Growth Variables Research Articles

Exploring the Effects of Economic Policy Uncertainty, FDI, and Energy Use, on Environmental Quality in BRICS

Using country-level data, this study examines the role of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and the contribution of economic growth variables such as foreign direct investment (FDI), energy consumption (EC), and GDP on the environment quality in BRICS: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa between 2000 and the year 2023. Analyzing the relationships with a focus on short- and long-run dynamics by using a set of the most advanced econometric techniques including cross-sectional dependence tests, the panel PMG-ARDL model, and robustness checks with FMOLS, The findings show that EPU improves environmental quality in the long run by reducing pollution-intensive activities in uncertain times. On the contrary, FDI and EC appear to have a non-negligible negative impact, indicating their role in increasing environmental degradation, especially in fossil fuel-dependent economies with weak environmental regulations. GDP has a more complicated relationship: it is a powerful measure of growth (of how the wealth of nations increases), but also of sustainability. An additional consideration the study highlights is that knowledge based on the creation of green investment is still insufficient in BRICS-alluding to the importance for these nations to adopt stringent environmental regulations, support clean energy, and finance green investments that promote decoupling economic development from environmental damage. Policy implications of these results are discussed in the context of achieving sustainable development in the face of global environmental change. More research is needed to tease out the heterogeneous impacts of such policy uncertainty, as well as to take into account sectoral variation in FDI flows to improve targeted policy response to such environmental type’s effects.

Differences between Pseudobombax grandiflorum and Bauhinia forficata in terms of responsiveness and dependence to mycorrhiza

ABSTRACT The benefits promoted by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to forest species seedlings include higher growth rate, better nutrition, and higher survival rates. Inoculation with AMF may facilitate revegetation of degraded lands, although it depends on symbionts and environmental conditions, such as soil P availability. In this sense, the lack of information justifies the carrying out of studies of this nature. We investigated the dependence and responsiveness of two forest species native to the Atlantic Forest, Pseudobombax grandiflorum and Bauhinia forficata, to different AMF inocula (isolated AMF species, Dentiscutata heterogama, DH, Gigaspora margarita, GM, Rhizophagus clarus, RC, mixed inoculum with these former three AMF species, MI) compared to the uninoculated control (UC), combined with different P doses applied to the substrate (0, 24, 71, 213, and 650 mg kg -1 ), under greenhouse conditions. We evaluated root colonization, growth, and nutritional variables for Pseudobombax grandiflorum and Bauhinia forficata, 112 and 116 days after sowing with pre-germinated seeds, respectively. Native forest species exhibited different degrees of mycorrhizal dependence. The highest mycorrhizal dependence of P. grandiflorum seedlings was indicated by significant benefits, both growth and nutritional, promoted by innoculation treatments, under fertilization with the intermediate dose of P (213 mg kg -1 ). In fact, under this P dose, seedlings responded to a maximum increase in biomass in the GM treatment and maximum concentration of P and N in the shoots in the UC and DH treatments, respectively. The lowest mycorrhizal dependence of B. forficata seedlings was highlighted by significant growth benefits promoted by inoculation treatments under the lowest doses of P (24 or 71 mg kg -1 ). Under this P dose, we observed seedlings with maximum value of the root:shoot ratio in most of the types of inoculation and also higher values of biomass and height in the MI treatment. The responsiveness in terms of increase in growth and nutritional variables varied depending on the forest species, the dose of P applied to the substrate, and the AMF type of inoculum used. Root biomass and total dry biomass, mainly, should preferably be included in future studies with the same objective as the present study, as they were more relevant to point out the differences between treatments, in comparison with the variables associated with nutritional variables.

Effect of Magnesium Sulfate and Rhizosphere Microorganisms on the Growth and Biosynthesis of Cymbopogon nardus L. Essential Oil

Background: Citronella oil from Cymbopogon nardus L. is used in various fields, including health, industry and pharmaceuticals. Efforts to increase the content and quality of essential oils in this research were made with the application of magnesium sulfate. Rhizosphere microorganisms, which act as biological fertilizers, are applied to assist in the absorption of nutrients. This research aims to determine the interaction between the type of rhizosphere microorganisms and the dose of MgSO4 on growth, essential oil yield and essential oil content in C. nardus. Methods: The research was carried out from February to August 2023. The research used a randomized block design arranged factorially with three replications. The first factor is the type of rhizosphere microorganisms (without RM, PGPR and AMF) and the second factor is the MgSO4 fertilizer dose (0, 190, 285 and 280 kg ha-1). Result: Providing MgSO4 fertilizer can increase the growth and yield of essential oils of C. nardus. The application of PGPR and AMF can increase efficiency of MgSO4 fertilization. Treatment without administering rhizosphere microorganisms required a higher dose of MgSO4 compared to PGPR and AMF treatments. To increase growth variables and essential oil quality, treatment without rhizosphere microorganisms requires MgSO4 of 380 kg ha-1, while PGPR and AMF only require MgSO4 at a dose of 190-285 kg ha-1.

Research on the Impact Mechanism of Knowledge Spillover on the Growth of Small and Medium-sized Sports Enterprises

Background and Aim: In recent years, knowledge spillovers and enterprise innovation have become key drivers of the rapid development of small and medium-sized sports enterprises (SMEs) in China. This study conducted a questionnaire survey of 405 employees from SMEs using the snowball sampling method. The study focuses on how knowledge spillovers affect the development of SMEs in the sports industry and verifies the intrinsic links between knowledge spillovers, product innovation, model innovation, learning organizations, and firm growth variables. Materials and Methods: The study utilized SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 26.0 software for EFA and CFA. Additionally, the research hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling with AMOS 26.0 software. Results: 1) Knowledge spillover, product innovation, model innovation, and learning organization all significantly enhance firm growth. 2)Learning organization, product innovation, and model innovation in SME sports enterprises mediate the effect of knowledge spillover on firm growth. 3)Learning organizations and product innovation, learning organizations, and model innovation in SMEs' sports enterprises jointly mediate the impact of knowledge spillovers on firm growth. 4)The study's results provide an in-depth analysis of how knowledge spillovers affect the development of SMEs through direct and indirect paths. This enriches the theory of sports enterprise development and helps promote enterprise growth. Conclusion: 1) Knowledge spillovers from SMEs directly boost enterprise growth. 2)Knowledge spillovers from SMEs can also indirectly enhance enterprise growth through factors like product innovation, model innovation, and learning organization. 3)Knowledge spillovers can further indirectly facilitate enterprise growth by influencing factors like enterprise learning organization, product innovation, and model innovation.

Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Penghindaran Pajak pada Perusahaan Energi, Bahan Baku dan Industri yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia

The researcher's objective is to analyze debt, company size, and sales growth on tax avoidance. The population of this study is energy, raw materials, and industrial subsector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2020 to 2022. This study uses purposive sampling technique for sampling so that there are 89 companies that meet the data determination requirements. Company data that was sampled as many as 89 is panel data. So the number of samples during 2020-2022 is 3x89 = 267 companies. The result is that the leverage variable has a significant negative effect on tax avoidance, the company size variable has no effect on tax avoidance, and the sales growth variable has a significant negative effect on tax avoidance.

Nano-Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as a dietary intervention in nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Effects on resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila challenge, immune-antioxidant responses, digestive/absorptive capacity, and growth

The present investigation proposed an innovative trial at the probable beneficial effects of nano-Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (NBA) dietary incorporation on the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The investigation included the impact on the growth, digestive functions, immune-antioxidant indices, and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila challenge. A total of 135 fish (35.14 ± 0.12 g) were equally allocated into three groups (45 fish/group; 15 fish/replicate) in triplicates for 70 days. The control, NBA2, and NBA4 groups were fed basal diets enriched with 0, 102, and 104 CFU/kg NBA, respectively. Following the feeding experiment, all experimental groups were injected with 0.1 mL (1.5 × 106) A. hydrophila, and the fish mortalities were observed for 14 days. The outcomes showed that dietary NBA (NBA4 followed by the NBA2 diet) augmented the growth variables (final body weight, total weight gain, and specific growth rate) and condition factor and declined the feed conversion ratio. The intestinal digestive enzyme (amylase and lipase) and growth hormone levels were increased and the serum glucose level was decreased by dietary NBA. Furthermore, NBA diets enhanced the immune (total protein, globulin, lysozyme, complement 3, myeloperoxidase, and phagocytic activity) and antioxidant (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and total antioxidant capacity) parameters. The intestinal histology revealed no pathological lesions with a significant improvement in the intestinal histomorpho-measures (villus height and width, villus surface area, lamina propria thickness, and tunica muscularis thickness) by NBA diets in a dose-dependent manner. In the fish intestine, the B. amyloliquefaciens count was increased in the NBA groups (NBA4 group followed by NBA2 group) with no discernible difference in the total bacterial count. Fish resistance to the A. hydrophila challenge was increased by increasing the survival % in the NBA4 group (91.70 %) followed by the NBA2 group (83.30 %) compared to the control group (70.80 %). Overall, dietary NBA (especially 104 CFU/kg diet) could be a promising feed supplement in the Nile tilapia diets for improving their growth, health, and resistance to bacterial challenges.

Analisis Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Tax Avoidence

This research aims to examine the factors that influence Tax Avoidance, That Factors Are Transfer Pricing and Sales Growth. This research is a type of quantitative research using secondary data. The sample in this research was 91 Property and Real Estate companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2019 - 2022. The method used was purposive sampling. Based on the purposive sampling method, the number of samples in this study was 28 selected companies. The research period was 4 years, so the resulting data was 112 samples. Hypothesis testing uses panel data testing with the help of the Eviews version 10 program. The panel data analysis model chosen in this research is the Random Effect Model. Based on the results of the partial test (t test) it can be seen that the Transfer Pricing and Sales Growth variables have no effect on Tax Avoidance.

The influence of macroeconomics, banking performance, investment and international trade on public welfare with economic growth variables as intervening variables in G-20 countries

Social welfare can be interpreted as a condition that shows a state of community life that can be seen from the standard of living of the community while what is meant by social welfare is a state of fulfillment of basic needs that can be seen from a decent house, the fulfillment of clothing and food, education, and health, or it can also be said that social welfare is a state in which a person is able to maximize his utility at a certain budget limit level and a condition in which physical and spiritual needs are met. The G-20 was formed because the international community was disappointed with the failure of the Group of Seven (G7) to find solutions to the global economic problems faced at that time . The need to improve banking performance, as well as increase capital with an adequate level of capital because it has a positive effect on Economic Growth but does not significantly have a positive effect on Social Welfare. And foreign direct investment (FDI) needs to be encouraged by G-20 countries to increase FDI so that it can provide new resources and technology, encourage economic growth because it has a positive effect, Investment does not significantly have a positive effect on improving social welfare. The international trade variable, measured by goods exports (X₄) and economic growth, measured by GDP growth (Y1) have a significant influence on GDP per capita growth (Y2) as an indicator of Public Welfare in G20 countries. This shows that increasing exports of goods can drive economic growth and public welfare in G20 countries. Through a deeper understanding of the factors that influence public welfare in G20 countries, more effective economic policies can be designed and implemented.

Microtopography-Guided precision restoration of sandy lands through UAV: A case study in Hunshandake Sandy Land, China

Increasing desertification rates have adversely affected biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in sandy lands. Ecological restoration is an effective way to combat desertification. Specific microtopographic characteristics may facilitate vegetation growth, enhancing the success of restoration efforts. However, limited research to date has explored how microtopography may guide the “precision restoration” of sandy lands by supporting spatially continuous patterns of vegetation growth. Here, high-resolution unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) multispectral data were used to identify individual species and extract microtopographic variables, and the relationships between vegetation growth and microtopography were characterized for the Hunshandake Sandy Land in China. The distribution of three dominant shrub species and grasses was investigated by comparing the performance of five popular machine-learning methods. An auto-marking watershed algorithm was then developed to discriminate individual semi-shrubs (Artemisia desertorum). Finally, a new vegetation growth index (VGI), calculated from the UAV-derived crown area, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and canopy height, was used to characterize the relationships between vegetation growth and several microtopographic variables (aspect, slope, and a topographic wetness index [TWI]). With the highest species classification accuracy (94.36%) and individual discrimination rate (81%), areas with high humidity (TWI), gentle and shady slopes were found to most strongly support vegetation growth; for grasses, VGI was lower in artificially-restored regions than naturally-developed regions with similar microtopographic characteristics. These findings provide valuable guidance on the use of UAV to support diverse ecological restoration solutions in sandy lands with a “precision restoration” strategy, thereby improving the survival of key vegetation for sand restoration, especially in remote areas.

Timing of Plant Extracts Application in the Management of Meloidogyne incognita on Tomato Plants

Meloidogyne incognita, a widespread and damaging plant parasite, reduces crop yields. Chemical treatments are common but pose health and environmental risks, leading to a search for safer alternatives. Plant extracts with secondary metabolites, like those from Maerua angolensis and Tabernaemontana elegans, show promise for nematode control, though their efficacies vary. This study aimed to investigate how the timing of applying T. elegans and M. angolensis extracts influenced the population densities of M. incognita and the growth of tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.) plants. The experiment was a factorial design with two plant extracts applied at 5 g per plant and three different timings of application relative to nematode inoculation. Additionally, the experiment included positive (chemical standard (Nemacur® 10 GR)) and negative (plants inoculated with nematodes only) controls, alongside naturally grown plants. The results indicate that applying plant extracts before the nematode inoculation or simultaneously with the inoculation reduced the total nematode populations as effectively as the Nemacur positive control. Plants treated with extracts showed improved growth variables compared with those treated with Nemacur® and the natural growing conditions. In conclusion, applying plant extracts before or simultaneously with nematode inoculation effectively suppressed the nematodes and enhanced the plant growth variables. These findings suggest that such plant extracts could be adopted as part of integrated nematode management strategies in agricultural settings.

Early-successional species show higher tolerance of drought than late-successional species across Europe

Climate change is exacerbating forest disturbances through more frequent and more intense droughts and fires, undermining their ability to recover from such disturbances. The response of fast-growing early-successional species to drought is poorly understood, despite their key role in ecological succession and their ability to enhance ecosystem resilience. Here, we compared the growth responses to drought events of three early-successional species (silver birch, black poplar, and Scots pine) with that of one late-successional species (European beech) across their natural distribution ranges in Europe. We used tree-ring widths of 6340 trees from 109 forest sites to establish species-specific tree-ring chronologies. We then used multiple linear regression to analyze which climatic or growth variables (pre-drought growth and growth during drought) best explained the tree responses to drought. Silver birch, Scots pine, and black poplar showed superior drought tolerance, with a slight, non-significant growth reduction under drought, whereas European beech showed a significant decrease in growth. The variables that influenced growth during and after the drought were species-specific. Annual precipitation and growth variables were key predictors of post-drought growth for Scots pine, black poplar, and European beech. Scots pine and silver birch grew better with increasing latitude, i.e., in Northern Europe than in Central Europe, while European beech and black poplar showed more growth at sites with high precipitation during the vegetation and dormant period, respectively. This study provides insights into the drought tolerance of early-successional species and highlights their ability to promote ecological succession and facilitate the transition to drought-resistant, late-successional forest ecosystems.

Sources and doses of biofertilizers in soybean and corn crops

The application of humic substances (SHs) can provide numerous benefits to the soil-plant system, such as greater absorption of nutrients and greater plant growth, resulting in productivity gains in several crops. In this context, the study aimed to evaluate the growth attributes, nutritional aspects and yield, as well as the chemical attributes of the soil after harvest, as a function of the application of biofertilizers containing fulvic and humic acids in the sowing furrow for soybean crops. and corn. The experiments were carried out in the municipality of Paracatu, Minas Gerais, in a randomized block design, in a 4x3+1 factorial structure, with four replications. The first factor formed by four sources of biofertilizers (Biof. 1, Biof. 2, Biof. 3 and Biof. 4), the second factor composed of three doses (2, 4 and 6 L ha-1), and the additional treatment as a control, totaling 13 treatments. Different results were observed between the sources and doses evaluated. For corn, biofertilizers affected the uptake of N, K, S and B and plant growth, as well as the P and Ca content in the soil, however, they did not affect the crop yield. For the soybean crop, the biofertilizers provided an increase in the absorption of N, S and Mg and an increase in the phosphorus content in the soil; however, they did not interfere in the variables of growth and crop yield. The long-term use of biofertilizers containing SHs can contribute to building soil fertility, and provide improvements to plant development and productivity.

Agronomic potential of four cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) varieties grown on soils fertilized with cocoa shell compost and chicken droppings compost in Côte d’Ivoire

This study was conducted in the Lamto area to evaluate the effect of cocoa shell compost and chicken droppings compost on cassava agronomic variables. The main aim is to increase cassava production, which is in relative decline due to soil impoverishment through organic amendments. The evaluation led to the monitoring of plant development until harvest by measuring some agronomic variables of growth and yield of four varieties of cassava, Alleda agba, Bonoua, Six mois and Yacé each grown on soil fertilized with cocoa shell compost or chicken droppings compost. The experimental design used for this study was a complete randomized block design with 3 replicates. The results showed that the two fertilizers used, being rich in mineral elements, improved the agronomic variables of cassava, superior to the control. This was reflected in a high number of stems per cutting (3.62). However, the chicken droppings compost gave the best development in stem length for the Six mois variety (121.10 cm). The Bonoua variety gave the largest diameter stems (21.98 mm). This variety gave the highest number of leaves (59) and a wider span (109 cm) with wider (16.75 cm) and longer (17.96 cm) leaves. As for yields, the best was obtained with the Bonoua variety, respectively 27.13 t/ha and 35.26 t/ha with cocoa shell compost and chicken droppings compost compared with 12.77 t/ha for the control. Thus, compost and chicken droppings compost can be recommended to improve cassava productivity in Côte d'Ivoire.

Relationship between maritime transportation and economic growth: highest maritime transport European countries

Maritime transport is one of the most widely used transport channels used by countries in foreign trade. The development of maritime transport affects the economic growth levels of countries. In addition, the increase in the level of economic growth of countries increases their share in international foreign trade and this situation increases the importance given by countries to maritime transport day by day. In this context, the study aims to determine whether there is any causality relationship between maritime transport and economic growth variables in Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Türkiye, and the United Kingdom, which have the highest maritime transport among European countries. The bootstrap panel causality test was employed to examine the causality relationships between the variables over the time frame of 2008:Q1-2020:Q2. According to the findings, there is a causality relationship from economic growth to maritime transportation in all countries except Italy and the Netherlands. There is a causality relationship from maritime transportation to economic growth in Türkiye and the United Kingdom. As a result, the relationship between maritime transport and economic growth varies from country to country. This situation reveals the necessity of developing national policies for maritime transport by considering the economic structures of the countries.

Estimation of the Unemployment Rate in Indonesia Using Nonparametric Spline Regression

The COVID-19 pandemic impact is not only on health but on all aspects of life, one of the socio-economic aspects is unemployment. The linear regression be used as a method in modeling the unemployment rate frequently. Whereas linear regression is inappropriate for data that have trends or irregular relationship patterns such as unemployment rate data. Therefore, this research used of the nonparametric spline regression method. It can produce more flexible curves according to the flatline of data based on optimum knots at the optimum value of the cross validation. There are several factors suggested that affect the Unemployment Rate (TPT ), including the number of positive COVID cases, labor force participation rate, economic growth and human development index. The purpose of this study is to find out if there is a difference between the open unemployment rate (TPT) in Indonesia before and during the pandemic. The Data used are secondary data obtained from Badan Pusat Statistika (BPS). The calculations results show that there are differences between the models of the unemployment rate before and during the pandemic. Generally there are three significant variables in the before the pandemic model: variables of economic growth (PE) and the human development index (IPM), while during the pandemic the significant variable are the labor force participation rate (TPAK) and economic growth (PE).

AGRONOMIC ANALYSIS OF TWO MAIZE HYBRIDS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF A BIOFERTILIZER

<p><strong>Background.</strong> The use of synthetic fertilizers has contributed to environmental pollution and the impact of areas for agricultural use, generating the need to look for ecological alternatives. Currently it has been shown that the application of the commercial biofertilizer Azofert® (<em>Rhizobium leguminosarum</em>, CF1, 1x109 CFU mL<sup>-1</sup>) increases the growth, development and yield of some crops, including corn, which is of great importance in the world due to its high consumption. <strong>Objetive.</strong> To evaluate the agronomic response of two corn hybrids (ADV-9789 and Emblema Ultra), under the application of said organic biofertilizer Azofert®. <strong>Methodology.</strong> A completely randomized block experimental design (BCA) with a bi-factorial arrangement was used, applying doses of 4, 8 and 12 mL Kg<sup>-1</sup> seed and a control treatment. <strong>Results.</strong> It was observed that, in the growth, production and yield variables, the three Azofert® treatments were superior to the control treatment, which assume that the inoculation in seed was efective as a treatment recommendation for this crop. The highest dose (12 mL Kg<sup>-1</sup> seed) was the one that presented the significantly higher values in both varieties. <strong>Implications.</strong> Azofert® is a biofertilizer whose main use is in legumes however, this opens an area of opportunity to study it in other types of crops. <strong>Conclusions</strong>. The organic biofertilizer Azofert® has a high potential to increase the growth, development and yield of the two corn hybrids studied.</p>

India's digital dividend: A strategic opportunity and challenge

India has been on a digital growth trajectory for a few years, prompted by its goal of becoming a trillion-dollar digital economy by 2025. The Indian digital revolution has resulted in a new wave of digital consumption and dividends. This manuscript examines the transformative journey of India's digital revolution, highlighting the strategic opportunities and challenges it encompasses. The Digital India initiative, a cornerstone government policy, has been instrumental in this transformative process, aiming to digitize various aspects of life and governance. Despite a significant increase in internet users and the successful launch of numerous digital projects, a substantial digital divide remains, characterized by disparities in mobile phone ownership, internet access, and digital literacy across different genders, geographical locations, and income groups. Using a qualitative research methodology, this study investigates the economic impact of digitalization on the Indian economy and identifies factors contributing to the digital divide. An extensive literature review and qualitative content analysis identified five primary themes: the digital profile of India, digitization and economic growth, digitalization and economic variables, digitalization across sectors, and the digital divide. These themes elucidate India's progress in digital literacy and financial inclusion, the economic advantages of digitalization, and the obstacles to achieving digital inclusivity. The manuscript proposes a developmental framework with recommendations for policymakers, business leaders, and other stakeholders to mitigate the digital divide and maximize the benefits of digital dividends. It underscores the necessity of a comprehensive digital strategy, the enhancement of digital infrastructure, the development of digital human resources, the promotion of digital literacy, and the fostering of digital entrepreneurial capacity.

ANALISIS PENGARUH UTANG DOMESTIK DAN UTANG LUAR NEGERI TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI DI INDONESIA PADA TAHUN 2014 - 2023

During the period of 2014-2023, Indonesia government set a target for average economic growth of 5.2% for 2014-2020 and 6% for 2020-2025. In order to achieve that, the fiscal policy adopted by the government is by utilizing debt. Based on Keynesian view, the government can incur debt to finance government budget deficits and stimulate economic growth. This research employs the ordinary least squares (OLS) method because it seeks to analyze the relationship between the variables of quarterly increase of GDP, quarterly increase of domestic debt growth, and quarterly foreign debt. Based on the estimation results of the model conducted in the research, the result show that the variables of quarterly domestic debt growth and quarterly foreign debt growth can only explain a 14.49% increase in quarterly GDP value. Simultaneously, domestic debt and foreign debt do not affect economic growth. Partially, an increase per quarter in domestic debt has a significant negative effect on the increase in quarterly GDP value, while an increase per quarter in foreign debt has a positive but not significant effect on the increase of quarterly GDP value.

Market Capitalization and Economic Growth Nexus A Mediation Analysis for selected countries

The study examined the mediating role of market capitalization in the relationship between economic growth and macroeconomic variables in twenty countries, including foreign direct investment, gross fixed capital formation, government spending, and inflation. The study has used panel data of twenty countries from the period of 2002-2021. The selection of countries involves three criterions, first; the study selected three regions; Asia, Europe, and Mena region. Secondly, among those selected countries, the study tried to select all three categories, higher income countries, middle income countries, and upper middle-income countries. The selection of these countries follows the criteria of GDP growth rate of 2021. Thirdly, these economies are either emerging economies or the economies who have established the stock market and getting its benefits for sustained GDP growth rate e.g. Australia, China, and Germany etc. Panel regression results show that foreign direct investment, gross fixed capital formation, consumption expenditures, inflation, GDP per employed person, and education expenditures all contribute to economic growth in selected countries, whereas an increase in the real effective exchange rate reduces growth. Hayes (2022) employs a mediation analysis approach that confirms market capitalization as a partially mediating variable between the rate of economic growth and various control variables in case of selected 20 countries. Providing more favorable policies for investors and enterprises, such as special economic zones and free tax breaks. Furthermore, emphasis on the money supply and preserving the currency's balance between face and interior worth. Increased foreign direct investment raises the country's workforce demand.

Interactive Effects of Dietary Probiotic and Succinic Acid on the Growth Performance, Digestive Enzyme Activities, Immunomodulation, Antioxidative Capacity, and Disease Resistance in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Juveniles

Abstract The current study was carried out to explore the effects of lactofeed (LA) as a multi-strain probiotic and succinic acid (SA) on growth variables, gut lactic acid bacteria count, digestive enzymes, innate immune responses, antioxidant capacity, and resistance against yersinia ruckeri in rainbow trout juveniles (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Three hundred sixty healthy rainbow trout juveniles (13.21±0.41 g) were randomly divided into twelve tanks (300 L) as four experimental groups. They were fed with basal diet (Control; BD), FT1: BD + 1 g/kg LA, FT2: BD + 5 g/kg SA, and FT3: BD + 1 g/kg LA + 5 g/kg SA for eight weeks. According to the results, final weight (FW), weight gain (WG), protein efficiency rate (PER), and feed conversion rate (FCR) revealed a remarkable discrepancy compared to the control group. In addition, dietary inclusion of LA (FT1 and FT3) significantly increased the specific growth rate (SGR). Dietary supplementation of LA+SA (FT3) remarkably improved total bacteria count (TBC) and amylase activity compared to the unsupplemented group. Gut lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count and digestive protease activity in all supplemented fish were remarkably higher than in unsupplemented group. Blood immunological factors including white blood cell (WBC) count, total immunoglobulin content (Ig), and the activity of lysozyme (LYZ), alternative complement pathway (ACH50), and acid phosphatase (ACP) were significantly enhanced in the supplemented groups. Neutrophil (NEU) count, skin mucus Ig and hepatic glutathione peroxidase (GPX) increased in SA (FT2 and FT3) treatments. In addition, monocyte (MON) count and skin mucus LYZ activity were significantly elevated following feeding with the FT3 diet. Other immunological parameters of skin mucus including protease activity, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and ACH50 activity, as well as hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities increased in fish fed with diets containing LA and/or SA. Malondialdehyde (MDA) value was remarkably decreased in all supplemented rainbow trout compared to the fish fed with BD. Disease resistance against Y. ruckeri in fish fed with supplemented diets significantly improved with respect to the results obtained in the control specimens. Overall, dietary LA+SA supplementation was beneficial to improve growth performance, gut LAB count, digestive enzyme activities, innate immune responses, antioxidant capacity, and disease resistance in rainbow trout. According to these findings, 1 g/kg LA + 5 g/kg SA is suggested for adding to rainbow trout diet.