Measurement Of Variables Research Articles

Civilian Control, Civil–Military Friction, and Foreign Military Intervention

The relationship between domestic civil–military relations and the use of foreign military force has been long debated. The two primary perspectives on the issue, civilian conservatism and military conservatism, are antithetical. The former maintains that military authorities are more likely to advocate for the use of military force than civilian counterparts, while the latter advances the opposite argument. Empirical research to date has added little clarity to the relationship. We shed new light on this long running controversy through analyses of a different, and arguably more appropriate, set of measures for the key variables of concern: civilian control, civil–military conflict, and the use of foreign military force. In zero-inflated negative binomial estimates of 165 countries from 1946 to 2010, we find consistent support for civilian conservatism. More specifically, when civilian control erodes or civil–military conflict reaches particularly high levels, the likelihood that a state will launch a foreign military intervention increases.

EXAMINING THE EFFICIENCY OF NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL RAILWAY FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION DURING A SPECIFIC TIME PERIOD

The aim of this study is to determine the efficiency values of the Republic of Turkey State Railways (TCDD) in national and international freight transportation between 2010 and 2019. Additionally, the study aims to identify the years in which the company operated more efficiently, process this information, and provide reference years and recommendations to relevant institutions.Since railway investment costs are very high, the efficient use of resources is of great importance. This study is significant in terms of guiding the efficient use of railway resources. Moreover, the use of different input and output variables over a specific time period distinguishes this study from other scientific research, as it incorporates both national and international data. For efficiency measurement, output (tonne-kilometres) and input variables (amount of freight transported, main line length, and number of freight wagons) were used, following the relevant literature. The data used in the research were obtained from the activity reports of TCDD and the Turkish Statistical Institute. DEAP (Data Envelopment Analysis Program) software, based on Productivity Time Analysis, was used to analyze the research data. As a result, the average efficiency in national railway freight transport decreased by 1.8%, while the average efficiency in international railway freight transport decreased by 22.4%. The reference year for both types of transport was 2010. Although efficiency in international railway freight transport showed partial improvement in certain years, it generally exhibited a continuous downward trend.

Sustainability Reporting and Financial Performance: Examine the Correlation between Sustainability Disclosures Financial Performance in Publicly Traded Companies

Sustainability reporting has increasingly gained prominence in academia and practice over the past few decades. With growing stakeholder expectations for companies to report on environmental, social, and governance issues, sustainability reporting allows companies to communicate non-financial impacts. While sustainability reporting aims to enhance accountability and transparency, questions remain regarding its influence on corporate financial performance. Some studies have found a positive correlation between sustainability reporting and financial metrics like profitability and share price, arguing reporting leads to more efficient resource management and risk mitigation. However, other research has found no significant relationship or negative impact, noting that reporting requirements incur costs that may outweigh benefits. This comprehensive review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the existing literature on the correlation between sustainability disclosures and the financial performance of publicly traded companies. Relevant studies from various regions and sectors published between 1990 and 2023 will be reviewed. The methodologies applied, measurement variables, sample sizes, and time frames considered will be evaluated to understand the scope and limitations of each study. Key findings related to the direction and strength of the reported relationship between the two parameters will be summarized and compared. Moderating factors such as company size, industry, cultural context, and disclosure type will also be examined to determine their influence on research outcomes. The review will conclude by outlining existing knowledge gaps, inconsistencies in current empirical evidence, and areas that require further research.

Intra- and inter-session reliability of countermovement jump and gait analysis in collegiate athletes measured using an inertial measurement unit (BTS G-Walk)

This study assessed the intra- and inter-session reliability of the inertial measurement unit (IMU) in measuring countermovement jump (CMJ) and 10m-walking gait-related outcomes. Thirty collegiate-level athletes (15 males [age: 21.0 ± 2.5 years] and 15 females [age: 21.5 ± 2.1 years]) were recruited to perform CMJs and 10m-walking test that were simultaneously recorded using the commercially available body-worn IMU – BTS G-walk. The coefficient of variation (CV), the analysis of variance with repeated measures (ANOVA), and the interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used for intra-session reliability. While the Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) and the ICC were used to analyze inter-session reliability. Measurement of CMJ and 10m-walking test gait variables using the IMU resulted in moderate to excellent intra-session reliability for CMJ (ICC = 0.881 to 0.988) and gait analysis (ICC = 0.807 to 0.978) with acceptable CV (≤10%). Inter-session reliability for CMJ variables ranged from poor to excellent (ICC = 0.134 to 0.963), and 10-m walking test gait analysis variables were moderate to excellent (ICC = 0.683 to 0.931). The IMU (BTS G-walk) provides reliable data for most CMJ and gait variables. Future studies may determine the accuracy of the equipment to monitor changes over time (e.g., after a training intervention).

Barriers to the Uptake of Tickborne Disease Prevention Measures: Connecticut, Maryland 2016-2017.

Public health programs promote numerous tickborne disease (TBD) prevention measures. However, measures are not frequently or consistently performed. Describe barriers to consistent use of 4 commonly promoted TBD prevention measures. We conducted an online survey (n=1883) evaluating behaviors regarding TBD prevention measures including conducting tick checks, applying insect repellents, showering/bathing, and applying chemical or natural pesticides to residential yards. Respondents could select reasons for never, rarely, or sometimes performing these measures. Descriptive analysis and logistic regression modeling evaluated associations between the 3 most cited barriers for each measure and select demographic variables. The survey was administered to residents in high Lyme disease incidence counties of Connecticut and Maryland, 2016-2017. For tick checks (n=800), the most cited barriers were forgetting (63%), not spending time in tick habitat (28%), and too much trouble (11%). For applying insect repellents (n=1303), the most cited barriers were forgetting (38%), personal safety concerns (24%), and too much trouble (19%). For showering/bathing 2 hours after outdoor activity in tick habitat (n=1080), the most cited barriers were being unaware of the prevention measure (51%), too much trouble (18%), and forgetting (18%). For applying chemical pesticides to yards (n=1320), the most cited barriers were having environmental (45%), pet safety (31%), and personal safety concerns (28%). Lastly, for applying natural pesticides to yards (n=1357), the most cited barriers were being unaware of natural pesticides (31%), having cost concerns (23%), and not being concerned about ticks on property (16%). Forgetting, too much trouble, unawareness, and safety concerns were primary barriers to using several TBD prevention measures. Education regarding effectiveness, safety, and timing may increase uptake of certain measures. These challenges can be difficult to address, highlighting the need for passive TBD prevention measures, such as a Lyme disease vaccine.

A metacognitive approach to understanding what marker variables measure

A metacognitive approach to understanding what marker variables measure

Continuation of Bianchi spacetimes through the big bang

In this paper we present a framework in which the relational description of general relativity can be used to smoothly continue cosmological dynamical systems through the big bang without invoking quantum gravity effects. Cosmological spacetimes contain as a key dynamical variable a notion of scale through the volume factor ν. However, no cosmological observer is ever able to separate their measuring apparatus from the system they are measuring, in that sense every measurement is a relative one, and measurable dynamical variables are, in fact, dimensionless ratios. This is manifest in the identification of a scaling symmetry or “dynamical similarity” in the Einstein-Hilbert action associated with the volume factor. By quotienting out this scaling symmetry, we form a relational system defined on a contact manifold whose dynamical variables are decoupled from scale. When the phase space is reduced to shape space, we show that there exists unique solutions to the equations of motion that pass smoothly through the initial cosmological singularity in flat Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker, Bianchi I, and Quiescent Bianchi IX cosmologies. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Effect of Hyaluronic Acid on Socket Healing After Lower Impacted Third Molar Tooth Extraction in 40 Dental Patients.

BACKGROUND Surgical extraction of impacted mandibular third molars is the most commonly performed procedure in oral surgery; its associated complications include sensory nerve damage, swelling, and trismus. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of hyaluronic acid (HA) on healing of the socket following extraction of the lower impacted third molar tooth in 40 dental patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS This prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study was carried out on 40 adult healthy patients indicated for surgical removal of bilateral impacted mandibular third molars with equal surgical difficulty (moderate surgical difficulty according to the Koerner index. Patients with right mandibular third molars were included into the study (HA) group and those with left mandibular third molars were included into the control group. Surgical removal of impacted teeth was performed at different times for each patient for proper measurement of postoperative clinical variables, including pain, swelling, and mouth opening. RESULTS Postoperative pain evaluation results using the visual analog scale (VAS) showed reduced pain levels at all observation periods. Postoperative swelling peaked in intensity within 12-48 hours, resolving between the 5th and 7th days, and there was no significant difference in pre- and postoperative measurements of interincisal opening between both groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS We found that intra-socket application of hyaluronic acid after surgical extraction of impacted mandibular third molars promoted normal wound healing, and there was a clinical benefit of reduced postoperative pain and swelling.

Data-Driven Modeling and Open-Circuit Voltage Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries

This article presents a data-driven methodology for modeling lithium-ion batteries, which includes the estimation of the open-circuit voltage and state of charge. Using the proposed methodology, the dynamics of a battery cell can be captured without the need for explicit theoretical models. This approach only requires the acquisition of two easily measurable variables: the discharge current and the terminal voltage. The acquired data are used to build a linear differential system, which is algebraically manipulated to form a space-state representation of the battery cell. The resulting model was tested and compared against real discharging curves. Preliminary results showed that the battery’s state of charge can be computed with limited precision using a model that considers a constant open-circuit voltage. To improve the accuracy of the identified model, a modified recursive least-squares algorithm is implemented inside the data-driven method to estimate the battery’s open-circuit voltage. These last results showed a very precise tracking of the real battery discharging dynamics, including the terminal voltage and state of charge. The proposed data-driven methodology could simplify the implementation of adaptive control strategies in larger-scale solutions and battery management systems with the interconnection of multiple battery cells.

Multidimensional Analysis of Physiological Entropy during Self-Paced Marathon Running.

The pacing of a marathon is arguably the most challenging aspect for runners, particularly in avoiding a sudden decline in speed, or what is colloquially termed a "wall", occurring at approximately the 30 km mark. To gain further insight into the potential for optimizing self-paced marathon performance through the coding of comprehensive physiological data, this study investigates the complex physiological responses and pacing strategies during a marathon, with a focus on the application of Shannon entropy and principal component analysis (PCA) to quantify the variability and unpredictability of key cardiorespiratory measures. Nine recreational marathon runners were monitored throughout the marathon race, with continuous measurements of oxygen uptake (V˙O2), carbon dioxide output (V˙CO2), tidal volume (Vt), heart rate, respiratory frequency (Rf), and running speed. The PCA revealed that the entropy variance of V˙O2, V˙CO2, and Vt were captured along the F1 axis, while cadence and heart rate variances were primarily captured along the F2 axis. Notably, when distance and physiological responses were projected simultaneously on the PCA correlation circle, the first 26 km of the race were positioned on the same side of the F1 axis as the metabolic responses, whereas the final kilometers were distributed on the opposite side, indicating a shift in physiological state as fatigue set in. The separation of heart rate and cadence entropy variances from the metabolic parameters suggests that these responses are independent of distance, contrasting with the linear increase in heart rate and decrease in cadence typically observed. Additionally, Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering further categorized runners' physiological responses, revealing distinct clusters of entropy profiles. The analysis identified two to four classes of responses, representing different phases of the marathon for individual runners, with some clusters clearly distinguishing the beginning, middle, and end of the race. This variability emphasizes the personalized nature of physiological responses and pacing strategies, reinforcing the need for individualized approaches. These findings offer practical applications for optimizing pacing strategies, suggesting that real-time monitoring of entropy could enhance marathon performance by providing insights into a runner's physiological state and helping to prevent the onset of hitting the wall.

A summary of pain and pain-related variables in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.

To study pain, data on pain characteristics, possible triggers and consequences - such as the impact of pain on people's lives - need to be available. When not collated, described and/or organised in a systematic manner, it can be difficult to assess how useful an existing dataset may be for one's project. This data note describes and categorises the complex and multi-modal indices of pain available in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Data from two generations of the ALSPAC cohort; index child participants (Generation 1, G1), their mothers and fathers/mothers' partners (Generation 0, G0) were used. Search terms such as 'pain', 'ache', 'hurt', 'sore', specific pain conditions, labour pain and methods of pain relief were used to identify pain and pain-related variables. These data were extracted from all waves of data collection. We developed pain categories and subsequently categorised variables in an iterative process. Repeated measurements of the same variables over waves of data collection were also identified. We identified 21 categories of pain variables, which were subsequently grouped into themes: pain characteristics, extended pain characteristics and causes, treatment for pain, pain interference and pain-related to specific events. Pain and pain-related data have been collected from G1 participants, G0 mothers, and G0 partners, although there are fewer data for the partners. There were some repeated measurements, most commonly, of pain location. As is typical with longitudinal birth cohort studies, maternal proxy-reports were used during participants' younger years and self-reports were utilised from adolescence onwards. Researchers interested in studying pain can feasibly do so in two generations of a regional UK population who have been followed up over 30 years. ALSPAC can be used to study pain from the early years through to young adulthood and in mothers from the perinatal period onwards.

Mixture multigroup structural equation modeling: A novel method for comparing structural relations across many groups.

Behavioral scientists often examine the relations between two or more latent variables (e.g., how emotions relate to life satisfaction), and structural equation modeling (SEM) is the state-of-the-art for doing so. When comparing these "structural relations" among many groups, they likely differ across the groups. However, it is equally likely that some groups share the same relations so that clusters of groups emerge. Latent variables are measured indirectly by questionnaires and, for validly comparing their relations among groups, the measurement of the latent variables should be invariant across the groups (i.e., measurement invariance). However, across many groups, often at least some measurement parameters differ. Restricting these measurement parameters to be invariant, when they are not, causes the structural relations to be estimated incorrectly and invalidates their comparison. We propose mixture multigroup SEM (MMG-SEM) to gather groups with equivalent structural relations in clusters while accounting for the reality of measurement noninvariance. Specifically, MMG-SEM obtains a clustering of groups focused on the structural relations by making them cluster-specific, while capturing measurement noninvariances with group-specific measurement parameters. In this way, MMG-SEM ensures that the clustering is valid and unaffected by differences in measurement. This article proposes an estimation procedure built around the R package "lavaan" and evaluates MMG-SEM's performance through two simulation studies. The results demonstrate that MMG-SEM successfully recovers the group-clustering as well as the cluster-specific relations and the partially group-specific measurement parameters. To illustrate its empirical value, we apply MMG-SEM to cross-cultural data on the relations between experienced emotions and life satisfaction. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Effects of container size and growing media on growth of argan (Argania spinosa) seedlings in Morocco

Background: Argan (Argania spinosa) is an important arid species in Morocco, hence the need to undertake nursery practices that promote its regeneration and sustainability in a vulnerable environment. This study aimed to examine the effect of container size and growing medium on morphological traits, biomass, as well as root morphology of one-year-old argan seedlings in the Marrakech region of Morocco. Methods: Three container sizes of 300, 400, and 500 cm3 were selected in which seven types of growing media with varying proportions of acacia compost, crushed cypress cones, Barbary thuja, eucalyptus capsule composts, and potting soil were used. Subsequently, measurements of plant growth variables and biomass, as well as identification of root deformations were carried out. Results: Our results show that container size and growth medium strongly influenced (p < 0.001) morphological traits and biomass of argan seedlings. Growth was highest in seedlings grown in the 500 cm3 container on substrates composed of both 100% acacia compost and 50% potting soil + 50% acacia compost, while it was lowest in seedlings in the 300 cm3 container with the compost composed of a mixture of equal proportions of cypress and Barbary thuja, and eucalyptus. While the main root deformities were hooked roots (14.1%) and root eccentricity (13.0%), seedlings with multiple deformities were by far the most common (38.4%). The size of the container did not seem to influence their occurrence, whereas about 35% of the deformations were observed in seedlings grown on substrates composed of mixtures of potting soil and acacia compost, cypress cones, and Barbary thuja and eucalyptus composts. Conclusions: This study shows the importance of adopting an adequate protocol to allow the regeneration of forest species with the necessary characteristics to survive the often-challenging environmental conditions prevailing not only in southern Morocco but also across most of the country.

The Validity of a Dual-Force Plate for Assessing Counter-Movement Jump Performance.

In a single testing session, the Kunwei force plates were placed directly on top of the in-ground Kistler force plate. This allowed for the simultaneous collection of vertical ground reaction forces from 30 participants (male, age = 22.8 ± 2.8 years, body mass = 74.3 ± 12.3 kg, height 178.2 ± 4.6 cm) during CMJ tests. The consistency between force plate systems was assessed using ordinary least products regression (OLPR) with bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals and the Interclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). There was no fixed or proportional bias in the CMJ variables measured between the force plate systems. The variables exhibited a strong correlation across the force plates during the CMJ task (ICC > 0.950, p < 0.01). The findings of this study indicate that there was no statistical difference between the Kunwei and Kistler force plate systems when evaluating common CMJ strategy and outcome variables, which are considered the gold standard. Hence, the Kunwei force plate can be regarded as a reliable substitute for the established industry benchmark in evaluating the force-time characteristics of the CMJ. Researchers, athletes, and coaches have the option to utilize this affordable and portable choice as a substitute for the more expensive laboratory-based force plate system. This alternative allows for the precise measurement of CMJ performance and force-time variables.

Emergence of economic and social disparities through competitive gift-giving

Several tiers of social organization with varying economic and social disparities have been observed. However, a quantitative characterization of the types and the causal mechanisms for the transitions have hardly been explained. While anthropologists have emphasized that gift exchange, rather than market exchange, prevails in traditional societies and shapes social relations, few mathematical studies have explored its consequences for social organizations. In this study, we present a simple model of competitive gift-giving that describes how gifts bring goods to the recipient and honor to the donor, and simulate social change. Numerical simulations and an analysis of the corresponding mean-field theory demonstrate the transitions between the following four phases with different distribution shapes of wealth and social reputation: the band, without economic or social disparities; the tribe, with economic but without social disparities; the chiefdom, with both; and the kingdom, with economic disparity and weak social disparity except for an outlier, namely, the “monarch”. The emergence of strong disparities is characterized by power law distributions and is attributed to the “rich get richer” process. In contrast, the absence of such a process leads to exponential distributions due to random fluctuations. The phases depend on the parameters characterizing the frequency and scale of gift interactions. Our findings provide quantitative criteria for classifying social organizations based on economic and social disparities, consistent with both anthropological theory and empirical observations. Thus, we propose empirically measurable explanatory variables and characteristic indices for the evolution of social organizations. The constructive model, guided by social scientific theory, can provide the basic mechanistic explanation of social evolution and integrate theories of the social sciences.

A qualitative dynamic analysis of the relationship between tourism and human development

This study analyzes the dynamic relationship between tourism and human development in a sample of 123 countries between 1995–2019 using a symbolic time series methodological analysis, with the number of international tourist arrivals per capita as the tourism measurement variable and the Human Development Index as the development measurement variable. The objective was to determine if a higher level of tourism specialization is related to a higher level of economic development. The definition of economic regime is used and the concept of the distance between the dynamic trajectories of the different countries analyzed is introduced to create a minimum spanning tree. In this way, groups of countries are identified that display similar behavior in terms of tourism specialization and levels of human development. The results suggest that countries with a high level of tourism specialization have a higher level of development as compared to those in which tourism has a lower specific weight. However, the largest group of countries identified is characterized by low levels of tourism specialization and economic development, which appears to translate into a poverty trap. Therefore, policies related to tourism activity expansion should be created since higher tourism levels have been linked to higher levels of human development. In the case of less developed countries, however, these projects should be financed by international organizations so that these countries can escape the poverty trap in which they are currently found.

Bibliometric Insights into Terrestrial Laser Scanning for Forest Biomass Estimation

Effective forest management and conservation are increasingly critical in addressing the challenges posed by climate change. Advances in remote sensing technologies, such as terrestrial laser scanning, offer promising tools for more accurate assessments in forestry research. This study explores the application of TLS in biomass estimation by conducting a bibliometric analysis of scientific articles indexed in Scopus and the Web of Science. By examining the literature from 2010 to 2024, the study identifies key trends, knowledge gaps, and emerging research opportunities, as well as practical applications in forest management and conservation. The analysis reveals a significant rise in scientific output on TLS, with an average annual growth rate of 8.16%. The most cited works address biomass estimation at the individual tree level using laser scanning data. China leads in the publication volume with 11 articles, followed by the USA with 11. The collaboration network highlights research disparities among regions such as Latin America. Overall, TLS has proven effective for the non-destructive measurement of forest variables and biomass.

Impact of female directors' foreign experience on green innovation: Evidence from China

AbstractThis study explores the realm of sustainability by examining the influence of female directors' foreign experience on green innovation across various industry sectors and corporate board structures. Specifically, the research focuses on the impact of female directors' foreign experience on green innovation in Chinese listed firms from 2004 to 2021. Our findings show that female directors with foreign experience have a positive and significant effect on green innovation. Further analysis indicates that this relationship is positively and significantly moderated by state‐owned enterprises, larger firms, firms operating in polluting industries, environments with low market competition, and the presence of foreign directors on the board. The robustness of our results is confirmed through the use of different econometric techniques, alternative measures of dependent and independent variables, and addressing endogeneity concerns. Overall, our study suggests that female directors with foreign experience enhance the transfer of environmental and sustainable knowledge and practices, thereby fostering green innovation within Chinese listed firms.

Modeling N2O emissions with remotely sensed variables using machine learning

Nitrous oxide is the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions from crop production. There is significant interest in targeting marginal lands for growing biomass crops, however little information is available on how this will affect N2O emissions from these crops. Furthermore, to characterize N2O emission at the farm level to quantify mitigation using measurements is time intensive, costly, and impractical. We selected a highly diverse watershed varying in soil texture and topography to compare two approaches for modeling soil N2O emissions using machine learning, intensive measurements of soil environment and climate variables, with the other only using remotely sensed variables. We confirmed that soil nitrogen was the most important variable followed by soil environment as influence by soil characteristic, topography, and climate. We also found that the machine learning model built on remotely sensed variables performed as well as when direct site level measurements were available. This finding supports the potential of using remotely sensed data to build machine learning models to characterize soil N2O emissions without the need for intensive soil measurements for entity level assessments.

Analysis and relationship between the volume of upper limb lymphoedema and pressure pain threshold, neural range of motion, pain intensity, kinesiophobia, pain hypervigilance and catastrophizing in breast cancer survivors.

Lymphedema of the upper limbs and persistent pain are frequent sequelae after surgical treatment of breast cancer. The aim of this paper was to analyze the upper limb volume, pressure pain threshold, neural range of motion, pain intensity, kinesiophobia, pain hypervigilance and catastrophizing in patients with and without lymphoedema after breast cancer surgery. Secondly, we aimed to investigated the association between upper limb volume and these variables. Descriptive observational study. Faculty of Health Sciences of the University of Granada. Fifty-eight post-surgical breast cancer survivors, 29 with upper limb lymphoedema and 29 without lymphoedema. We measured upper limb volume (perimetric method). Also, pressure pain thresholds were assessed with a digital algometer, neural range of motion (neurodynamic test for radial, ulnar and median nerves), pain intensity (visual analogue scale), kinesiophobia, pain hypervigilance and catastrophizing (validated tests). To detect differences between the groups for the measurement variables we performed a t-test for independent samples analysis. A simple linear regression analysis adjusting for age and body mass index was performed to check the association among upper limb volume and pain variables in the group with lymphoedema. The analysis showed that lymphoedema group had lower pressure pain threshold bilaterally in the masseter (origin P≤0.036; insertion P≤0.046), temporalis (insertion P≤0.021), suboccipitalis (P≤0.036); second (P≤0.014), third (P≤0.001) and tenth rib (P≤0.001); affected side of the temporalis (origin P=0.025); temporomandibular joint (P=0.024); neural range of motion in the median nerve (P=0.047), ulnar (P=0.042) on the affected side and radial (P=0.039) on the unaffected side; and greater kinesiophobia (P=0.042). Linear regression analysis only showed a significant association between upper limb volume and neural range of motion in the radial nerve (P=0.020) in the lymphedema group. No significant associations were obtained for the rest of variables. These findings suggest that the presence of lymphoedema may contribute to an increased level of generalized mechanosensitivity and fear to movement in this population. Upper limb lymphedema can lead to heightened mechanosensitivity and movement-related fear in breast cancer survivors. Therefore, fast track rehabilitation approach should be focus in screening and rehabilitation methods for detection and control this sequalae.