Income Variables Research Articles

Variability of agricultural income for empowerment: Case of cucumber and potato leaves producers in Goréké (San Pedro – Côte d’Ivoire)

Female entrepreneurship in rural areas in French-speaking Africa is more related to rural, processing and marketing activities. The objective of this study is to present the variability of agricultural income of female producers for their empowerment. To this end, fifty female producers from the village of Goréké were interviewed. The areas, poultry droppings + sawdust, NPK 12 22 22, masses and incomes were observed. A Principal Component Analysis showed that on a hectare of cucumber, reasonable amounts of NPK 12 22 22 (80 kg) and organic residue (6,000 kg) provided the best mass (16,000 kg). At the level of potato leaves, 1,600 kg of organic residue and 20 kg of NPK provided the best mass (1,600 kg). Furthermore, the potato leaf producer had an average income during the shortage period of 2226,642 ± 1602,093 CFA francs compared to that of cucumber which is 584,714 ± 296,718 CFA francs. On the other hand, during the abundance period, the average incomes are respectively 713,793 ± 536,983 for potato leaves and 467,771 ± 237,374 CFA francs for cucumber. This difference is explained by the higher selling price per kilogram of potato leaves. In conclusion, the potato leaf producer would be more financially independent. In perspective, training will be provided to market gardeners to optimize the masses produced by rationalizing the masses of fertilizer used for an improvement in income.

The indirect costs of motherhood and fatherhood: impacts on income, working hours, and perceived health across 32 European countries

Abstract Background Parenthood may affect men’s and women’s personal lives, professional careers, and well-being differently. In the last decades, structural modifications in gender norms, the labor market, and family-supporting policies have occurred, but with cross-country variations, even within European borders. This study aimed to update the estimates on the impact of parenthood on men’s and women’s income, working hours, and perceived health status, and better comprehend their variation across 32 European countries, using a longitudinal approach. Methods Data from the European Survey on Income and Living Conditions (2004-2020) were used to estimate the income variation and the likelihood of transitioning into a non-income status, less than 40 weekly hours, and less than very good health status, from one year before to one year after parenthood. Estimates were done by sex and country. Pooled effects were estimated using random effects meta-analysis. Results We found a short-term 29% income penalty for women and a 12% income premium for men after parenthood. Seventy percent of women who transitioned their status after motherhood shifted to work less than 40 hours per week while no effect was found for men. Regarding perceived health, no shifts were overall observed. A large cross-country heterogeneity was found. Conclusions Motherhood-related income penalties concurred with losses of employment and reductions of weekly working hours, while among men the income premiums were not necessarily coupled with transitions to employed status or 40 weekly working hours. The cross-country heterogeneity is, probably, multifactorial, depending on countries’ policies, norms, labor market, and social structure.

Social class origin and income variations among degree holders: evidence from Italy

Social class origin and income variations among degree holders: evidence from Italy

Postpartum depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder and resultant risk factors among teenage mothers: a community-based study

The prevalence of postpartum depression in teenage mothers is higher than that in adult mothers. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of depression, distress, and post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) following childbirth and its resultant risk factors among teenage mothers. Material and Methods. This cross-sectional study was carried out on 167 teenage women aged 11–19 years, 8-week after giving birth, in Tabriz, Iran. The data were collected using by socio-demographic characteristics questionnaire, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist and Postpartum Distress Measure scale. Results. The study results revealed that 12.6% and 7.2% of the participants had postpartum depression and PTSD, respectively. The results showed that the variables of the number of children, dissatisfaction with marriage, and history of preconception depression were among the risk factors associated with postpartum depression. The results indicated that unwanted pregnancy, lack of spousal support, insufficient income, and infant restlessness variables were predictors of PTSD. Conclusion. Based on our findings, it is crucial to identify teenage mothers with predisposing factors for postpartum depression and PTSD. Providing family planning counseling to reduce unwanted pregnancies, training fathers to support their spouses, and ensuring timely referral of high-risk individuals are essential interventions to address the mental health challenges faced by teenage mothers.

The Effect of Sharia Financial Inclusion on Creative Industry Financing (KSPPS BMT-NU Lenteng Branch, Sumenep)

This study aims to analyze the effect of Islamic financial inclusion on creative industry financing in KSPPS BMT-NU Sumenep. Multiple linear regression analysis technique was applied to identify the influence of independent variables.The research design used in this study is a questionnaire to customers of BMT-NU EAST JAVA Lenteng Branch Office who are willing to be respondents and fill out a questionnaire, the purpose of which is to find out how much influence the independent variables, namely, Profile (X1), Income (X2), Accessibility (X3), and Product (X4) on financing the creative industry in Sumenep Regency. The results of the research obtained through multiple Linear Regression dummy variables are profile variables and products that have a significant positive effect on financing the creative industry of BMT-NU Lenteng Branch Sumenep customers. While the accessibility variable has a significant negative effect on financing the creative industry of BMT-NU Lenteng Sumenep Branch customers. While the income variable has a positive, but insignificant effect on financing the creative idustry of BMT-NU Lenteng Sumenep Branch customers.

An Analysis of the Factors Affecting Real Estate Taxes Literacy in Türkiye

This research aims to determine taxpayers’ literacy level about the financial obligations related to real estate, an important investment instrument in Türkiye, and the factors determining literacy. In this context, primary data were collected through surveys administered to 500 people who resided in Istanbul, Ankara, and Izmir. Primary data analysis was carried out using two methods. First, the real estate tax (RET) literacy was calculated through percentage analysis. Second, using discrete selection models, variables likely to affect the literacy of real estate taxes collected could be estimated. As a result, the primary data show that RET in Türkiye is 30%. According to the estimation results, the gender, age, and income variables are effective regarding fiscal rights related to property in Türkiye.

Socioeconomic Profiling and Dynamics: Insights from a Rural Community Study in Kedah

This study provides a socio-economic profile of Mahang and Nagalilit, two sub-districts in Kulim, Kedah, Malaysia. Residents of Mahang primarily rely on rubber tapping and oil palm cultivation, industries vulnerable to monsoon weather. In Desa Keda Nagalilit, locals are employed in the nearby hi-tech industrial area, oil palm plantations, or as shop assistants. Many households earn below the minimum wage, compelling residents to take on multiple jobs for financial stability. Data was systematically collected through questionnaires focusing on household demographics, socio-economic conditions, and lifestyle patterns. The analysis offers valuable insights into the living conditions and challenges these communities face, especially in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. The research revealed income disparities and variations in living standards between sub-districts, underscoring the socio-economic impact of the pandemic. It further examined how variables such as age, income, employment status, and education correlate with financial strain, mental health issues, and disruptions to daily life. Findings demonstrate significant relationships between socioeconomic factors and the pandemic's effects, emphasizing the need for targeted measures to alleviate poverty, improve education, and enhance residents’ overall quality of life while addressing financial and mental health challenges

Spatial Cyber Loss Clusters at County Level and Socioeconomic Determinants of Cyber Risks

This study investigates whether cyber loss events occurring in the United States are spatially correlated and if so, which socioeconomic factors are associated with the spatial correlation. We analyze 3132 counties of the 50 U.S. states from 2005 to 2020 using the largest existing dataset of cyber risks and socioeconomic data. While previous literature found no or little spatial correlation at the state level, we are the first to document that such correlation exists at the county level; positive Moran’s I indicates that more exposed (i.e., a relatively large number of cyber events and losses) and less exposed counties are clustered. Spatial regressions show positive direct and negative indirect effects of county-level population and average income on loss frequency and severity. Large and wealthy counties thus tend to be more exposed to cyber risk events, but their geographically neighboring counties are less affected. We further investigate relatively exposed regions (California and the Northeast Coast) and three risk types (malicious, unintended, and privacy risks) and show consistent spatial effects for the key variables of population size and average income. Our findings can aid risk managers, cyber insurers, and policymakers to geographically differentiate cyber risk, recognize relatively more exposed regions, and develop more effective risk management strategies.

Associations of Income Variability and Incident ESKD in Diabetes: A Population-Based Cohort Study

Associations of Income Variability and Incident ESKD in Diabetes: A Population-Based Cohort Study

The Influence Of Socio-Economic Characteristics Of Farmers On The Food Availability Of Farming Households In Warudoyong Sub-District, Sukabumi

Food security is a global, multidimensional issue with social, economic, political and environmental interests. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of socioeconomic characteristics of farmers on the availability of farm household food in Warudoyong Sub-district, Sukabumi City. This study used descriptive method with quantitative approach. The data collection techniques used in this research are observation, questionnaires, literature, and documentation. The results showed that the socio-economic characteristics of farmers, which include age, education, area of cultivated land, number of dependents, and farmers' income, together have a significant effect on the food availability of farming families with a contribution of 97.8%, while 2.2% is influenced by other variables outside the study. Farmers' age through education has a significant effect on food availability, but farmers' education through income does not have a significant indirect effect. Similarly, the size of cultivated land through income also has no significant effect on family food availability. The direct effect of these factors is greater than the indirect effect, so the income variable is not a significant mediator in the relationship between education and land area on food availability. The implication of this study is that the increasing age of farmers will further reduce the food availability of farming families.

Analysis of the Financial Performance of the Jambi City Government Using Variance Analysis for the 2020-2022 Fiscal Year

This research aims to evaluate the Financial Performance of the Jambi City Government through Variance Analysis for the 2020-2022 budget year. This research uses a qualitative descriptive approach by utilizing secondary data originating from the Jambi City Revenue and Expenditure Budget Realization Report for the same period. The findings show that the Financial Performance of the Jambi City Government as assessed through Income Variance Analysis is classified as Poor, Income Growth is identified as positive, the Degree of Decentralization is classified as Sufficient, the Regional Financial Dependency Ratio is classified as Very High, the Regional Financial Independence Ratio is classified as Low, the PAD Effectiveness Ratio is considered to be Fairly Effective. In terms of Performance Expenditure Variance Analysis, it is rated as Good, Operational Expenditure Analysis is rated as Fairly Good, Capital Expenditure Analysis is also rated as Fairly Good, and the Regional Expenditure Efficiency Ratio is classified as Efficient

The Effect Of Income On Consumption In North Sumatra For The 2009-2021 Period

This study aims to determine the effect of income on consumption in North Sumatra. The research method used is the integration between qualitative and quantitative methods. The data analysis technique used is in the form of multiple linear regression. The author conducted an empirical study with research objects in North Sumatra Province in 2009-2021. This research uses secondary data obtained from published data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) and the type of data used in this analysis is scaled data (time series). Data processing is carried out using the eviews 12 application by conducting a classic assumption test followed by a hypothesis test. The results of this study, partially the income variable affects the consumption variable. Simultaneously variable income.

EXAMINING SPORTSPERSONSHIP ORIENTATIONS AND ANGER EXPRESSION STYLES OF STUDENTS PARTICIPATING IN THE FACULTY OF SPORTS SCIENCES PHYSICAL APTITUDE TEST

Background/aim: This study aimed to examine the correlation between sportspersonship orientations and anger expression styles of candidates to enter sports sciences faculties via physical aptitude test. In addition, the study also examined the effect of gender, athlete license, monthly income, and sports experience of the participants on sportspersonship orientation and anger expression styles. Materials and methods: To collect data, the Personal Information Form, the Multidimensional Sportspersonship Orientation Scale, and the Trait Anger and Anger Expression Styles Scales were utilized. The study sample included 324 students, 178 (54.9%) female and 146 (45.1%) males, who were candidates to enter the faculty of sports sciences. Data were analyzed using frequency, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation analysis, t-test, and ANOVA analysis techniques. Results: The study's findings showed statistically significant results in the variables of monthly income and sportspersonship orientation history and an opposite relationship between sportspersonship orientation and anger expression styles. Conclusion: These concepts, examined in this study, are crucial factors that can significantly impact the participants' sporting lives and athletic performance, either positively or negatively.

Regional Macro Policies for People's Happiness

Currently, the most complete measure of community welfare is the happiness index because this measure is based on community subjectivity. This study aims to determine the effect of per capita income, minimum wage, income inequality and gross enrollment rates on the Happiness Index in Indonesia. The research objects are 34 provinces in Indonesia. The data used are secondary data for 2014, 2017 and 2021. The data source is the Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics. Using the panel data regression, the results show that per capita income, income inequality, minimum wage and gross enrollment rates together have a significant effect on the happiness index. and partially the per capita income variable has no significant positive effect on the happiness index while income inequality has no significant negative effect on the happiness index, conversely the minimum wage variable and gross enrollment rate have a significant positive effect on the happiness index in Indonesia. In order to increase the happiness index, it is recommended that the provincial government periodically review the minimum wage policy, increase the gross enrollment rate and increase per capita income and reduce income inequality.

Out-of-Pocket Expenditures for Health: A Case Study

Background of the Study: Health is a prime component in rural population who uses their muscle power for doing economic activities. Meanwhile according to the Economic Survey of India’s 2021 report, India was among the 10 worst performing countries in terms of prioritising health in government budgets, at both state and central levels. India was placed or ranked in 67th in the list of 189 countries in Out of Pocket Expenditure per capita in PPP (in $) for 2018. World Health Organisation report (March 2022) stated that high of Out-Of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPE) on health is impoverishing some 55 million Indians annually, with over 17 per cent households incurring catastrophic levels of health expenditures every year. The Economic Survey 2023 reported that the share of government expenditure in Total Health Expenditure (THE) has increased over time from 28.6% in financial year 2014 to 40.6% in Financial Year2019. However, OOPE is still higher at 48.2% of the total expenditure. Objectives: To explore the Out of Pocket Expenditure (OOPE) for health in India, Interstate and rural villages of Theni district, Tamil Nadu Methodology: Purposive non random sampling was used to reach the sample element. Sample elements or respondents were from rural Theni District. Sample size was 300. Data was collected using an interview schedule in the catchment area of Primary Health Centre, taluk hospital and district healthcare hospital. Interview was conducted in Tamil and then the interview output was transcribed and translated into English, followed by a descriptive analysis. Ordinary Least Square estimation was used to find the implications of individual income on pocket out expenditure for health. Findings of the Study: The secondary data from the website of World Health Organisation and from the reports of National Health Accounts reflects a difference in data information for every concerned period at least two to three per cent exist. The interstate data information for the period 2019 to 2020 revealed that the spending from government health care expenditure and out of pocket expenditure is not equal to total health care expenditure. Hence, the researcher made an attempt to explore the out of pocket expenditure among the rural population and their willingness to spend from their pocket. Furthermore, the impact of annual income and annual healthcare expenditure is examined by simple linear regression analysis, for to understand the role of income in shaping healthcare spending behaviour. The R Square value is very poor, and reflects the role of explanatory variable income is not impacting the out of pocket health care expenditure. The Keynesian theory of psychological law of consumption is invalid in out of pocket healthcare expenditure with respect to income of the respondents. 13 percentages of respondents were willing to do out of pocket expenditure for their health ailing. The 39.7percentages of respondents were disagreeing to do out of pocket expenditure for their health. Conclusion: Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of understanding out-of-pocket health expenditures is increasing in rural (feckless management of public healthcare) with attitude of unwilling to pay from their pocket because of existing zero priced healthcare system, which is available in their near locality. Policy makers needs to concentrate on enhancing the healthcare supply such as medical personals, drugs, lab facility, beds, and in general in all aspects for to cater the demand of rural inhabitants and protect them from pushing into impoverishment.

The Influence of Village Fund Allocation and Village Income on Infrastructure Development in Four Villages in Parungkuda District

This research was carried out in four villages in Parungkuda sub-district, Sukabumi district, including Parungkuda Village, Sundaauthor Village, Kompa Village, Langensari Village. The aim of this research is to find out whether there is an influence of Village Fund Allocation income and Village Income on Infrastructure Development in four villages in Parungkuda sub-district, Sukabumi district. The research method used is a quantitative method. The population in this study is the village financial report for 2019-2021. Based on the research results of the normality test with a value of 0.200 > 0.05, the multicollinearity test results VIF 0.10 <10.00, the Durbin-Waston autocorrelation test 2.4206, Village fund allocation Based on the value of r, calculate the Pearson correlation for the Village Fund Allocation variable (X1) = -0.206 < r table n = 12 samples from two-tailed test 0.576. Village income Based on r calculated Pearson correlation variable Original Village Income (X2) 0.395 < r table n = 12 samples from two-way test 0.576. So the Village Original Income variable (X2) has no positive relationship or correlation with the Infrastructure Development variable (Y) with a Pearson Correlation degree of 0.395, which is in the very low correlation category. And testing the hypothesis simultaneously with a value of 0, .394 > 0.05 means that the village fund allocation and village income variables simultaneously have no effect on the infrastructure development variable

Analisis Pemanfaatan Pinjaman Dana Bergulir Program Kota Tanpa Kumuh di Kecamatan Gayungan Kota Surabaya

This research is a quantitative study with data collection techniques using a questionnaire. The population used was all members of the self help group in Gayungan District, Surabaya City as many as 95 people. This study uses a sample with the census method. The census sample is the determination of the sample if all members of the population are used as the sample (Sugiyono, 2012). The data processing technique uses Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis, Outer Model, Inner Model, and Hypothesis Testing. The results of this study concluded: 1)Financial Literacy can contribute to the Utilization of Revolving Fund Loans; 2) Financial Experience can contribute to the Utilization of Revolving Fund Loans; 3) Income can contribute to the Utilization of Revolving Fund Loans; 4) Attitude of Managers Finance as a moderation of the Financial Literacy variable cannot contribute to the Utilization of Revolving Loans; 5) The attitude of the Financial Managers as a moderation of the Financial Experience variable cannot contribute to the Utilization of Revolving Loans; dan 6) The attitude of the Financial Manager as a moderation of the Income variable doesn’t contribute on the Utilization of Revolving Loans.

Factors Influencing the Income of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Minahasa Regency

This study investigates the factors influencing the income of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Minahasa Regency. Specifically, it examines whether business capital, business location, training, and product promotion impact the income of these enterprises. The research encompasses 25 districts in Minahasa Regency and employs primary and secondary data, analyzed using multiple regression analysis. The independent variables include Capital (X1), Business Location (X2), Training (X3), and Promotion (X4), while the dependent variable is the income of MSMEs (Y). The objective is to determine the combined effect of business capital, location, training, and promotion on the income of MSEs in Minahasa Regency. The research findings indicate that capital, business location, training, and promotion significantly impact the income of MSME actors in Minahasa Regency. An adjusted R-square value of 0.648 suggests that these variables account for 64.80% of the income variation, while the remaining 35.20% is affected by other factors not considered in this model. Consequently, improving these factors can effectively increase the income of MSME actors in Minahasa Regency

Analysis of Factors Influencing Farmers’ Decisions in Using Certified Seeds in Pemayung District Batang Hari Regency

This study was conducted with the objectives: 1). To identify factors that influence farmers' decisions in using certified seeds in Pemayung District. 2). To analyze factors that influence farmers' decisions in using certified seeds in Pemayung District. The study was carried out in the Batang Hari Regency's Pemayung District. Because the majority of rice growers here utilize certified seeds, this location was selected. After the discussion, a constant value (a) of -3.085 was determined. This indicates that the value of the seed usage decision is -3.085 if all the factors under study (age, income, experience, education level, and land area) have values equal to zero (0). The value of the age coefficient (b1) is 0.142. This indicates that, provided the values of the other variables remain constant, an increase of one unit in the age variable will result in a 0.142 unit drop in the seed usage decision's value. The coefficient value (b2) for education level is 0.518. The results of Nagelkerke R Square demonstrate the influence of the variables of age (X1), education (X2), farming experience (X3), land area (X4), and income (X5) on this variable. This indicates that a 42% explanation of the dependent variables can be attributed to the independent variables in the model. Other factors not included in this study, such as the activity of farmer groups, risk preferences, land ownership status, and others, account for the remaining 58% (100% - 58%). The Education variable, with a Wald value of 4.613 and a Significance value of 0.032, and the Business Experience variable are the variables with a Wald value larger than 3.841 and a significance level lower than 0.05. While other factors, such as income, land area, and age, have significance values larger than 0.050 and Wald values smaller than 3.841, they have no effect on farmers' decisions to use certified seeds.

The Influence of ROE, NPF, FDR, BOPO and Bank Size on Capital Buffer in Sharia Commercial Banks for the 2016-2022 Period

This research aims to examine the influence of ROE, NPF, FDR, BOPO and Bank Size on Capital Buffer in Islamic commercial banks for the 2016-2022 period. The population in this study consisted of 14 banks. The sampling technique used purposive sampling to obtain 7 banking samples with 49 observations. This research is quantitative research using secondary data used in this research which comes from the annual financial reports of each bank via the official banking website which is analyzed using panel data regression analysis. The results of this research show that the Return on Equity (ROE) variable has a positive and insignificant effect on the Capital Buffer, the Non Performing Finance (NPF) variable has a negative and significant effect on the Capital Buffer, the Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR) variable has a positive and insignificant effect on the Capital Buffer, the Operational Costs Operational Income (BOPO) variable has a positive and insignificant effect on the Capital Buffer, the Bank Size variable has a positive and insignificant effect on the Capital Buffer.