Endurance Variables Research Articles

Anthropometric and performance changes in male college 15s Rugby Union student-athletes over 52 weeks using in-person training and online training supervision.

Although the physiological demands on 15s Rugby Union (RU) players have increased, researchers have suggested that the anthropometric and performance data from developing male college-age RU student-athletes remain limited. This prospective longitudinal repeated measures study aimed to examine the anthropometric and performance changes of male college-age New Zealand Rugby Otago Rugby Football Union (NZRORFU) Academy student-athletes (student-athletes), using in-person and online training supervision (IPTS and OTS, respectively). NZRORFU recruited 20 student-athletes (aged 19 to 21 years) and nine were monitored over 52 weeks. During weeks 1 through 35 (in-season), the student-athlete's weekly schedule included 25 hours of IPTS. During the remaining 17 weeks (off-season), the student-athletes followed individualized training programs with OTS. Data were collected on two anthropometric variables and nine performance variables. Over the 52 weeks, using IPTS and OTS, led to increases in both anthropometric measurements with simultaneous significant performance improvements in vertical jump/lower-body power (7.1%, P=0.005, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 54.4, 63.5), Cohen's effect size (ES) =medium, upper-body strength, bench-press (17.3%, P=0.005, 95% CI 107.4, 127.6, ES=large), and bench-pull (6.1%, P=0.034, 95% CI 90.4, 96.6, ES=large). Furthermore, performance improvements were observed in two anaerobic endurance variables, however, acceleration and speed results were slower. The use of IPTS and OTS for 52 weeks resulted in increases in body weight and skinfolds with concurrent significant improvements in the performance of VJ/lower-body power and upper-body strength, but changes in each performance variable occurred at different periods.

Adding LIT to HIIT: Is Low-Intensity Training Vital for Endurance-Trained Athletes during a 7-day HIIT Shock Microcycle?

This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 7-d high-intensity interval training shock microcycle (HIIT-SM) with or without additional low-intensity training (LIT) on aerobic fitness and endurance performance compared with a control group (CG). Thirty-three endurance-trained athletes (7 women, 26 men, mean ± SD: age, 30.2 ± 6.9 yr; maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O 2max ), 59.8 ± 4.9 mL·min -1 ·kg -1 ) performed exercise testing at T1 and were randomly assigned to one of three groups: i) HSM, 10 running-based HIIT sessions (5 × 4 min at 90%-95% maximal heart rate) over 7 d; ii) HSM + LIT, equal to HSM with additional 30 min of LIT after each HIIT; iii) CG, regular training. Exercise testing was repeated 3 d (T2), 7 d (T3), and 14 d (T4) after the intervention. A 5-km time trial (TT 5km ) was performed 3-4 d before T1 and 10-11 d after the intervention. Data were analyzed by two-way repeated-measures ANOVA. No interaction effect was found for V̇O 2max ( P = 0.170, pη2 = 0.09), peak power output ( P = 0.734, pη2 = 0.04), and work economy ( P = 0.804, pη2 = 0.03). There was an interaction for velocity at lactate threshold ( P = 0.006, pη2 = 0.18) with increased velocity in HSM at T2 (3.2%, P = 0.030), T3 (4%, P = 0.006), T4 (4%, P = 0.003), as well as in HSM + LIT for T2 (3.2%, P = 0.011), whereas CG showed no change. There was an interaction for TT 5km ( P = 0.044, pη2 = 0.19), with HSM improving 2.7% ( P = 0.003) and HSM + LIT 2.3% ( P = 0.010), whereas CG was, on average, -0.3% ( P = 0.821) slower. HIIT-SM with or without additional LIT has negligible effects on V̇O 2max but improves other key endurance variables in endurance-trained athletes. No superiority of either intervention group was demonstrated. Therefore, additional LIT during HIIT-SM is not beneficial.

THE INFLUENCE OF ENDURANCE, AGILITY AND EYE, HAND AND FEET COORDINATION ON LEARNING OUTCOMES OF RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Abstract the purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a direct influence between endurance (X1), agility (X2), and eye, hand and feet coordination (X3) on the learning outcomes of rhythmic motion (Y) in physical education. The research method used is a quantitative approach with test and non-test techniques, while the analysis technique uses a path analysis approach or path analysis. The rhythmic motion test instrument uses a test instrument that the researchers developed based on an instrument grid that refers to theoretical studies. To measure agility, the test that will be used is the shuttle run test. The coordination test uses the Hand and Foot Eye Coordination Test Instrument from Sridadi. The population in this study were all students of class VIII SMPN 1 Napabalano. Sampling was done by means of total sampling. The sample in this study was class VIII students of SMPN 1 Napabalano, totaling 116 students. Data analysis techniques were carried out through two stages of analysis, namely descriptive and inferential data analysis. Based on the results of data analysis and hypothesis testing from research data, the variables of endurance, agility, eye, hand and feet coordination have a significant effect on the learning outcomes of rhythmic motion for class VIII students of SMPN 1 Napabalano.

Physical Activity and Smoking Habits are Closely Related to Cardiovascular Endurance in Farmers

In 2019, there were 523 million cases of cardiovascular disease which caused the deaths of 18.6 million people. In this manner, some major issue should be considered, high cardiovascular endurance, for example. Relatively, high cardiovascular endurance can reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease by 40% to 70%. Objective to nalyzing the relationship between physical activity and smoking habits among farmers in Pandan Wangi Village. The method used is quantitative research with cross-sectional design involving 108 respondents. The respondents were selected by a simple random sampling technique. Data in this study were collected using GPAQ for physical activity variables, Brinkman index questionnaire for smoking variables, and Harvard step test for cardiovascular endurance variables. Meanwhile, Spearman rank test was used in the data analysis. The research shows that the characteristics of respondents were dominated by male (64.8%) within 36-45 years old age range group (52.8%). In addition, most of the respondents were non-smoker category (62.0%), had a high level of physical activity (52.8%), and a very good level of cardiovascular endurance (27.8%). Bivariate analysis shows that there is a significant relationship between physical activity (p-value = 0.005) and smoking behavior (p-value = 0.047) on cardiovascular endurance among farmers in Pandan Wangi Village. There is a significant relationship between physical activity and smoking habits on cardiovascular endurance among farmers in Pandan Wangi Village.

Effect of Circuit Training on Selected Motor Fitness Variables on Skill Performance of Male Mallakhamb Players

A single group experimental study was conducted on 20 male mallakhamb players, from the age group below 14 years from Ruturaj Sports Academy Chinchpokli, Mumbai. The study was conducted to test the effect of circuit training programme on selected motor fitness variables of muscular endurance (abdominal strength endurance) and balance as well as skill performance of potachatajawa and veerbhadrasana on the mallakhamb of male mallakhmab players. The training was provided for 60 minutes a day during the evening session, for 3 days a week for a period of 3 months. The Circuit training was modified after every three weeks. At the end of the study the data obtained was statistcally analysed using paired t test. It was thus, concluded that the circuit training programme significantly improved the motor fitness variables of muscular endurance (abdominal strength endurance) and balance as well as positively effected the skill performance of potachatajawa and veerbhadrasana on the mallakhamb of the male mallakhmab players.

The role of anthropometry, physical, psychological and personality for elite athletes in competitive sports

Background and Study Aim. This study aims to describe and explore the anthropometric, physical, psychological, and personality traits of elite Papuan Indonesian athletes in seven different sports, namely weightlifting, rowing, cricket, futsal gateball, sailing, and hang-gliding. Material and Methods. A total of 118 athletes (80 men, 38 women with a mean age of 25.05±6.9) from these seven categories were selected. Furthermore, the anthropometric measurement consists of height, weight, and body mass index. At the same time, physical ability is made up of five components, namely flexibility, arm muscle strength, abdominal muscle strength, leg muscle power, and aerobic endurance. The psychological ability and personality characteristics were also measured using the Psychological Skill Inventory for Sport (PSIS) and the Athlete's Personality Inventory (IKA). Results. There were significant differences in the six variables (p<0.01), but no significant difference in the other variables (p>0.05). The six variables include height, BMI, arm and abdominal muscle strength, leg muscle power, and aerobic endurance with F and p-values of 3.052 and 0.008 (p<0.01), 3.497 and 0.003 (p<0.01), 9.822 and 0.001 (p<0.01), 11.855 and .001 (p <0.01), 52.747 and 0.001 (p<0.01), and 11.298 and 0.001 (p<0.01). The other four variables include weight, flexibility, psychological abilities, and personality traits, showed no significant difference (p>0.05). Aerobic endurance variables, in general, had a significant relationship with anthropometric variables and other physical aspects. However, psychological variables and personality characteristics did not significantly correlate with other variables. Conclusions. The anthropometric and physical aspects of athletes tended to have differences based on sports. However, psychological variables and personality characteristics had no relationship with physical and anthropometric aspects.

The Influence Hand Eye Coordination and Student Learning Dicipline on the Basic Vollyball Technique Skills of Students Of SMP

This study aimed to see the effect of aerobic endurance, hand-eye coordination, and learning discipline on essential volleyball skill items for SMP N 2 North Lintau Buo. This type of research is path analysis (fat analysis) with the variables of aerobic endurance, eye-hand coordination, and learning discipline. The population of this study was 20 grade VIII students of SMP N 2 Lintau Buo Utara. The sampling technique in this study was purposive, so 20 students were randomly selected as the sample at SMP N 2 Lintau Buo Utara. The grouping of samples is random. Data collection was carried out by testing basic volleyball skills, namely passing over, under, serve and serve over. The data was then analyzed by t-test. The study results can be concluded that there is a significant influence between hand-eye coordination and learning discipline in students playing volleyball. This is seen from the results of the data analysis sig value <0.05. So, hand-eye coordination and learning discipline are essential in volleyball.

The Correlation of Height and Weight on Concentric Type of Muscle Endurance Malaysian Soccer Players from Sabah FC

One of the components of physical fitness includes calculating height and weight which are converted into body mass index (BMI) units. This method can determine the classification of body weight. Body mass index (BMI) numbers are used to indicate weight categories. Our body activities are inseparable from the role of our lower limbs. The base of the lower movement is the hip or pelvis. This research method uses correlation. In statistics, the term "correlation" is defined as the relationship and degree of relationship between two or more variables. The existence of a relationship and the level of this variable is important because by knowing the level of the existing relationship, the researcher will be able to develop it according to the research objectives. The researcher took the entire population as a sample, which consisted of 25 male soccer athletes from Sabah FC. data in the form of BMI test scores and concentric type muscle endurance, the scores were compiled, processed and analyzed for their significance using SPSS. The Pearson Correlation Test aims to determine the level of closeness of the relationship between variables stated by the correlation coefficient. From the results of the data above, it is known that the significance value is 0.000 <0.05. So, it can be said that the two variables are related or correlated. So that it can be interpreted that the two variables of BMI and concentric muscle endurance have a significant relationship with the performance of Sabah FC soccer athletes. It is proven that r count is greater than r table.

중년기 온라인 운동프로그램 교육방법에 따른 효과

Objectives: Since the study on the effects of online exercise programs due to COVID-19 is limited to specific subjects, we want to understand the effects of real-time video exercise programs and recorded video exercise programs. Methods: In early 2021, participants from Busan Nam-gu Fitness Certification Center were recruited, and after pre-physical measurement, 30 out of 60 people were randomly assigned to a real-time video exercise program group and a recorded video group, and configured 3 times a week, 60 After an exercise experiment for 8 weeks each minute, physical fitness was measured. Results: In the effect on physical fitness, the real-time video program showed a significant increase in both muscle strength and muscular endurance, but the recorded video exercise program did not show a significant increase. Also, in comparison between groups before and after the experiment, there was a significant difference in muscle endurance variables. However, both programs had no significant effect on functional stamina. Conclusions: An online exercise program for middle-aged women was effective. There was a significant increase in muscle strength and muscular endurance among the healthy physical strengths that were easy to guide online, but there was no significant change in functional fitness that was difficult to guide online. In particular, the real-time image showed a marked improvement in muscular endurance compared to the recorded image.

Effectiveness of exercise program on abdominal muscular endurance and 20 meters running speed during covid-19 pandemic

This study aims to reveal the significance of changes in the abilities of athletic athletes at the Student Sports Training Center in the Special Capital Region of Jakarta. The study was carried out during the pandemic for 5 months with a quantitative approach, descriptive and inferential analysis was carried out using the normality test method and the paired sample T-Test significance test. The results showed normal research data with no significant relationship between abdominal muscular endurance variables and 20m running speed physical test results after and before the treatment was carried out. The results of the paired sample T-test showed no significant correlation between the variables studied, with the results of the calculation of paired sample correlations p=0.194 on sit-ups 1 and 2 data, and p=0.083 for 20m running speed data at a significance level of =0.05. The results of the paired sample test showed that there was no significant difference between the abdominal strength variables and the 20m running speed, with the data showing p= 0.28 for the sit-ups T-test results and p=0501 for the paired 20m running speed T-test results at =0.05.

Fitness Influence on the Transformation of Body Composition and on the Improvement of Aerobic Sustainability in Women

The purpose of this research is to determine the effects of a specialised two-month fitness programme with strength exercises on the body composition and aerobic endurance in recreational women. The research included a group of women aged 18–35 who had not previously been engaged in recreational exercises in fitness centres. The sample included 50 women who exercised at the Fivestar fitness centre in Gjilan, and who underwent the abovementioned programme. The composition of the body was evaluated using a Tanita BC-601 device and the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), which was conducted as a reference method in the research related to the analysis of body composition. For this research, the following variables of body composition and aerobic endurance were applied: body height (BH), body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BFP), muscle mass (TBM), bone mass or density (BMD), calorie expenditure (DCI), body vitality (BMR), body water intake (TBW), visceral fat intake (AVF), and the Rockport fitness test for aerobic endurance (ROFT). For the dependent group, the T-test analysis was applied through statistical methods. The results obtained after statistical processing showed that, in relation to the two-month programme three times a week (24 trainings), physical exercises in the fitness can affect the reduction of subcutaneous adipose tissue, and thus reduce the risk of various cardiovascular diseases. In addition to reducing fat mass with strength exercises in the fitness, there was also an improvement in aerobic endurance. This shows that, besides aerobic exercise, weight training should be applied to increase aerobic capacity.

The Effect of Combined and Core Stability Training Program with Protective Measures on Selected Variables of Physical Fitness of Junior and Young Volleyball Players during the Coronavirus Pandemic

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a combined and core stability training program with protective measures on selected variables of physical fitness of junior and young volleyball players during the coronavirus pandemic. Methods: 15 male volleyball players [18±1.06 yrs.] after the end of the first quarantine period and then after a 12 weeks period of combined and core stability training program emphasizing on physical fitness exercises in compliance with all health protocols, as pre-test and post-test of selected key factors, performed physical fitness including lower limb strength, upper limb and abdomen endurance, as well as flexibility tests. Descriptive statistics, Shapirovik test and paired t-test were used for statistical analysis (p≤ 0.05). Results: The results of the present study showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the variables of upper limb and trunk muscle endurance as well as muscle flexibility, but in the lower limb strength variable, this difference was not observed in both pre-test and post-test levels. Conclusion: Volleyball coaches and players can benefit from combination and core stability training with health protocols to maintain and improve fitness during the coronavirus epidemic.

EFFECTIVENESS OF ENDURANCE TRAINING BASED ON SMALL-SIDED GAMES MODEL FOR BEGINNER WOMEN FUTSAL

This study aims to see the effectiveness of endurance training based on small-sided games models for female futsal begginer players. The subject of the study is 12 beginner female futsal players from Padang Futsal Academy aged 19-23 years. The endurance variables are measured before and after endurance training based on small-sided games program is given. Research instruments using Multi Stage Fitness Test (MSFT). The results of the pre-test analysis were an average value of 28.6 ml/kg/min, the highest value of 31.4 ml/kg/min, the lowest value of 25.2 ml/kg/minute. Furthermore, the results of post-test analysis were the average data value of 37.9 ml/kg/min, the highest value of 41.1 ml/kg/min, the lowest value of 36.2 ml/kg/min. Test paired Sample T-Test through SPSS.26 application obtained Sig value. (2-tailed) of 0.000 < 0.05, it was concluded that there is an average difference between pre-test and post-test in Padang Futsal academy athletes in Padang City. Then, the mean difference between pre-test and post-test is 7.6417. This finding shows that the endurance training based on small-sided games programs has a significant effect on the performance variables of endurance in Padang Futsal Academy athletes in Padang City.

The Effect of 10 Weeks Game Experience Learning (Gel) Based Training on Teamwork, Respect Attitude, Skill and Physical Ability in Young Football Players

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the games experience learning-based training against teamwork, respect attitude, skills, and physical ability of young footballers. Materials and methods. Participants consisted of young male football players who had participated in matches at the district, provincial and national levels. The number of participants involved amounted to 46 divided into control and intervention groups of 23 parties each. Footballers aged 10-12 years old have a height of 140.98 ± 7.23 cm, an average body weight of 34.33 ± 8.64 kg. Instruments in this study consist of instruments to measure teamwork and respect attitude in the form of expert validated observation rubrics, passing, and dribbling skill tests, 30-meter sprints, vertical jumps, and multistage fitness tests to measure physical ability of speed, leg power, and aerobic endurance. Results. Descriptive data showed mean values and standard deviations of control and intervention groups there were differences, the intervention group had a mean value and better deviation standards, while the hypothesis test using the Mann-Whitney test obtained a teamwork attitude score of 0.039 <0.05; respect attitude of 0.009 <0.05; passing skills of 0.039 <0.05; dribbling skills of 0.000 <0.05; speed ability of 0.004 <0.05; leg power of 0.002 <0.05; Endurance of 0.020 <0.05. That from the significance value of the control and intervention group (p < 0.05) it can be concluded that the variables of teamwork, respect attitude, passing, dribbling, speed, power, and endurance on the posttest value are not the same and the average value of all variables descriptively the intervention group has a higher average value. Conclusions. There is a significant influence statistical analysis on teamwork, respect attitude, skill techniques, and physical ability for young football players thus training with the game experience learning model can be one solution to improve the performance of youth football.

Study of Physical Fitness, Bone Quality, and Mediterranean Diet Adherence in Professional Female Beach Handball Players: Cross-Sectional Study

(1) Background: Beach handball is a relatively new type of sport, derived from team handball. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the physical fitness of elite players of this sport by studying some variables of sports performance, including strength, endurance and power, and dietary habits, and to assess bone ultrasonographic variables. (2) Methods: 33 beach handball players have participated in this research; 18 juniors (age: 16.7 ± 0.50) and 15 seniors (age: 24.8 ± 4.71). The athletes’ strength was evaluated using the Handgrip Test on the dominant hand, the height of jump was evaluated by a counter-jump on a contact platform, and velocity, agility, and resistance by the Yo-Yo test. The broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) and the sound of speed (SOS) through the calcaneus were also measured. The Mediterranean diet adherence (KIDMED) was the questionnaire used to evaluate eating habits. In the statistical analysis, descriptions and correlations were made between the study variables. (3) Results: Both in the case of the dynamometric hand strength test (p < 0.05) and in the lower extremity power test (p < 0.01), senior players presented significantly higher values compared to junior players (35.1 ± 3.84 vs. 31.8 ± 3.37 and 35.1 ± 6.89 vs. 28.5 ± 5.69 with the dynamometry and Abalakov tests, respectively). However, no differences were observed in the variables by playing position. Significant correlations between different variables have been established, highlighting negative correlations between BMI and weight with the Abalakov Jump Test and positive correlations between Yo-Yo and BUA, and, between BMI and BUA. (4) Conclusions: Older and trained players are in better physical fitness; high weight and BMI have a negative influence on power, agility, speed, and endurance. In general, adherence to the Mediterranean diet is moderate and it seems evident that there is a beneficial influence of beach handball on bone condition, as measured by ultrasound. However future research should be carried on, including dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry assessments and food intake registers for a whole week.

Effect of Concurrent Training Order With Electromyostimulation on Physical Performance in Young Elderly Women

Objective: Aging is one of the stages of life that needs special attention due to the special conditions of this period of life. Inactivity and myasthenia due to aging are important factors in reducing the physical and functional activities in the elderly, which can affect their quality of life. On the other hand, electromyostimulation (EMS) is one of the modern training methods that can be suitable for disabilities in the elderly. Also, the training sequence in concurrent training is one of the variables of training that can affect its adaptations. This study aimed to compare the effect of exercise sequence in concurrent training with EMS on the motor performance of elderly women. Materials &amp; Methods: In this semi-experimental single-blinded study, 50 healthy elderly female volunteers, age range of 60-70 years, were selected by random sampling divided randomly into the following groups (each group of 10 people): Aerobic-resistance training with EMS, resistance-aerobic exercise with EMS, rotational exercise (change of priority periodically in training sessions) with EMS, and rotational and control (without training) groups. The training protocol consisted of twelve weeks of exercise, three sessions per week, and each session three stages of warm-up (10-15 minutes), main exercises (20 minutes) and cooling (10 minutes). The main training program consisted of 20 minutes of parallel combination exercises, which were two 10-minute steps with a 3-5 minute intervals. Aerobic exercises were performed with the intensity of 70%-50% of maximum oxygen consumption and resistance exercises using body weight and elastic bands for different muscle groups. The training schedule was the same for all groups in terms of volume and intensity, with the only difference being in the exercise sequence and EMS presentation. Strength of the upper and lower torso muscles were measured with chest press and seated leg extension, respectively, maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) with a one-mile Rockport walking test, muscular endurance with a 2-minute marching on a spot-test and lower torso strength with a walking test on the slope in two stages before and after the intervention. Statistical analysis was performed using dependent t-tests and Covariance Analysis (ANCOVA) and Bonferroni post hoc test using SPSS software V. 22 and P≥0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Significant increase was observed in all measured dependent variables relative to the baseline values (P&lt;0.001). In the study of intergroup changes, a significant increase was observed in VO2 max level, upper and lower torso strength, and muscular endurance in all of the intervention groups compared to the control group (P&lt;0.001), but lower torso strength was significant only in the intervention groups with EMS compared to the control group (P&lt;0.001). VO2 max changes and the lower torso strength in training groups with EMS were significantly higher than the groups without EMS (P&lt;0.01). Also, the upper torso strength and the endurance of the lower torso muscles in the group with the priority of resistance training with EMS were higher than the combination group without EMS (P&lt;0.01). Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be said that combined concurrent exercises are a useful method in promoting physical fitness and physical performance of elderly women, and the use of EMS can increase the effectiveness of adaptations resulting from exercise, especially lower torso strength in the elderly and can prevent complications associated with myasthenia. On the other hand, the training sequence with the priority of resistance training can be effective in increasing the effect of exercise on the variables of upper torso muscle strength and muscular endurance, but it does not have a significant effect on lower torso strength, cardiorespiratory endurance and lower torso strength.

Measurement of Endurance of Untrained Five-Year-Old and Six-Year-Old Horses Raised in Multi-age Herds on Pasture

The objective of this study was to explore how the endurance of five-year-old horses, kept out on pasture all their life and ridden for the first time well into their fifth year of age, developed within one year and compared to that of six-year-old horses raised under the same conditions and to other horses. Horses were submitted to a standardized exercise test (SET) to calculate their v4 (velocity run under defined conditions inducing 4 mmol/L of blood lactate concentration (LA)) and v180 (velocity run under defined conditions inducing a heart rate of 180 beats/min). The test consisted of up to five consecutive intervals at increasing speed until the blood LA of a horse increased above 4 mmol/L. The blood LA measured after each interval was plotted exponentially against running speed to derive v4 from the blood lactate–running speed relationship, and the mean heart rate during the intervals was plotted linearly against running speed to derive v180 from the heart rate–running speed relationship. The following were examined: (1) the development of v4 and v180 of five-year-old horses within one year through measurements in September and in the following July and September; the comparison of endurance variables (2) between five-year-olds and six-year-olds; (3) between six-year-olds on consecutive years; and 4) between six-year-olds and foreign horses. The results showed that: (1) there were no changes of either variable within one year (repeated measures ANOVA P > .05); (2) there were no significant differences between five-year-olds and six-year-olds (one-way ANOVA P > .05); (3) no significant differences between six-year-old groups (one-way ANOVA; P > 05); and (4) foreign horses had higher v4 and v180 values than six-year-olds (one-way ANOVA; P = .0001 and P = .003, respectively). There was no significant relationship between v4 and v180 (P > .05; r2 = 0.02). In conclusion, one additional year on pasture in multiage herds did not increase the endurance variables of five-year-old horses. Thus, the endurance appeared to be consolidated in these horses at the age of five years, and additional training seems to be necessary to increase it.

Ultra Trail Performance is Differently Predicted by Endurance Variables in Men and Women.

The study aimed to assess the relationship between peak oxygen uptake, ventilatory thresholds and maximal fat oxidation with ultra trail male and female performance. 47 athletes (29 men and 18 women) completed a cardiopulmonary exercise test between 2 to 4 weeks before a 107-km ultra trail. Body composition was also analyzed using a bioelectrical impedance weight scale. Exploratory correlation analyses showed that peak oxygen uptake (men: r=-0.63, p=0.004; women: r=-0.85, p < 0.001), peak speed (men: r=-0.74, p < 0.001; women: r=-0.69, p=0.009), speed at first (men: r=-0.49, p=0.035; women: r=-0.76, p=0.003) and second (men: r=-0.73, p < 0.001; women: r=-0.76, p=0.003) ventilatory threshold, and maximal fat oxidation (men: r=-0.53, p=0.019; women: r=-0.59, p=0.033) were linked to race time in male and female athletes. Percentage of fat mass (men: r=0.58, p=0.010; women: r=0.62, p= 0.024) and lean body mass (men: r=-0.61, p=0.006; women: r=-0.61, p=0.026) were also associated with performance in both sexes. Subsequent multiple regression analyses revealed that peak speed and maximal fat oxidation together were able to predict 66% of male performance; while peak oxygen uptake was the only statistically significant variable explaining 69% of the variation in women's race time. These results, although exploratory in nature, suggest that ultra trail performance is differently predicted by endurance variables in men and women.

Sprint Endurance Abilities in Elite Female Soccer Players.

To profile sprint endurance performance of elite-level female soccer players. Twenty-five female national-team soccer players (age 25.1 [2.7]y, body mass 59.6 [3.6]kg, height 168.5 [4.1]cm) were tested for sprint endurance, performing 5 maximal sprints, interspersed with 30 seconds of active recovery (5 × 30m) and a 30-second all-out shuttle run in a soccer pitch. The Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (YYIR1) evaluated intermittent high-intensity endurance under the same field-testing conditions. Maximal anaerobic capacity was assessed while participants performed three 10-second all-out bouts separated by 20 seconds of passive recovery (3 × 10s) on a nonmotorized treadmill. Huge interplayer variability was observed for sprint decrements in 3 × 10 seconds (coefficient of variation = 37%) and 5 × 30m (coefficient of variation = 62%). The 3 × 10 performance was largely associated with 5 × 30-m mean and best time and very largely with 30 seconds. A very large and nearly perfect correlation was observed between 30 seconds and 5 × 30mMean (r = -.86) and 5 × 30mBest (r = -.92), respectively. The YYIR1 was moderately to largely associated with 5 × 30-m variables and 30 seconds, respectively. A nearly perfect association was observed between 5 × 30mBest and 5 × 30mMean (r = .97). Elite female soccer players' sprint endurance variables are characterized by remarkable variability. Associations between sprint endurance variables suggest physiological interdependence and a likelihood of a general ability in sustaining sprinting in this population.

Velocity-based resistance training: impact of velocity loss in the set on neuromuscular performance and hormonal response.

This study aimed to compare the effects of 2 resistance training (RT) programs with different velocity losses (VLs) allowed in each set: 10% (VL10%) versus 30% (VL30%) on neuromuscular performance and hormonal response. Twenty-five young healthy males were randomly assigned into 2 groups: VL10% (n = 12) or VL30% (n = 13). Subjects followed a velocity-based RT program for 8 weeks (2 sessions per week) using only the full-squat (SQ) exercise at 70%-85% 1-repetition maximum (1RM). Repetition velocity was recorded in all training sessions. A 20-m running sprint, countermovement jump (CMJ), 1RM, muscle endurance, and electromyogram (EMG) during SQ exercise and resting hormonal concentrations were assessed before and after the RT program. Both groups showed similar improvements in muscle strength and endurance variables (VL10%: 7.0%-74.8%; VL30%: 4.2%-73.2%). The VL10% resulted in greater percentage increments in CMJ (9.2% vs. 5.4%) and sprint performance (-1.5% vs. 0.4%) than VL30%, despite VL10% performing less than half of the repetitions than VL30% during RT. In addition, only VL10% showed slight increments in EMG variables, whereas no significant changes in resting hormonal concentrations were observed. Therefore, our results suggest that velocity losses in the set as low as 10% are enough to achieve significant improvements in neuromuscular performance, which means greater efficiency during RT. Novelty The VL10% group showed similar or even greater percentage of changes in physical performance compared with VL30%. No significant changes in resting hormonal concentrations were observed for any training group. Curvilinear relationships between percentage VL in the set and changes in strength and CMJ performance were observed.