteria were entropy, mutual information, discrepancy and overall performance.

Barotropic and Baroclinic Annular Variability in the Southern Hemisphere

Abstract The leading patterns of large-scale climate variability in the Southern Hemisphere are examined in the context of extratropical kinetic energy. It is argued that variability in the Southern Hemisphere extratropical flow can be viewed in the context of two distinct and largely independent structures, both of which exhibit a high degree of annularity: 1) a barotropic structure that dominates the variance in the zonal-mean kinetic energy and 2) a baroclinic structure that dominates the variance in the eddy kinetic energy. The former structure corresponds to the southern annular mode (SAM) and has been extensively examined in the literature. The latter structure emerges as the leading principal component time series of eddy kinetic energy and has received seemingly little attention in previous work. The two structures play very different roles in cycling energy through the extratropical troposphere. The SAM is associated primarily with variability in the meridional propagation of wave activity, has a surprisingly weak signature in the eddy fluxes of heat, and can be modeled as Gaussian red noise with an e-folding time scale of approximately 10 days. The baroclinic annular structure is associated primarily with variations in the amplitude of vertically propagating waves, has a very weak signature in the wave fluxes of momentum, and exhibits marked quasi periodicity on time scales of approximately 25–30 days. Implications for large-scale climate variability are discussed.

Power-law spectra formed by stretching polymers in decaying isotropic turbulence

The spectral dynamics of isotropic decaying turbulence with polymer additives is numerically investigated using a hybrid Eulerian-Lagrangian approach with making use of large-scale parallel computation. We found that the kinetic energy and pressure variance spectra obeyed the power law E(k) ∼ k−α and Ep(k) ∼ k−β in the scale range below the Kolmogorov length lK when the turbulence sufficiently decayed while the Weissenberg number Wi remained greater than unity. The exponents α and β were found to be α = 4.1 − 4.6 and β = 2.8 − 3.2, respectively, and were found to decrease with increasing Wi. We discuss the similarities and differences between the present results and the results of previous experimental and numerical studies for elastic turbulence, which is characterized by Wi ≫ 1 and a Reynolds number below unity.