Variance In Emotional Exhaustion Research Articles

Relative Importance of Incivility and Loneliness in Occupational Health Outcomes.

Researchers have studied loneliness as a modern health epidemic which is associated with myriad negative health effects, yet the literature lacks evidence of loneliness' correlates, including incivility, in the workplace. This paper not only replicates previous work on incivility, a pervasive interpersonal workplace stressor, it also contributes novel findings on the relative importance of loneliness in explaining variance in occupational health outcomes. We tested hypotheses using two cross-sectional datasets containing data from the general working population (Sample 1) and state corrections supervisors (Sample 2). Through relative importance analyses, including relative weights analysis, we found that both general and workplace loneliness explain substantial variance in several outcomes (e.g., emotional exhaustion, depression symptoms, and turnover intentions) relative to the variance explained by workplace incivility. When controlling for perceived work stress, general loneliness appears to be more important than incivility in explaining variance in emotional exhaustion, job satisfaction, and depression symptoms.

Status and related factors of burnout among palliative nurses in China: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundBurnout occurs frequently in nurses and seems more common in nurses providing palliative care. However, to our knowledge, there is a lack of understanding regarding the factors influencing burnout among palliative nurses in China.MethodsA cross-sectional design was conducted. A total of 331 palliative nurses from 25 hospitals participated in this study. Anonymous data were collected through a self-designed social-demographic questionnaire, the Nursing Burnout Scale, the Perceived Social Support Scale, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and the Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire. Independent sample t tests, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlations, and multiple linear regressions were performed to identify the related factors of the three dimensions of burnout.ResultsIn the results of multiple linear regression, resilience, health condition, coping style, and pessimistic personality were common related factors; in addition, end-of-life care training, social support, and income satisfaction were statistically significantly associated with burnout. These factors could explain 38.6%, 27.8%, and 34.5% of the total variance in emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment, respectively.ConclusionsThe findings of this study help policy makers and nurse managers better understand burnout among palliative nurses in China. The results highlighted the importance of implementing culture-oriented training programs, providing perceived organizational support, and building a reasonable salary system to decrease burnout among palliative nurses, increase the quality of nursing and promote the development of Chinese palliative care.

Techers’ Emotional Intelligence and Burnout

The purpose of the study was to examine the predictive power of Turkish teachers’ sub dimensions of emotional intelligence, gender, education, professional education, seniority, and age for sub dimensions of teacher burnout. Participants consisted of 536 teachers from Şanlıurfa, Turkey. Participant ages ranged from 20 to 51 years. Participants responded to the Turkish version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Educator Survey, and EQ-NED which was developed by Ergin, Işmen, and Özabacı (1999) to measure teachers’ emotional intelligence. Stepwise regression analyses were conducted for each sub-dimension of teacher burnout. Results revealed that three sub dimensions of EQ (perception of own feelings POE, understanding others’ feeling UOE, regulating emotions RE), teaching branches and years of experience explained 13.9% of the variance in emotional exhaustion. RE, UOE and POE explained 21.7% of the variance in depersonalization. Finally, RE, ages and teachers’ branches explained 36.9% of the variance in personal accomplishment. Accordingly, implications and contributions are discussed.

Psychological distress, burnout, and coping strategies among Nigerian primary school teachers: a school-based cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe teaching profession is highly stressed job. A high level of stress is associated with poor health outcomes, such as burnout and psychological distress. Therefore, teachers’ use of coping styles becomes imperative. However, relatively little is known about primary school teachers’ psychological distress, burnout, coping strategies, and associated factors in Nigeria. The study investigated psychological distress, burnout, coping strategies among primary schools, and associated factors in Nigeria.MethodsA total of 264 teachers aged 20–59 years participated in the study between May 2019 to October 2019. Questionnaires on psychological distress, burnout, coping strategies, and demographic profile form were used for data collection. Factors associated with psychological distress, burnout, and coping strategies were identified using t-test, univariate ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation, Chi-square test, and hierarchical linear regression analysis.ResultsOf 264 participants enrolled for the study, 253 responded, giving a response rate of 95.8%. The prevalence of psychological distress and burnout was 69.9% (176/253) and 36.0% (91/253), respectively. Sex (β = 0.158), a high level of emotional exhaustion (β = 0.193) and reduced personal accomplishment (β = 0.358), adoption of problem-focused strategies (β = 0.904), and dysfunctional strategies (β = 0.340) were positively associated with psychological distress. Age (β = − 0.338), academic qualification (β = − 0.210), and income level (β = − 0.146) were inversely associated with psychological distress, which together explained 51.5% of the total variance. Psychological distress (β = 0.275 vs. β = 0.404) was significantly associated with emotional exhaustion (EE) and reduced personal accomplishment (PA) and explained 11.4 and 24.2% of the variance in EE and reduced PA, respectively.ConclusionsThe high prevalence of psychological distress and burnout among teachers should receive urgent attention. Teachers’ training curricula should include developing interpersonal skills, stress management abilities, and resilience to equip them for the job. Also, teacher training curricula should integrate mental health promotion interventions.

The relative importance of work-related psychosocial factors in physician burnout.

BackgroundIdentifying the most significant risk factors for physician burnout can help to define the priority areas for burnout prevention. However, not much is known about the relative importance of these risk factors.AimsThis study was aimed to examine the relative importance of multiple work-related psychosocial factors in predicting burnout dimensions among physicians.MethodsIn a cross-sectional sample of 2423 Finnish physicians, dominance analysis was used to estimate the proportionate contribution of psychosocial factors to emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment. The psychosocial factors included job demands (time pressure, patient-related stress, lack of support, stress related to information systems, work–family conflict) and job resources (job control, team climate, organizational justice).ResultsTogether, psychosocial factors explained 50% of the variance in emotional exhaustion, 24% in depersonalization and 11% in reduced professional efficacy. Time pressure was the most important predictor of emotional exhaustion (change in total variance explained ΔR2 = 45%), and patient-related stress was the most important predictor of both depersonalization (ΔR2 = 52%) and reduced professional accomplishment (ΔR2 = 23%). Stress related to information systems was the least important predictor of the burnout dimensions (ΔR2 = 1–2%).ConclusionsPsychosocial factors in physicians’ work are differently associated with the dimensions of burnout. Among the factors, the most significant correlates of burnout are job demands in the form of time pressure and patient-related stress.

Burnout and clinical learning environment among residents in Tehran: A cross-sectional study

PurposeThis study aimed to evaluate the quality of the educational environment in Tehran University of Medical Sciences across different medical specialties and its correlation with residents’ burnout. Materials and methodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted at Tehran University of Medical Sciences among residents drawn from three largest teaching hospitals affiliated. The Maslach Burnout Inventory and Postgraduate Hospital Educational Environment Measure (PHEEM) questionnaire were used to collect data through web-based, as well as paper-and pencil questionnaires. The data was analyzed using SPSS. ResultsA total of 221 residents completed the survey, with a response rate of 82%. Burnout was reported by 67.4% of medical residents. The total PHEEM score had a negative correlation with emotional exhaustion (r = - 0.57, P < 0.001), depersonalization (r = - 0.40, P < 0.001), and a positive one with personal accomplishment (r = 0.42, P < 0.001). Perception of social support significantly predicted burnout subscales (P < 0.05). PHEEM subscales also explained a small proportion of variance in emotional exhaustion (R = 0.55, R2 = 0.308, P < .001). Clinical learning environment independent of personal characteristics was associated with residents' burnout according to multivariate regression analysis [OR = 0.567 (0.170–0.883), P = 0.012]. ConclusionClinical learning environment independent of personal characteristics was associated with residents' burnout in Iran. We suggest some initiatives to be introduced ranging from improving the clinical environments, reduce workloads and provide social support to all residents as well as encouraging them to involve in other extracurricular activities like music and physical exercise.

Determinants of emotional exhaustion among nursing workforce in urban Ghana: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe subject of emotional exhaustion organisations has become important because of the emerging trends in employment and its associated challenges. Unhealthy practice environment is a major threat in the incidence of emotional exhaustion among nurses; and any organisational culture that do not support its personnel has huge burnout costs. The study aimed at assessing rate of emotional exhaustion; determining factors that accounts for it and also ascertaining the coping strategies used by nurses to overcome it in the Ghanaian health care setting.MethodsA cross-sectional study with a proportionate stratified sampling was used to draw a sample from five health facilities. A standardized questionnaire of Professional Practice Environment Scale of Nursing Work Index, Maslach Burnout Inventory and Coping Scale were used to assess variables under study. The STROBE guidelines were followed in reporting this study.ResultsOut of the 232 registered nurses studied, 91.1% of them reported experiencing moderate to high rate of emotional exhaustion. The practice environment of the nurses explained 39.6% of the variance in emotional exhaustion. Emotion-focused and problem-focused approaches were identified to be used by registered nurses to cope with emotional exhaustion.ConclusionWhen appropriate and effective intervention are employed, emotional exhaustion will be reduce and this will enrich the effectiveness of quality care delivery to patients.

Is emotional exhaustion only the result of work experiences? A diary study on daily hassles and uplifts in different life domains

ABSTRACT Background and objectives Emotional exhaustion is considered to be the key symptom of burnout. Although it has been defined that emotional exhaustion rather results from work-related experience than from other life domains, this has rarely been studied empirically. The study aimed to investigate the role of different life domains in predicting emotional exhaustion. More precisely, we examined whether daily uplifts and hassles from different life domains were related to emotional exhaustion beyond work-related uplifts and hassles. Design A diary study was conducted over the course of 14 consecutive days. Method 141 beginning teachers provided information about their daily hassles and uplifts as well as their daily emotional exhaustion. Result Results of multilevel analyses showed that work-related uplifts were negatively and work-related hassles were positively related to emotional exhaustion. Additionally, private uplifts were associated with a statistically significant decrease and private hassles with an increase in emotional exhaustion beyond work-related events. Conclusion Although the variance in emotional exhaustion that was explained by private events was small, the present study suggests that burnout symptoms might not be completely independent from individuals’ daily lives outside work.

Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies Predict Burnout in Geriatric Nursing Staff

ABSTRACT Objectives Burnout contributes to high turnover rates, medical errors, and poor patient satisfaction in geriatric nursing staff. Nurses’ cognitive emotion regulation (ER) strategies are emerging as an important personal resource related to burnout that are modifiable with intervention. This study examined the association between cognitive ER strategies and burnout among geriatric nursing staff. Methods Participants were 54 nurses (RNs, LPNs, CNA/UWs) with a mean age of 43.1 years (SD = 12.2), majority female (96.3%), and racially diverse: Black (20.4%), White (63.0%), and Other (13.0%). Results After controlling for CVs, cognitive ER strategies accounted for unique variance in depersonalization, but did not account for unique variance in emotional exhaustion or personal accomplishment. Rumination was associated with greater depersonalization, and greater refocus on planning was associated with lower depersonalization. Conclusions Findings suggest that depersonalization may be most impacted by ER; however, other ER strategies may be important that were not included in the current study (e.g., experiential avoidance, mindfulness). Future research is needed with additional ER strategies and larger samples. Clinical Implications Findings support the use of person-centered interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral and mindfulness-based techniques, to improve stress management and decrease depersonalization.

Patient-related stressful situations and stress-related outcomes in emergency nurses: A cross-sectional study on the role of work factors and recovery during leisure time

BackgroundEmergency nurses are frequently exposed to patient-related stressful situations, making them susceptible to emotional exhaustion and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. The current study aims to assess differential effects of patient-related stressful situations (emotionally demanding situations, aggression/conflict situations, and critical events) on stress-related outcomes in emergency nurses, and to identify moderating factors based on the Job Demands-Resources model and the Effort-Recovery model (job demands, job resources, and recovery experiences during leisure time). MethodA cross-sectional study was carried out among nurses working in the emergency departments of 19 hospitals in the Netherlands (N = 692, response rate 73%). Data were collected by means of an online survey. Multiple hierarchical regression analyses were performed, controlling for sociodemographic variables. ResultsThe frequency of exposure to patient-related stressful situations was positively related to stress-related outcomes, with emotionally demanding situations and aggression/conflict situations mainly explaining variance in emotional exhaustion (β = 0.16, p < .01, ∆R² = 0.08, and β = 0.22, p < .01, ∆R² = 0.13), whereas critical events mainly explained variance in post-traumatic stress symptoms (β = 0.29, p < .01, ∆R² = 0.11). Moderating effects were found for within worktime recovery and recovery during leisure time. Work-time demands, autonomy and social support from the supervisor were predictive of stress-related outcomes irrespectively of exposure to patient-related stressful situations. ConclusionAs patient-related stressful situations are difficult if not impossible to reduce in an emergency department setting, the findings suggest it would be worthwhile to stimulate within worktime recovery as well as recovery experiences during leisure time, to protect emergency nurses from emotional exhaustion and symptoms of post-traumatic stress. Furthermore, this study underscores the importance of reducing work-time demands and enhancing job resources to address stress-related outcomes in emergency nurses. Practical implications, strengths and limitations are discussed.

Kulnun kennara og starfsaðstæður: Þróun og samanburður við aðra opinbera sérfræðinga

Frá efnahagshruninu 2008 hefur niðurskurður fjármagns leitt til þess meðal annars að minna svigrúm hefur gefist til að takast á við brýn úrlausnarefni í skólastarfi. Vísbendingar eru um að líðan kennara hafi versnað frá árinu 2008 og því er mikilvægt að kanna hvort breytingar hafi orðið á einkennum kulnunar frá fyrri rannsóknum meðal grunnskólakennara á árunum 1999 og 2005. Sami spurningalisti og notaður var í fyrri rannsóknum, Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI-ES) var lagður fyrir 515 grunnskólakennara í Reykjavík. Konur voru 85%, karlar 15% og svarhlutfallið var 38%. Einnig voru lagðir fyrir listar sem meta annars vegar örmögnunarröskun (The Karolinska Emotional Exhaustion Scale – KEDS) og hins vegar starfsaðstæður (Job Demands-Resource Scale – JDRS). Í ljós kom að einkenni kulnunar meðal grunnskólakennara hafa aukist frá því fyrir hrun, einkum tilfinningaþrot, en grunnskólakennarar meta starfsárangur enn nokkuð mikinn og finna varla til hlutgervingar gagnvart nemendum. Um 42% grunnskólakennara mæta greiningarviðmiðum fyrir örmögnunarröskun samanborið við 31–38% félagsmanna BHM. Hvað starfsaðstæður varðar meta grunnskólakennarar álag mikið en telja sig hafa tækifæri til að vaxa í starfi og fá stuðning frá stofnun, t.d. stjórnendum. Grunnskólakennarar finna til starfsöryggis en þeir hafa ekki mikla möguleika á framgangi í starfi. Álag reyndist hafa sterkust tengsl við kjarnaeinkenni kulnunar, tilfinningaþrot, í líkani Maslach og einnig örmögnunarröskun. Möguleikar til vaxtar í starfi og stuðningur stofnunar virðast hafa verndandi áhrif. Niðurstöður sýna að kulnun hefur aukist og mikilvægt er að huga að starfsaðstæðum grunnskólakennara, sérstaklega of miklu álagi. Ástæður þessa mikla álags geta verið margvíslegar en hugsanlega má rekja þær til hegðunarvanda í nemendahópi, skorts á viðeigandi úrræðum í málefnum nemenda sem veita þarf sérstakan stuðning, aukins foreldrasamstarfs og almenns virðingarleysis gagnvart kennarastarfinu í samfélaginu.

Role-Based Stress and Burnout among Nigerian Sample: The Moderating Role of Self-Efficacy

There has been much research linking role-based stress to burnout among nurses, but there has been little effort to study the moderating role of self-efficacy in this link in the Nigerian nurses. Considering the theoretical assumptions of the job demand-resources model linking role-based stress and self-efficacy to burnout, this cross-sectional study investigated the moderating role of self-efficacy in role-based and burnout relations among nurses in Enugu urban area of Enugu State, Nigeria. One hundred and seventy (170) nurses, comprising 43 males and 127 females between the ages of 22 to 55 years were sampled using multi-stage sampling techniques. The 15-item Job Tension Scale, 22-item Burnout Inventory and 10-item Generalized Self-efficacy Scale were administered for data collection. Results of moderated regression analysis revealed that role-based stress and emotional self-efficacy did not equally predict the components of burnout. Self-efficacy positively moderated only feeling of reduced personal accomplishment component of burnout. Role-based stress and self-efficacy accounted for 3.1% of the variance in emotional exhaustion of the nurses, 11.8 % of variance in dehumanization and 35.3% in feeling of reduced personal accomplishment. Specifically, role-based stress independently and positively predicted feeling of reduced personal accomplishment but not emotional exhaustion and dehumanization. Self-efficacy independently and negatively predicted emotional exhaustion, dehumanization and feeling of reduced personal accomplishment. The study has recommended that policy makers in nursing/health sector should reduce role-based stress while enhancing self-efficacy in order to reduce burnout.

281 The Impact of Incivility on Well-Being of Emergency Department Staff

In non-medical studies, incivility (rudeness) negatively impacts job satisfaction, wellbeing and workplace culture. While anecdotally, emergency department (ED) staff feel patients and coworkers frequently behave incivilly towards them, no studies have used incivility scales to measure frequency and impact of exposure to incivility in the ED. We aimed to validate an adapted customer incivility scale for use with patients; assess rates of patient and coworker incivility experienced by ED staff in a typical week; and assess the differential impact of the two sources of incivility on emergency physician (EP) well-being, while controlling for two predictors of emotional exhaustion, trait fatigue and trait optimism. We recruited 45 randomly selected ED staff (15 each of physicians, nurses and care techs) to both rate how well an adapted version of a previously validated customer incivility scale measured patient incivility and to complete frequency measures of patient and coworker incivility. Reliability analyses were used to assess the validity of the adapted scale. Then, we recruited a convenience sample EPs via a Facebook group to complete a survey at two time points (to reduce the effects of common method bias). Participants first completed measures for two control variables, trait fatigue and trait optimism, and coworker and patient incivility scales. Next, participants completed an emotional exhaustion measure. Hierarchical linear regression was used to compare the impact of incivility on emotional exhaustion. Twenty-eight staff rated the adapted customer incivility scale and indicated this scale as highly representative of patient incivility. Reliability analyses revealed that this adapted measure showed strong internal consistency and reliability (α=0.95). Of this sample, 93% reported experiencing at least one episode of patient incivility weekly, while 40% reported experiencing at least one episode of coworker incivility weekly. Study two had 159 physicians complete the survey at both time points. These respondents reported similar rates of patient and coworker incivility. Hierarchical linear regression analyses revealed that, controlling for trait fatigue and trait optimism, exposure to patient incivility did not significantly predict emotional exhaustion. However, coworker incivility positively predicted emotional exhaustion, accounting for an additional 4% of the variance in emotional exhaustion above and beyond patient incivility, trait optimism, and trait fatigue. ED staff experience incivility daily. While patient incivility is more frequent than coworker incivility, coworker incivility has a more detrimental effect on ED staff well-being. In this study, patient incivility had no impact on emotional exhaustion after controlling for trait optimism and fatigue, while more exposure to coworker incivility led to higher rates of emotional exhaustion. Results from this study show that accounting for the source of incivility is important, and, while emergency physicians may be more inoculated from incivility from patients, interventions are needed to reduce the rates and impact of coworker incivility in EM. As emotional exhaustion is linked to poorer patient care outcomes, future research should address ways to mitigate the negative effects of incivility, which may include negative patient care outcomes.

&lt;p&gt;Association between transformational leadership and occupational burnout and the mediating effects of psychological empowerment in this relationship among CDC employees: a cross-sectional study&lt;/p&gt;

Purpose: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is playing a vital role in protecting public health and safety. However, few studies have researched on the occupational burnout of CDC employees in the world. Previous studies have reported that transformational leadership could improve the level of psychological empowerment and ameliorate burnout of the employees. In this study, we aimed to analyze the association between transformational leadership and burnout and to test the mediating role of psychological empowerment in this relationship among CDC employees in China.Methods: Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Service Survey, Transformational Leadership Questionnaire, and Psychological Empowerment Scale were used to measure burnout, transformational leadership, and psychological empowerment. A total of 385 CDC employees (effective response rate: 96.25%) were included in the study. We analyzed the association between transformational leadership and three subscales of burnout with hierarchical linear regression analyses. The mediating role of psychological empowerment was finally examined by asymptotic and resampling strategies.Results: Transformational leadership was negatively associated with emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment after controlling sociodemographic and working context characteristics. Transformational leadership and psychological empowerment, respectively, accounted for 9.3% and 12.3% of the variance in emotional exhaustion; 8.5% and 16.7% of the variance in depersonalization; and 6.7% and 10.0% of the variance in reduced personal accomplishment. We found that psychological empowerment played a partially mediating role on the relationship between transformational leadership and burnout. The proportion of psychological empowerment’s mediating effect was 41.56% for emotional exhaustion, 50.62% for depersonalization, and 44.32% for reduced personal accomplishment.Conclusions: It was suggested that transformational leadership could decrease the risk of burnout by the pathway of promoting the employee’s psychological empowerment. Interventions focusing on transformational leadership and psychological empowerment should be of significance to cut burnout.

The Influence of the Big Five Personality Traits on Burnout in Medical Doctors

The objective of present study was to investigate the relationship between the Big Five personality factors and burnout in medical doctors. The sample comprised of 100 doctors (50 males and 50 females). Results of the study revealed that personality factors explained significant amount of variance in both the males’ and females’ sample. In females’ sample, agreeableness explained the maximum variance of 26% (r=-.507**, p&lt;.01) in depersonalization, extraversion explained 12% (r=-.355*, p&lt;.05) of variance in emotional exhaustion, conscientiousness explained 11% (r=-.351*, p&lt;.05) of variance in reduced personal accomplishment and neuroticism explained 9% (r=.098) of variance in reduced personal accomplishment. In males’ sample, extraversion turned out to be the best predictor of emotional exhaustion and explained 11% (r=-.385**, p&lt;.01) of variance in the said variable and openness explained about 10% (r=-.319*, p&lt;.05) of variance in depersonalization. Overall these personality factors have explained 58% of variance in females’ sample and 21% of variance in males’ sample.

Predictors of burnout among HIV nurses in the Western Cape.

BackgroundBurnout has been implicated as one of the reasons for key healthcare personnel, such as nurses, leaving their profession, resulting in insufficient staff to attend to patients.ObjectiveWe investigated the predictors of three dimensions of burnout, namely emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and personal accomplishment, among nurses in South Africa attending to patients living with HIV.MethodParticipants were recruited at a large tertiary hospital in the Western Cape region, with the help of the assistant director of nursing at the hospital. They completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Quantitative Workload Inventory, the Interpersonal Conflict at Work Scale, the Organisational Constraints Scale, the Death and Dying subscale of the Nursing Stress Scale, and the HIV and AIDS Stigma Instrument – Nurse.ResultsWe found elevated levels of burnout among the sample. Workload, job status and interpersonal conflict at work significantly explained more than one-third of the variance in emotional exhaustion (R² = 0.39, F(7, 102) = 9.28, p = 0.001). Interpersonal conflict, workload, organisational constraints and HIV stigma significantly explained depersonalisation (R² = 0.33, F(7, 102) = 7.22, p = 0.001). Job status and organisational constraints significantly predicted personal accomplishment (R² = 0.18, F(7, 102) = 3.12, p = 0.001).ConclusionFactors such as workload, job status and interpersonal conflict in the work context, organisational constraints and stigma associated with HIV were found to be predictors of burnout in the sample of nurses. Our recommendations include developing and testing interventions aimed at reducing burnout among nurses, including reducing workload and creating conditions for less interpersonal conflict at work.

Design, development and validation of a workplace cyberbullying measure, the WCM

ABSTRACTCyberbullying research is beginning to expand from its roots in the youth context into the organizational realm. However, a lack of psychometrically sound scales that capture the diverse features of technological communication has hindered workplace cyberbullying research. The purpose of this study was to develop a valid and reliable measure to assess cyberbullying across various communication technologies and disparate working populations. Three separate studies, involving a total of 944 respondents from different work settings, were conducted to establish a 17-item workplace cyberbullying measure (the WCM). In Study 1, descriptions of workplace cyberbullying behaviours were collected and converted into measurement items. The factor structure and reliability of the scale were examined during Study 2. Further validation of the WCM was established in Study three by assessing correlations with a wide range of variables. Regression analysis demonstrated that the measure explained significant incremental variance in emotional exhaustion over and above existing harassment constructs. Justification for developing the WCM rather than adapting existing measures is presented, along with implications for research and practice.

Explaining emotional exhaustion and work engagement: The role of job demands-resources and Type D personality.

The aim of the current study was to show that Type D personality—a personality trait characterized by high levels of negative affectivity and high levels of social inhibition—can explain a significant amount of variance in emotional exhaustion and work engagement above and beyond the variance explained by job demands and job resources. An Internet survey was conducted in a large, representative sample of the Dutch working population. In line with our hypotheses, results showed that when controlling for the effects of job demands and job resources, employees with a Type D personality experience more emotional exhaustion and less work engagement than employees without a Type D personality. The main effects of job demands and job resources were in line with our hypotheses, except for the relation between job demands and work engagement; job demands appeared to enhance work engagement. This study contributes to knowledge in several ways. First, this study shows the importance of Type D personality in the development of emotional exhaustion and work engagement next to job demands and job resources. Second, our results add to a growing body of evidence showing that job demands, job resources, and personality should be incorporated in 1 model in order to predict emotional exhaustion and work engagement in an optimal way.

Burnout among psychosocial oncologists: an application and extension of the effort-reward imbalance model.

Burnout is a significant problem among healthcare professionals working within the oncology setting. This study aimed to investigate predictors of emotional exhaustion (EE) and depersonalisation (DP) in psychosocial oncologists, through the application of the effort-reward imbalance (ERI) model with an additional focus on the role of meaningful work in the burnout process. Psychosocial oncology clinicians (n = 417) in direct patient contact who were proficient in English were recruited from 10 international psychosocial oncology societies. Participants completed an online questionnaire, which included measures of demographic and work characteristics, EE and DP subscales of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey, the Short Version ERI Questionnaire and the Work and Meaning Inventory. Higher effort and lower reward were both significantly associated with greater EE, although not DP. The interaction of higher effort and lower reward did not predict greater EE or DP. Overcommitment predicted both EE and DP but did not moderate the impact of effort and reward on burnout. Overall, the ERI model accounted for 33% of the variance in EE. Meaningful work significantly predicted both EE and DP but accounted for only 2% more of the variance in EE above and beyond the ERI model. The ERI was only partially supported as a useful framework for investigating burnout in psychosocial oncology professionals. Meaningful work may be a viable extension of the ERI model. Burnout among health professionals may be reduced by interventions aimed at increasing self-efficacy and changes to the supportive work environment.

Mensen met een roeping: een zegen of een zorg in de hulpverlening?

Workers with a calling: Blessed or in need in our care system? Workers with a calling: Blessed or in need in our care system? People who feel they have a calling find their work meaningful. A calling leads to a heightened motivation for work and could therefore be related to less emotional exhaustion. The related concept of spirituality might also have an inverse relation with exhaustion. Calling might also moderate the relation between emotional demands and exhaustion.We investigated these relationships in 235 employees working in a mental health institution. Spirituality overlapped only marginally with calling. There was a positive relationship between emotional demands and emotional exhaustion, and a negative relationship between calling and emotional exhaustion. Calling explained four percent of the variance in emotional exhaustion, but did not moderate the relation between emotional demands and emotional exhaustion. One aspect of spirituality, connectedness with the self, was also negatively related to emotional exhaustion. Persons with a calling are not protected in any special way from emotional demands, but suffer less from emotional exhaustion.