Affective Variables Research Articles

Childhood abuse and neglect and profiles of adult emotion dynamics.

Childhood maltreatment (CM) is experienced by ∼40% of all children at major personal and societal costs. The divergent associations between emotional, physical, and sexual abuse or neglect in childhood and differences in adult emotional functioning and regulation were examined in terms of daily emotion intensity, variability, instability, inertia, and diversity, reported over 30 days by 290 Dutch aged 19-73. Participants described their abuse/neglect experiences retrospectively using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Dissecting CM effects on adult emotion dynamics may inform theories on the ontogenesis and functioning of emotions, on effects of abuse and neglect, to better understand (dys)functional emotional development, and to prevent their adverse sequelae. Structural equation models (SEM) showed that most types of CM were associated with specific patterns of emotion dynamics, and only emotional abuse had no unique effects on the emotional dynamic indices. Emotional neglect was associated with most measures of emotion dynamics (i.e., less intense, variable, unstable, and diverse emotions). Sexual abuse associated with increases and physical neglect decreases in negative affect variability and instability. Physical abuse was associated with inertia but with a small effect size. Social contact frequency did not mediate much of the relationship between CM types and emotion dynamics.

Energy-performance aware virtual machines migration in cloud network by using prediction and fuzzy approaches

Energy wastage and service level access are challenges of cloud networks, while efficient migration of virtual machines is a solution for them. Of course, uncontrolled migration increases overhead in cloud comprising: violation in service and high energy consumption. Performance requirements is very important in cloud, generally, it in the form of service level agreements are formalized. The main goal of migration is energy and performance trade-off. Detecting overloaded and under-loaded physical machine as sub-problem of migration, which effects the performance and energy. In this paper, with definition a system modelling, in first for detect overloaded and under-loaded physical machines a predict detection method is proposed. The forecast of the future utilization of the processor by using predict physical machines utilization method is provided. Predict physical machine's utilization module in predict detection method has been called. Unlike the previous physical machine detection methods, the current load of physical machines along with the future load of them is considered, and will lead to more exact results. Then for selection of virtual machines on overloaded physical machines a fuzzy selection method is proposed. Unlike the previous virtual machine-selection methods, all affective variables are considered and will lead to better results. In overall, the predict detection-fuzzy selection algorithm as intelligent approach has proposed and simulated with PlanetLab workload, CloudSim toolkit and Matlab. Simulation results demonstrate that significantly outperforms benchmark algorithms in terms of the energy consumption, migration count, service level agreement violation, energy-service level agreement violation, and energy-service level agreement violation-migration.

The Role of Contextual, Dispositional, and Affective Variables on Dropout Intentions of PhD Students in France

Aim/Purpose: With respect to doctoral students, the present study examined the association between dropout intentions and contextual, dispositional, and affective variables. The aim was to provide a deeper understanding of the factors that promote successful completion of doctoral studies in the humanities and social sciences in France. Background: Key variables relevant to doctoral life that could serve as predictors for dropout intention were assessed. These were research activity, health and private life, academic social life, supervision, university and facilities settings, career prospects, doctoral year, student personality, self-efficacy, and anxiety and depression levels. Methodology: Each of the aforementioned variables was measured at the end of the 2019-2020 academic year within a sample of 202 students from the same university who were enrolled in doctoral programs in the humanities and social sciences. Dropout intention was modeled with a logistic regression model, which allowed for the simultaneous taking into account a gamut of variables. Contribution: This study is the first to jointly assess the variables respective to predicting dropout intention and innovatively account for personality factors in addition to contextual factors. This study offers a deeper understanding of the role that personality may play and altogether reveals the variables that are most associated with doctoral dropout intentions in France. Findings: Through having also modeled personality as a potential risk/protective factor, this study confirms that contextual factors, compared to personality, play a more consequent role in PhD dropout intentions. Furthermore, we show that while personality factors are indeed associated with dropout intention, their links may be best understood through their interplay with contextual factors. Importantly, a sense of self-efficacy, anxiety, and depression was found significant, as well as research wellness, supervision quality, health, and emotional stability. Overall, dropout intentions were found to increase with the doctoral year. Recommendations for Practitioners: Findings suggest that university personnel aiming to reduce the number of doctoral students who plan to dropout should especially consider the following key variables: research conditions, doctoral year, and student characteristics (e.g., personality, depression, and sense of self-efficacy). Recommendation for Researchers: In order to better understand doctoral dropout, future studies should consider the interplay between choice of doctoral discipline and contextual, dispositional, and affective variables, as well as theories of motivation. Impact on Society: In higher education and research, decreasing doctoral dropout is important in maintaining society’s confidence in, and general success of, scientific research and educational practice, as well as increasing the amount of public and private funds dedicated to these valuable endeavors. Future Research: Future research should more intricately assess and control for interactions between individual-level, personality, and contextual factors during the doctorate, as well as include a larger cohort that may consist of both social sciences and traditional sciences majors.

A systematic review of green and sustainable chemistry training research with pedagogical content knowledge framework: current trends and future directions

This study reviewed the green and sustainable chemistry education (GSCE) research that provided training at the tertiary level from 2000 to 2024. The Web of Science and ERIC databases were screened using title and abstract review. In total, 49 studies were analysed. The analysis instrument has two main parts, namely, general characteristics of the training, which was formed in light of the GSCE literature (i.e., chemistry sub-disciplines, type of implementation, and context), and analysis of the training through the lens of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) construct that is the commonly-used framework for the analysis of training regarding orientation to teaching GSCE, learner, curriculum, assessment, and instructional strategies utilised. Results showed that organic chemistry (n = 15) is the most emphasised branch of chemistry in the articles. Regarding the learner component, the studies were inadequate, and very few studies provided information about the misconceptions and difficulties that students may encounter while learning GSC. Regarding the curriculum component, among the green chemistry principles, ‘use of renewable feedstocks’ was the most emphasised, while the least emphasised ones were ‘reduce derivatives’ and ‘real-time pollution prevention’. Fourteen studies used subject-specific teaching strategies (e.g., cooperative teaching and project-based strategies). Although representations are not used in GSCE, most of the studies included laboratory studies (n = 31). Finally, regarding the assessment, very few studies focused on measuring students' skills (laboratory skills, discussion skills, etc.) and affective variables. In light of the findings, GSCE training should get more benefit from the literature on science/chemistry teaching strategies. Moreover, alternative assessment tools (e.g., rubrics and concept maps) should be utilized regarding the instruments utilized to assess the participants' GSC knowledge.

The relative importance of affect variability and mean levels of affect in predicting complex task performance.

Although research indicates affect variability-the extent to which an individual's emotions fluctuate-is associated with behavioral outcomes related to adjustment and adaptability, it is unclear to what extent findings make important contributions to the literature when past research has failed to account for the role of mean levels of emotion. Accordingly, we conducted a repeated-measures laboratory study of college students (N = 253) learning to perform a complex computer task to examine the relative importance of affect variability indices (i.e., spin, pulse, and flux) compared to mean levels in explaining variance in off-task attention and task performance before and after changes in task demands (i.e., skill acquisition and adaptation). In doing so, we also disentangled valence and arousal (i.e., activating versus deactivating) aspects of emotion. Relative importance analyses showed mean levels of emotion were the most dominant predictors (i.e., explained the most variance)-negative deactivating emotions for off-task attention and positive activating emotions for performance. However, flux in negative activating and negative deactivating emotions also explained enough variance to be considered important, suggesting that flux has been overlooked in empirical research. Our findings also highlight that future research must account for mean levels when examining relationships between affect variability and outcomes of interest.

Role of Affective Neuroscience in Audit Judgement and Decisions Making: A Systematic Literature Review for Auditing Research

This research aims to determine the connection of audit judgment and decision making with affective neuroscience. Systematic Literature Review explores the research of audit judgment and decision making being dominated by the role of cognitive issues in judgment and decision making, but only a few reviews about the role of affect. Thus, it is necessary to balance both affective and cognitive variables. This research reviews seven auditing articles that elaborate on the affective role in audit judgment and decision making, six articles related to Affective Neuroscience, mindful judgment and decisions from psychological journals and three additional articles that are important. Affective Neuroscience (of which the main premise is to produce affective labelling) helps the process of coding information that will provide benefits when the auditor undergoes training, in practice, the auditor’s work atmosphere can be more positive, and if the auditor faces negative conditions, the effect can still be mitigated so that the resulting judgment can be accepted by the environment. This analysis provides useful insights that can be explored by future research to gain a broad understanding of the relationship between affective neuroscience with audit judgment and decision making so it can support the relationship between social theories and Affective Neuroscience. Affective Neuroscience's premise can help in understanding given judgement and decision-making by the auditor.

Beyond Main Effects? Affect Level as a Moderator in the Relation Between Affect Dynamics and Depressive Symptoms

The current study examined the role of mean levels of affect in the relation between affect dynamics and depressive symptoms. We analyzed data from seven studies that measured affect in daily life in adolescents and young adults (N = 1,448, age range = 11.7-29.9 years, 64.8% females). We tested main and interaction effects of affect dynamics (variability and inertia) and affect level on depressive symptoms, separately for positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA). For PA, we found mostly main, but no interaction effects. Depressive symptoms were associated with more PA variability and less PA inertia, indicating that depressive symptoms in young people may be characterized by more variable and less lingering PA, independent of PA mean levels. For NA, we found a significant moderation effect between NA variability and NA levels for depressive symptoms at baseline. For individuals with low NA levels, high NA variability was associated with more depressive symptoms. In contrast, for individuals with high NA levels, high NA variability was associated with fewer depressive symptoms. These results suggest that the relative adaptiveness of NA variability depends on overall NA levels and underscores the need for a more nuanced understanding of affect variability in depression.

Exploring Reading Attitudes, Reading Self-Efficacy, and Reading Proficiency in a Blended Learning Context Among EFL Learners

Background. Affective variables such as second language (L2) reading attitudes (RAs) and L2 reading self-efficacy (RSE) have been regarded as factors which influence academic results in regular face-to-face reading instruction. Research has reported that although positive RAs among adolescents may decline as they go through school, they still engage in diverse formal and informal reading environments involving printed and/or digital resources. These attitudes can be impacted by the sudden change in the way instruction is delivered in blended learning contexts which emerged due to the Covid-19 pandemic.
 Purpose. The present study applied a mixed methods approach to explore the relationship between the L2 RAs, L2 RSE, and L2 reading proficiency (RP) of Chilean high school students in a blended-learning context.
 Method. A sequential explanatory mixed-methods design was adopted to gather data from 124 Chilean high school students. The quantitative data collection was carried out by means of two adapted surveys assessing RAs and RSE, while the reading section of the Preliminary English Test (PET) was administered to determine the RP of participants. The qualitative aspect of the study involved semi structured interviews with ten participants.
 Results. Participants displayed moderately positive levels of RA and RSE. Furthermore, a strong correlation was found between RAs and RSE, and RSE was significantly correlated with RP. Qualitative data analysis revealed that the emergency remote teaching context during the pandemic affected student reading behaviour in relation to the attitudes towards recreational digital reading, and that teacher instruction can influence their RAs and RSE.
 Conclusion. It is essential for EFL teachers to nurture student L2 RSE by means of effective and consistent reading activities with increasing challenge that include synchronous and asynchronous learning. Since most participants preferred to complete reading tasks in a recreational digital setting rather than an academic digital one, teachers should incorporate academic reading activities which are more engaging and contextualised to student age and preferences to effectively use the synchronous and asynchronous time at their disposal in blended settings.

Analyzing Teaching Self-Efficacy Correlates in Virtual Education: A Gender-Driven Structural Equation Modeling Approach

The study focused on the Philippines' education system, which abruptly adopted to online education due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The study used different theories to explore the relationships between online teaching self-efficacy and other affective variables. The researchers used structural equation modeling (SEM) to develop a model that showed the correlations among the identified variables in general and when grouped according to gender. The study found that only three pairs of latent variables were positively correlated at an average extent, indicating a low correlation between the variables. The findings drawn out from the final model can certainly benefit teacher-educators and institutional leaders alike who would most probably explore the idea of introducing the online modality as a supplementary requirement for the preservice teachers’ internship in the near future. Thus, institutions that offer education programs must find ways and means to motivate preservice teachers to online teaching as there are revealed to be the rudiments, based on the final model to a positive attitude and a favorable satisfaction level toward online language teaching.

Mergers in Sharia Banking and Their Impact on Employee Performance: The Role of Self-Efficacy and Affective Commitment as Moderating

Human resources are one of the main aspects of an organization. Having quality resources can affect the success of an organization. Therefore, companies need to improve employee performance, one of which is by making organizational changes. This study aims to determine the effect of organizational change on employee performance moderated by self-efficacy and affective commitment. This research applied a qualitative method, and the questionnaire data involved 155 respondents from an unlimited total population. The analysis used in this study is the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) method based on variance, namely Partial Least Square (PLS). The results of the study showed a significant effect between organizational change and employee performance. The affective commitment variable was also able to moderate the effect of organizational change on employee performance, while self-efficacy was not able to moderate the effect of organizational change on employee performance.

The Effect Of Brand Experience On Brand Love Mediated By Brand Authenticity For Wardah Consumers In Yogyakarta

In The use of cosmetics has become an important need for most women. As technology evolves, brands have an ever-increasing arsenal of weapons to use in creating brand experiences. Wardah is a cosmetic brand that is quite attractive to women because it is safe to use and has a halal label. Customers' love for the Wardah brand is based on products that are safe on the skin, easy to find, and varied products. Wardah products occupy the second position as a local beauty brand. The research was conducted using quantitative methods by distributing online questionnaires to women aged 17-45 years old, living in Yogyakarta, having an interest in Wardah products, and having experience buying Wardah products. The results in this study indicate that the three supporting attributes of brand experience, namely sensory brand experience, behavioral brand experience, and intellectual brand experience, all have a positive influence on brand authenticity. The variables that have the strongest influence and are directly related to brand authenticity are sensory brand experience, behavioral brand experience, and intellectual brand experience. While the affective brand experience variable is not proven to have a significant effect on brand authenticity. And the brand authenticity variable has a positive and significant effect on brand love.

Cuidando al profesorado: resultados de un programa a distancia de autocuidado para educadores de profesiones de la salud

IntroductionThere is evidence of burnout experienced by faculty due to the overload involved in combining the academic and research roles and the practice with patients. It is interesting to generate knowledge on initiatives that favor learning individual and institutional self-care strategies. The study aims to examine the implementation of the program "Scientific Basis of Well-Being and Self-Care Tools for Health Professionals" through burnout and well-being indicators. Material and methodsOne hundred twenty participants from two cohorts completed questionnaires. Burnout, Mindfulness, Psychosocial Well-being, Vitality, and Affectivity indicators were measured. The quantitative study compared the measurements in two moments. Change t1-t2 was analyzed with W Wilcoxon-test and U Mann-Whitney-test. Cronbach's and McDonald's tests were used to analyze the instruments’ reliability. ResultsA five-week online program was implemented in the Moodle platform. Asynchronous individual activities and learning assessments were incorporated. Six tutors were trained in well-being and self-compassion. Levels of wellbeing and burnout changed post-program favorably (p-value < 0.01). The change is maintained when analyzing the variables separated by sex, profession, and cohort, except the depersonalization, personal accomplishment, and positive affectivity variables. Questionnaires achieved reliability > 0.7. ConclusionA five-week self-care online program effectively reduced emotional exhaustion and promoted strategies that enhanced dispositional mindfulness and self-regulation. Short online courses that encourage learning self-care strategies could be part of programs that develop teaching competencies in health professionals.

Public perception on human exposure risk: A case study on endocrine disrupting compounds in the environment

Humans are exposed to environmental risks owing to the broad usage of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). However, the subjective evaluation of risk levels and characteristics, as well as the variation in risk processing, have not been thoroughly examined. The objective was to understand the public's perception of the risk associated with human exposure to environmental EDCs and identify any variations in risk perception. In this pioneering study conducted within the distinctive social and cultural context of Malaysia, a developing nation, a quantitative analysis approach was employed to assess the subjective evaluation of risk levels and characteristics among the public while developing a risk perception model. Data gathered from surveys and questionnaires were analyzed to gather information on the public's perception of environmental and health issues pertaining to pesticides, hormones, plastics, medicines, and cosmetics. The analysis revealed that the majority of the public assessed the level of human exposure to environmental risks based on experiential processing, which was influenced by cognitive and affective variables. Interestingly, a higher proportion of individuals in the community had a low risk perception of environmental EDCs, surpassing the overall risk perception by 19.3%. Furthermore, the public showed significant awareness of environmental and health issues related to pesticides, hormones, and plastics but had a lesser inclination to acknowledge the vulnerability of humans to risks associated with medicines and cosmetics. These findings suggest that the public is likely to be exposed to environmental EDCs based on their current perceived risks, and that sociopsychological factors play a significant role in shaping perceptions and judgments. This understanding can inform the development of targeted risk management strategies and interventions to mitigate the potential harm caused by environmental EDCs.

REVISITING POSITIVE AFFECT: THE ROLE OF AFFECT MEAN LEVELS AND VARIABILITY ON DEPRESSION IN MID AND LATER LIFE

Abstract Recent research suggests that affect dynamics (e.g., variability) combined with mean levels are important predictors of psychological and physical health outcomes. This study explores the joint effect of affect levels and variability on depression across 10 years among middle-aged and older adults. We used the data from the second and third waves of Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study. During telephone interviews, daily positive (PA) and negative affect (NA) were assessed across eight consecutive evenings. Daily affect mean levels were calculated by averaging daily affect across interview days, and daily affect variability was calculated as the individual’s standard deviation (iSD). Depression status was assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Short form at baseline and 10-year follow-up. The final analytic sample includes 1,499 adults aged 55 years old on average (age range = 34-83; 55.7% female; 93% white). Logistic regression analysis was performed to test the interaction effect of daily affect mean levels and variability on depression. We found a significant interaction effect between PA mean levels and variability on depression status at follow-up. For individuals with high PA levels, higher PA variability was associated with higher odds of developing depression, after adjusting for depression and anxiety disorder at baseline. For NA, we only found main effects where higher NA variability was associated with higher odds of depression at follow-up. Findings suggest fragile high PA (i.e., variable high PA) may be a significant predictor of depression, highlighting the need for understanding PA as multidimensional construct.

Iranian EFL Students’ Perceptions of Foreign Language Writing Anxiety and Perfectionism in Essay Writing

&lt;em&gt;Mastering writing skills is an essential criterion for EFL students who desire to fully invest in their academic discipline. While it is crucial to develop numerous writing abilities to communicate effectively, the research shows that the affective variables, such as self-esteem, perfectionism, stress, anxiety, and burnout, exert a profound negative influence both on the process and product of writing. To explore the devastating effects of these constructs beyond, the study aims to investigate the interactive impact of anxiety and perfectionism on essay writing among Iranian EFL students (n=85). The Second Language Writing Anxiety Inventory of Cheng (2004) and the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale of Hewitt and Flett (1990) were employed to measure the participants’ perceived writing anxiety and perfectionism. A quantitative research method was employed in the collection and analysis of the data. The results showed a medium level of FL writing anxiety and perfectionism among the participants. They also revealed that the most prevalent types of anxiety and perfectionism among them were cognitive and self-oriented, respectively. Finally, the results disclosed a strong positive relationship between their anxiety and perfectionistic tendencies. Thus, it was concluded that anxiety and perfectionism may interactively challenge EFL students more in their writing activities. The results are beneficial in deepening the understanding of teachers and researchers in the field pedagogically and practically.&lt;/em&gt;

Affect variability in relation to alcohol use frequency, intensity, and concurrent cannabis use among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic

Although alcohol use is related to daily affect, findings regarding affect variability—the degree to which individuals exhibit day-to-day fluctuations in affect—and alcohol use have been mixed. The present study assessed whether individuals who use alcohol tend to have higher positive and negative affect variability than individuals who do not, as well as whether higher affect variability is related to more frequent and intense alcohol use among individuals who use alcohol. We also explored whether affect variability differed between individuals who use alcohol and those who concurrently use alcohol and cannabis. College students (N = 1909; M = 20.1, SD = 1.3; 67.7% female; 76.6% white; n = 1147 individuals who use alcohol) completed a 21-day protocol between February-December 2021 in which they reported daily affect, number of drinks consumed, and any cannabis use. As hypothesized, individuals who used alcohol had higher positive and negative affect variability than individuals who did not. Among individuals who used alcohol, individuals with higher negative affect variability drank alcohol more frequently, and both higher positive and negative affect variability were related to more intense alcohol use. No differences emerged between individuals who used alcohol and those who concurrently used alcohol and cannabis. Taken together, higher positive and negative affect variability were related to higher odds of using alcohol and more frequent and intense use among individuals who use alcohol, over and above average affect. Higher affect variability could relate to alcohol use because of difficulties with emotion regulation or heightened sensitivity to the environment.

Assessing Validity and Bias of Within-Person Variability in Affect and Personality.

Within-person variability in affect (e.g., Neuroticism) and personality have been linked to well-being. These are measured either by asking people to report how variable they are or to give multiple reports on the construct and calculating a within-person standard deviation adjusted for confounding by the person-level mean. The two measures are weakly correlated with one another and the links of variability with well-being depend on which measure researchers use. Recent research suggests that people's repeated ratings may be biased by response styles. In a 7-day study (N = 399) with up to five measurements per day, we confirmed that the measures of variability lacked sufficient convergent validity to be used interchangeably. We found only 1 significant correlation (of 10) between variability in repeated ratings of affect or personality and variability in repeated ratings of a theoretically unrelated construct (i.e., features of images). There was very little evidence supporting the response styles hypothesis.

Moody and in love? The role of neuroticism and romantic relationships for momentary affect in adolescence

The affective lives of adolescents are unique in that momentary affect in this age group is more negative and variable. This study examined how neuroticism and romantic relationships (i.e., relationship involvement and relationship quality) relate to adolescents’ daily affective experiences. In a weeklong experience sampling period, 408 German adolescents ( MAge = 16.83) reported up to five times per day on their positive and negative affect. We estimated mixed-effects location scale models to analyze interindividual differences in adolescents’ affect level and variability. Adolescents with higher neuroticism experienced lower levels of positive affect, higher levels of negative affect, and higher variability of positive and negative affect. Whereas adolescents with a romantic partner did not differ from their single peers with regard to affect level, they experienced higher affect variability, although evidence for these effects was weak. Finally, among adolescents who were currently involved in a romantic relationship, those with higher relationship quality experienced more variability in their positive affect if they scored higher in neuroticism. Across models, effect sizes systematically differed between affect level and variability, positive and negative affect, as well as neuroticism facets. We discuss these findings in light of adolescents’ affective dynamics, affective development, and personality-social relationship interactions.

A Structural Equation Model to Explain Gambling Problem Severity in Adolescents with an Integrated Perspective

To be effective in the prevention of adolescent problem gambling, it is fundamental to enhance knowledge about the antecedents of gambling problem severity and the mechanisms through which these dimensions are related to problematic gambling behavior. This study aimed at testing how selected cognitive (correct knowledge of gambling and gambling-related cognitive distortions) and affective (positive economic perception of gambling and expectation and enjoyment and arousal towards gambling) variables are related to gambling frequency and gambling problem severity. Problem gambling was conceptualized as Gambling Disorder symptoms according to the last edition of the DSM. Participants were 447 Italian high school students (68% males, mean age = 16.8, SD = 0.84). Structural Equation Models (SEMs) conducted with adolescent gamblers attested two indirect effects from knowledge to problem gambling: One through gambling-related cognitive distortions and one through gambling frequency. Overall, results confirmed that adolescent problem gambling is a complex phenomenon explained by multiple and different factors. Practical implications for preventive efforts are discussed.

The role of anticipated affect in the context of physical activity: a scoping review

ABSTRACT Individuals often anticipate how they will feel during a potential future behaviour. Assuming that this anticipation may influence actual behaviour, the aim of this scoping review was to provide a comprehensive overview of the literature on the role of anticipated affect in the context of physical activity. Thus, relationships between anticipated affect and (1) other psychological variables related to physical activity or (2) physical activity behaviour were analysed. Five data bases were searched for studies involving anticipated affect of physical activity, resulting in 33 relevant studies. The results were clustered into five categories. (1a) Anticipated affect was related to intention and (1b) to affective experiences. However, a forecasting error appeared in several studies showing that participants underestimated how positive their emotions during or after physical activity actually were. (2a) Due to a low number of studies, it remains unclear whether anticipated affect can predict future physical activity behaviour directly. (2b) Intervention studies with physical activity as the dependent variable and (2c) as the independent variable revealed promising approaches to facilitate positive anticipated affect regarding future physical activity. Future research should consider cognitive biases in affective forecasting studies and develop validated questionnaires for studying anticipated affect of physical activity.