Ethnic Variations Research Articles

Gyral peak variations between HCP and CHCP: functional and structural implications.

Significant culture and ethnic diversity play an important role in shaping brain structure and function. Many attempts have been undertaken to connect ethnic variations with brain function, which, however, fluctuates over time and is costly, limiting its utility to identify consistent brain markers as well as its application to a broad population. In contrast, brain anatomy is less altered during a short period of time, but it is not fully understood whether it could serve as the ethnicity-sensitive landmark, or its variation is associated with functional one. In this study, We utilized gyral peaks, a set of early cortical folds, as cortical landmarks to explore the role of ethnic factors in brain anatomy and their relationship to brain function. Comparative experiments were conducted using the Human Connectome Project and the Chinese Human Connectome Project. In populations with similar ethnic backgrounds, gyral peak patterns showed greater consistency. For groups with significantly different ethnic backgrounds, we identified both shared peaks and peaks unique to each group. Compared to shared peaks, unique peaks showed significant differences in anatomical and functional network attributes and were spatially associated with working memory networks, which exhibited increased activation in their presence. Gene enrichment analysis provided additional support, suggesting that the unique peaks are associated with genes linked to working memory functions. These findings could provide new knowledge to understanding how ethnic diversity interplay with brain functions and associate with brain shapes.

2830 A systematic review of the association between ethnicity and frailty prevalence, incidence, trajectories and risks

Abstract Background Ethnic variations in frailty are poorly understood. This systematic review examined ethnic variations in frailty prevalence, incidence and trajectories; associations between frailty and sociodemographic/lifestyle risk-factors; and health-related outcomes of pre-frailty and frailty. Methods We searched four electronic databases from 2000 to April 2023 using terms for ethnicity and frailty. Inclusion criteria: observational studies assessing frailty in adults ≥18 years from community-based settings, including care homes; ethnicity defined by race, country of birth, language, ancestry, or culture. We supplemented searches with manual citation and reference list searches. Primary outcomes: prevalence, incidence, and transitions of frailty. Secondary outcomes: factors associated with frailty and health-related outcomes (e.g. falls, hospital admissions, mortality). Two reviewers independently screened all articles; conflicts were resolved by a third reviewer. Results We included 80 studies, representing data from 13 countries plus two multi-national samples from 15 European and 10 Asian countries, respectively. Across settings, frailty prevalence was higher in minority groups (including Black or Hispanic people in USA, South Asian or Black people in UK, Moroccan or Surinamese in the Netherlands, ‘non-white’ groups in South America, Māori in New Zealand, and non-Han groups in China) compared to majority groups (White in most settings, or Han in studies in China). Ethnic differences appear sensitive to methods used to measure frailty. Two US-based studies found that ethnic differences were independent of sociodemographic differences. Six studies from USA or UK showed that Black and South-Asian people, respectively, had higher frailty incidence or more rapid frailty progression. There were no significant differences in mortality risk of frailty between ethnic groups. Conclusion Ethnic variation in frailty prevalence and dynamics persist across multiple settings, with minority groups adversely impacted. Future research should seek to explain ethnic differences in frailty measurement. Interventions targeting frailty need to take account of structural inequalities faced by minority groups.

Differences in Inpatient Palliative Care Consultation During the Terminal Admission for Pediatric Neuro-Oncology Patients.

Pediatric neuro-oncology patients have one of the highest mortality rates among all children with cancer. Our study examines the potential relationship between palliative care consultation and intensity of in-hospital care and determines if racial and ethnic differences are associated with palliative care consultations during their terminal admission. Retrospective observational study using the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database with data from U.S. children's hospitals. PHIS was queried for patients under 18 years of age who received a diagnosis of brain tumor and had their terminal admission between January 1, 2017 and December 31, 2021. Of the 567 patients who fit the inclusion criteria, 359 (63%) patients had an inpatient palliative care consultation during their terminal hospital stay. There were no statistically significant differences seen when comparing palliative care consultation rates among racial groups. When comparing the ethnicity variables, patients in the Hispanic group had approximately a 10% higher rate of palliative care consultations than their non-Hispanic counterpart. Patients with palliative care consultations had a lower percentage of PICU admission (64.9 vs 83.2), mechanical ventilation (51.0 vs 76.0), and TPN use (18.1 vs 25.5) despite having similar lengths of stay. Pediatric neuro-oncology patients who received a palliative care consultation during their terminal hospital stay had lower intensity care (lower rates PICU admission, mechanical ventilation use, and TPN use) despite having similar lengths of stay. This may reflect the enhanced decision-making support for the patients and their families so that they may consider all options. Children facing a terminal illness and their families deserve access to optimal supportive services. This study highlights the importance of integrating palliative care in hospital admissions of terminally ill children with neuro-oncological diagnoses.

Genetic Insights and Clinical Implications of NEU1 Mutations in Sialidosis

Sialidosis is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the NEU1 gene, resulting in deficient neuraminidase-1 activity and the subsequent accumulation of sialylated compounds in lysosomes. This review comprehensively analyzes the genetic and clinical heterogeneity associated with sialidosis, emphasizing the distinction between the milder type I form and the more severe type II form. Over 90 pathogenic NEU1 variants, predominantly missense mutations, have been identified, highlighting significant phenotypic diversity. Advancements in genomic sequencing technologies have facilitated the identification of known and novel mutations, with population-specific insights elucidating ethnic variability in symptomatology and genetic profiles. Recent case studies, including a novel compound heterozygous variant, further illustrate the complexity of the genotype–phenotype correlations. Emerging therapeutic approaches, such as enzyme replacement therapy and adeno-associated virus-mediated gene therapy, demonstrate promising potential for restoring neuraminidase-1 function and improving outcomes in preclinical models. This review emphasizes the critical role of genetic analysis in diagnosis and management while advocating for continued research into the molecular mechanisms underlying sialidosis to enable the development of targeted, personalized treatments.

Approach to the Patient: Diagnostic Challenges in the Work Up for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects 10-13% of women globally. It is a condition with metabolic, reproductive and psychological features, with health impacts across the lifespan. The aetiology of PCOS is complex, with an interplay of several factors including genetic and epigenetic susceptibility, androgen exposure in early life and adiposity related dysfunction leading to hypothalamic-ovarian disturbance. Diagnosis is recommended based on the International PCOS Guideline criteria, with diagnosis confirmed in adults when two of out the following three criteria are met: i) hyperandrogenism (clinical or biochemical), ii) irregular cycles and iii) polycystic ovary morphology or elevated anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels. With its clinical heterogeneity, distinct phenotypes, variation across the lifespan and ethnic variation, PCOS diagnosis can present significant diagnostic challenges to clinicians.

Validation of predictive equations for aerobic fitness in young healthy male students of the University of Ibadan

BackgroundMaximum oxygen consumption is a measure of an individual’s cardiorespiratory fitness which is a singular predictor of an array of diseases. Several exercise and non-exercise assessments are frequently compared to know which method(s) provide the most accurate estimation of aerobic capacity due to difficulties in using the direct method. There is a need to know if an estimation method is the right fit for a population without huge overestimation or underestimation due to ethnical variation. This study was undertaken to assess the estimations of the cardiorespiratory fitness of healthy African males by the submaximal exercise-based and the non-exercise-based equations in undergraduate students of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria.ResultsVO2 was significantly higher in the undergraduate students of the University of Ibadan in all the equations used (44.38 ± 39.07, 62.46 ± 27.61, 44.38 ± 39.07, 62.46 ± 27.61, 46.37 ± 3.31, 46.16 ± 3.64, 47.08 ± 3.19). The two submaximal exercises compared using the Bland–Altman Plot showed a high degree of agreement, further linear regression performed showed no proportional bias on the distribution of data around the mean difference line (p > 0.05). Cross-validation using the Bland–Altman plot and linear regression for the five non–exercise predicted equations with the YMCA submaximal exercise test and Bruce submaximal exercise test all showed a significance difference of (P < 0.05) showed that data from all the methods provided proportional bias on the distribution of data around the mean difference line.ConclusionThis study asserts that caution should be taken when using a non-exercise equation to predict VO2 in the African population. It is therefore recommended to carry out various assessment methods of VO2 estimation in a wider population using various protocols, and also develop a predictive equation for VO2 specific to the African population.

Anatomic-Based Diagnosis and Filler Injection Techniques: Chin Augmentation and Jawline Contouring.

Chin augmentation and jawline contouring have emerged as significant procedures in aesthetic medicine, addressing both structural and age-related changes in the lower face. This review explores anatomic-based diagnosis and filler injection techniques for these treatments. Ethnic variations in facial structure necessitate different approaches, with Western patients often seeking jawline definition, while Asian patients frequently require chin projection. The evolution of beauty standards and widespread orthodontic treatments have influenced treatment goals, emphasizing overall facial harmony. Successful outcomes rely on a thorough understanding of facial anatomy, including the complex interplay of muscles, fat layers, and soft tissue landmarks. The distinction between bony and soft tissue landmarks is crucial for optimal filler placement. Treatment techniques involve careful selection of filler consistency and injection depth, with high-viscosity fillers used for deep structural support and softer fillers for surface refinement. The use of cannulas in jawline treatments offers advantages in reducing complications and ensuring even distribution. Vascular anatomy knowledge is essential to avoid complications, particularly regarding the facial artery and its branches. Post-treatment management, including massage and follow-up assessments, is vital for achieving and maintaining desired results. This comprehensive approach ensures safe, effective, and aesthetically pleasing outcomes in chin and jawline enhancement procedures.

Hispanic survival paradox: a systematic review of short-term hospital readmissions among Hispanic kidney transplant recipients in the United States.

The epidemiologic phenomenon known as the "Hispanic paradox" postulates that Hispanic/Latino Americans generally tend to live longer than other racial/ethnic communities, despite facing many socioeconomic disadvantages and other healthcare barriers. Whether this phenomenon is relevant among kidney transplantation (KT) recipients remains unclear. To investigate the possibility of a Hispanic mortality advantage, we conducted a systematic review of the published literature comparing short-term KT outcomes (first 12-months) for US Hispanic versus non-Hispanic White KT recipients. This systematic review summarizes recent findings from sixteen observational retrospective cohort studies that met our study criteria. Study sample sizes ranged from 42 to 244 037 total KT recipients and examined data between 2005 and 2022. Compared to their Non-Hispanic comparator, the Hispanic sub-samples were more likely to be younger, spend more time on dialysis, and less likely to receive preemptive transplant or living donation. Hispanic KT recipients experienced similar or more favorable outcomes in eleven studies (ten studies examining patient and graft survival, one study examining readmissions), but only three studies with statistical significance. As the US Hispanic and Latino population continues to grow into the diverse American melting pot, this review highlights the need for better approaches to studying racial and ethnic variables within kidney transplantation.

Cancer clinical trial participation: a qualitative study of Black/African American communities' and patient/survivors' recommendations.

Black/African Americans experience disproportionate cancer burden and mortality rates. Racial and ethnic variation in cancer burden reflects systemic and health-care inequities, cancer risk factors, and heredity and genomic diversity. Multiple systemic, sociocultural, economic, and individual factors also contribute to disproportionately low Black/African American participation in cancer clinical trials. The Participatory Action for Access to Clinical Trials project used a community-based participatory research approach inclusive of Black/African American community-based organizations, Henry Ford Health, and the University of Michigan Urban Research Center. The project aims were to understand Black/African Americans' behavioral intentions to participate in cancer clinical trials and to obtain recommendations for improving participation. Audio-recorded focus group data were transcribed and coded, and searches were conducted to identify themes and subthemes. Representative text was extracted from the transcripts. Six community focus group discussions (70 participants) and 6 Henry Ford Health patient/survivor focus group discussions (29 participants) were completed. General themes related to trial participation were identified, including (1) systemic issues related to racism, health disparities, and trust in government, health systems, and clinical research; (2) firsthand experiences with health care and health systems; (3) perceived and experienced advantages and disadvantages of clinical trial participation; and (4) recruitment procedures and personal decision-making processes. Specific recommendations on how to address barriers were obtained. Community-based participatory research is effective in bringing communities equitably to the table. To build trust, health systems must provide opportunities for patients and communities to jointly identify factors affecting cancer clinical trial participation, implement recommendations, and address health disparities.

Ethnic variations in warfarin pharmacogenetics: A comprehensive review

Ethnic variations in warfarin pharmacogenetics: A comprehensive review

Role of pH and Temperature Metrics in Fertility and Menstrual Health: A Global and Ethnic Perspective - Literature Review

Objectives: To examine the role of vaginal pH and basal body temperature (BBT) metrics in enhancing fertility and menstrual health across global and ethnic contexts. Setting: Analysis of global and ethnic variations in fertility and menstrual health. Intervention: A critical examination of non-invasive measures such as vaginal pH and BBT, along with factors like ethnicity, diet, lifestyle, and geographical location, in predicting ovulation and improving reproductive health outcomes. Main Outcome Measure: The potential of vaginal pH and BBT monitoring, supported by technology, in offering personalized reproductive health insights. Results &amp; Conclusion: Variations in pH and BBT monitoring are observed across different ethnic groups, influenced by external factors. Findings suggest that integrating these metrics with educational and interventional programs can benefit women's psycho-social behaviors, quality of life, and emotional well-being. Further research is needed to validate these methods and explore their application in clinical settings, aiming to provide reliable, accessible tools for managing reproductive health with a personalized approach.

CULTURAL COMPETENCE TRAINING AND EVALUATION AMONG NURSING HOME STAFF

Abstract The dynamics of cultural and ethnic identity in healthcare has become more salient in the United States due to the growing population diversity. In particular, significant number of nursing home staff are from diverse sociocultural groups, which necessitates cultural competency in nursing homes in order to provide quality care to older adults. Cultural competency in nursing homes is usually analyzed in terms of the interplay between staff members and the older adults, but this study investigated the relational cultural competency between staff members in the workplace. First, cultural competency training on promoting inclusion and respecting diversity, and communication/teamwork was provided to staff members working in a nursing home in Washington, D.C. To evaluate the level of cultural competency post-training, a semi-structured in-depth interview was conducted with 16 nursing home staff. Participants were purposefully selected to capture variation in cultural identity and ethnicity, national origin, work experience and position at the organization. The interviews were conducted individually and audio-recorded after consent was obtained. The audio files were transcribed verbatim and analyzed with the aid of Nvivo12. Findings show that the training was positively perceived as having impacted their outlook of culture and identity in the workplace. Most of the participants were comfortable with working with individuals from different cultures and identified techniques used in communicating when there are language barriers, including utilizing interpreters and translation tools. Participants recommended that organization’s leadership should create more opportunities for intercultural exchange among staff members through potlucks, and recognizing national holidays of staff members.

Rape incidence among children and teenagers in rural and urban communities in Nigeria

This study investigated the incidence of rape among children and teenagers in rural and urban communities in Nigeria. The study employed a cross-sectional survey design to describe the experiences of children and teenagers purposively selected from the six geopolitical regions of Nigeria. 445 participants between the ages of 9 and 19. Results revealed 10.7% rape incidence and 32.8% sexual experience two years before the study for respondents. Age, ethnicity, and community variations were found for rape incidence with 11.8% higher among teenagers aged 13 and above, 7.4% higher in urban communities and a high percentage of 27.2% among the Hausas. Advocating for strict legislative reforms to address the stringent procedures in establishing rape incidents in Nigerian law, comprehensive sexuality education programs in schools to promote awareness and healthy relationships, and preventive counselling interventions were recommended. The study provided an understanding of rape incidence among children and teenagers in Nigeria.

Demographic and clinical features of rosacea in North Jordan: a 10-year university hospital retrospective study

Background/Objectives This study aims to investigate the demographic and clinical characteristics of rosacea within the North Jordan population, focusing on Fitzpatrick skin types III and IV. The intent is to address gaps in dermatological research concerning ethnic and racial variations in rosacea’s presentation and impact. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis at the dermatology department of King Abdullah University Hospital, North Jordan, reviewing medical records of patients diagnosed with rosacea from January 2013 to December 2023. Data collection focused on demographics, rosacea subtypes and environmental factors exacerbating the condition. Statistical analysis utilized Jamovi and GraphPad Prism software. Results The study included 610 patients, revealing a rosacea prevalence of 1.5% within the hospital’s catchment area. Most patients were female (84.4%), with a median age of 44. The majority had Fitzpatrick skin types III and IV. The erythematotelangiectatic subtype was most common (73.6%), followed by papulopustular (23.4%) and phymatous (3%). Environmental triggers like sun exposure and temperature changes were nearly universally reported as exacerbating factors. Conclusions Rosacea shows significant gender disparities and is influenced by environmental factors. The study underscores the need for targeted research and treatment strategies that consider ethnic and racial variations, along with gender-specific presentations of the disease.

Understanding the Parable of the Good Samaritan: HOTS Dimensions

It is critical to comprehend religious precepts that promote tolerance in light of the world's growing religious and societal divisions. The biblical tale of the Good Samaritan is frequently used as an example of moral principles and intergroup empathy. This study attempts to identify the ways in which a more profound comprehension of this fable might promote interfaith tolerance, particularly in a multicultural society. The methodology used in this study consists of a content analysis of the biblical text together with a survey of the literature on theology and sociology that is relevant to understanding the tale. Drawing upon the theoretical frameworks of interfaith discourse and social tolerance, the research highlights the need of valuing diversity in order to foster peaceful cohabitation. The results of the study show that, despite variations in religion or ethnicity, the Good Samaritan narrative offers a universal message of compassion and assistance. The narrative demonstrates the ability of humanitarian action to cut over social divides and ideological differences, which is critical in resolving conflicts in today's multicultural society. The study's main argument is that, in the context of religious diversity, a thorough comprehension of this fable may serve as a strong basis for encouraging interfaith communication and decreasing prejudices while also fostering tolerance.

Predictors of Postprandial Hyperglycemia in Non-Diabetic Adult Hospital Visitors: A Cross-Sectional Study Across Religious Groups in Northern Israel.

Background/Objectives: Ethnocultural differences between Jewish and Arab communities in Northern Israel may contribute to disparities in type 2 diabetes prevalence. Widespread screening strategies, including hospital-based initiatives, are crucial for early detection of hyperglycemia. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of postprandial hyperglycemia and identify its associated factors in a diverse population of non-diabetic adults visiting the Galilee Medical Center, a tertiary care hospital in Northern Israel. Methods: Participants were recruited between November 2017 and July 2023 through a voluntary screening program for non-diabetic adult visitors to the hospital. Capillary blood glucose measurements were obtained 1-4 h after a meal using a standardized glucometer. Postprandial hyperglycemia was defined as a blood glucose level ≥147 mg/dL, while postprandial normoglycemia was defined as ≤133 mg/dL. Individuals with glucose levels between 134-146 mg/dL were excluded from the analysis. Additional exclusion criteria included known diabetes, acute illness, corticosteroid use, and pregnancy. Demographic data, lifestyle factors, and health status were recorded. Propensity score matching was employed to ensure comparability between religious groups based on age, gender, and body mass index. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify independent predictors of postprandial hyperglycemia. Results: 3457 adult visitors underwent postprandial glucose testing and met eligibility criteria. Following propensity score matching, 1845 participants (615 each from Druze, Jewish, and Muslim religious groups) were included in the final analysis. The prevalence of postprandial hyperglycemia was 9.4% in Druze, 6.0% in Jews, and 8.0% in Muslims (p = 0.08). Age >50 years was significantly associated with postprandial hyperglycemia in all groups. Obesity was associated with postprandial hyperglycemia in Muslims, with a similar non-significant trend in the Jewish cohort. Self-reported poor health was also associated with postprandial hyperglycemia in Muslims. In the Druze cohort, a low daily intake of daily fresh vegetable consumption was significantly associated with postprandial hyperglycemia. Conclusions: This study highlights the feasibility of hospital-based screening for postprandial hyperglycemia among adult visitors and reveals ethnic variations in prevalence and associated risk factors.

IPD-Brain: An Indian histopathology dataset for glioma subtype classification

The effective management of brain tumors relies on precise typing, subtyping, and grading. We present the IPD-Brain Dataset, a crucial resource for the neuropathological community, comprising 547 high-resolution H&E stained slides from 367 patients for the study of glioma subtypes and immunohistochemical biomarkers. Scanned at 40x magnification, this dataset is one of the largest in Asia, specifically focusing on the Indian demographics. It encompasses detailed clinical annotations, including patient age, sex, radiological findings, diagnosis, CNS WHO grade, and IHC biomarker status (IDH1R132H, ATRX and TP53 along with proliferation index, Ki67), providing a rich foundation for research. The dataset is open for public access and is designed for various applications, from machine learning model training to the exploration of regional and ethnic disease variations. Preliminary validations utilizing Multiple Instance Learning for tasks such as glioma subtype classification and IHC biomarker identification underscore its potential to significantly contribute to global collaboration in brain tumor research, enhancing diagnostic precision and understanding of glioma variability across different populations.

Ethnic variations in traumatic injury hospitalisations in a health region of Aotearoa New Zealand-10-year review.

To examine the ethnic variations in trauma hospitalisations in a health region of Aotearoa New Zealand over a 10-year period. A retrospective, observational study utilised data from the Te Manawa Taki (TMT) regional trauma registry to identify individuals of all ages and injury severities who were hospitalised due to injuries between 2013 and 2022. This investigation focusses on the epidemiology of trauma, examining factors such as ethnicity, gender, Injury Severity Score (ISS) and injury characteristics. In the TMT region, out of the 60,753 trauma patients admitted to hospitals, the distribution across ethnic groups was as follows: 39,291 (64.7%) were European and other ethnic group, 18,015 (29.7%) were Māori, 1,998 (3.3%) were Asian and 1,411 (2.3%) were Pacific peoples. Notably, there were significant differences in incidence rates among these groups, with Māori exhibiting the highest rate. Moreover, males were more predisposed to hospitalisation due to trauma compared to females. This gender discrepancy was consistent across all ethnicities. Regardless of ethnicity, falls and road traffic crashes emerged as leading causes of trauma across all severity levels. Additionally, the primary location of injury varied depending on the severity of trauma. For high-severity cases, street and highways were the predominant sites, whereas homes were more commonly associated with low-severity admissions. The study examines the incidence, demographic characteristics, severity and outcomes of trauma patients across various ethnic backgrounds admitted to hospitals within the TMT region of Aotearoa New Zealand over a decade. The disparities in injury rates among different ethnic groups underscore the substantial strain on the healthcare system. Pinpointing high-risk demographics and recognising these disparities will be instrumental in devising targeted prevention measures, enhancing access to culturally sensitive trauma services and advancing health equity.

Evaluating the impact of LHCGR gene polymorphism on polycystic ovary syndrome: a comprehensive meta-analysis and power assessment.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is prevalent among reproductive-aged women and is categorized by hormonal imbalances, irregular menstrual cycles, and challenges with fertility. PCOS affects approximately 3.6% of women globally, with prevalence varying by region. The luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR) gene, which encodes the LHCGR, has been implicated in PCOS pathophysiology. This study investigated the association between the LHCGR gene polymorphism rs2293275 and PCOS through a meta-analysis. An extensive literature review was carried out using Embase, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases to identify research studies exploring the association between LHCGR gene variants and PCOS. The review was conducted based on the PRISMA checklist. Eligible case-control studies from 2016 to 2024 were chosen based on predefined criteria. Quantitative data analysis was performed using MetaGenyo software, employing a significance threshold of p<0.05. Odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to evaluate the relationships. G*Power 3.1 software was employed for statistical power analysis to assess the study's strength. The meta-analysis explored the link between LHCGR gene variant rs2293275 and PCOS across diverse ethnic groups and genetic models. Analyzing data from 10 studies involving 1,431 PCOS cases and 1,317 controls, the findings revealed no significant associations in most genetic models: allele (OR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.54-1.49), dominant (OR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.47-1.18), recessive (OR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.41-1.57), and over-dominant (OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 0.69-1.85). Subgroup analyses by ethnicity (Arabs, Asians, Caucasians) consistently showed no significant correlations, except a protective effect in Caucasians (OR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.34-0.95) in the AA vs. aa comparison. Sensitivity analyses confirmed robustness, and there was no indication of publication bias. Power analysis validated adequate sample sizes, and protein-protein interaction networks underscored biological relevance. The meta-analysis concluded that no significant connection was observed between the LHCGR gene variant rs2293275 and the risk of PCOS among different populations. This suggests a complexity in PCOS etiology and indicating that LHCGR may not be a significant genetic marker for PCOS. Future research should explore other genetic and environmental factors contributing to PCOS, emphasizing the importance of genetic and ethnic variability in such studies.

FC15 Psoriasis in skin of colour patients: where are we now?

Abstract Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disease affecting individuals across all races and ethnicities with reports of varying prevalence in different populations. Apart from similarities, there are nuances in various aspects of psoriasis in populations with skin of colour (SOC) as well as disparities in access to care and research.1 Our objective was to further understand the unique characteristics of plaque psoriasis in SOC patients. A literature search from January 2018 until August 2023 in Pubmed/MEDLINE and Cochrane Library was performed. Level of evidence for each study was assessed using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine recommendations and only studies with a level of evidence of I–III were included. The prevalence of plaque psoriasis is higher in White populations compared with those with SOC, although the disease is more severe, with higher body surface area affected and with a greater impact on quality of life in the latter group. The clinical picture in SOC patients may vary as lesions can appear as violaceous/grey and postinflammatory pigmentary alteration is a common associated feature. High-impact site involvement might be more common and more severe in patients with SOC. In terms of management, disparities in care have been reported. Data about the use of biologics or oral small molecules have shown similar efficacy and safety profiles across self-identified racial and ethnic groups. Psoriasis has been shown to have a greater impact on quality of life (QoL) in patients with SOC and new QoL tools that are more culturally appropriate for SOC patients may be required for use in global populations. Historically, access to clinical care and research has been more limited in people with SOC due to multiple factors. Inclusion of representative patient populations in registration trials has not changed significantly over the last years; however, postmarketing studies specifically involving SOC populations in North America have recently emerged. A limitation of our study is the lack of a universal definition and use of terms, such as ethnicity, race and SOC. In conclusion, racial and ethnic variations in epidemiology, clinical presentation, access to care, and QoL impact in psoriasis have been reported. However, data involving global populations with SOC are limited. This study raises awareness about the need to better understand psoriasis in patients with SOC so as to improve patient care globally.