Variable Duty Cycle Research Articles

Performance evaluation of the static thrust and efficiency of an actuated biomimetic jellyfish model

Abstract This study offers an in-depth analysis of a jellyfish-inspired robotic model designed to simulate the expansion and contraction mechanisms found in natural jellyfish. By employing variable Duty Cycles to replicate the cyclic motions of the jellyfish, the thrust generation of the model is measured through static thrust assessments using a load cell, while its efficiency is evaluated using the Thrust-to-Power Ratio, TPR. The findings indicate that increasing the amplitude of the motion leads to more complex wave patterns, which in turn reduce the peak-to-peak force generated. Specifically, a 25% increase in the A/D ratio results in a significant 30% decrease in static thrust. It was observed that higher actuation frequencies do not notably influence thrust generation when the A/D ratio remains constant. Importantly, the TPR was found to be highest at an A/D ratio of 0.10, with an increase of up to 6% observed at higher Duty Cycles, suggesting that smaller actuation amplitudes are more efficient in enhancing thrust performance. These results highlight the critical role of amplitude in the efficiency of static thrust generation within a given Duty Cycle, emphasizing that lower amplitudes generally lead to higher efficiency. The study underscores the importance of optimizing both geometric and kinematic parameters for improved propulsion performance. It suggests that future research should focus on fine-tuning A/D ratios and Duty Cycles, as well as exploring alternative geometric configurations and materials to further enhance the hydrodynamic performance of jellyfish-inspired robots. The insights gained from this study provide a valuable foundation for developing more efficient and effective bio-inspired underwater vehicles.

Closed-Form Optimal Current-Limiting Curve-Based Variable Duty-Cycle Soft Start-Up Strategy for the LLC DC Transformer

Closed-Form Optimal Current-Limiting Curve-Based Variable Duty-Cycle Soft Start-Up Strategy for the <i>LLC</i> DC Transformer

A dead-time compensation method for motor drive inverters based on nonlinear observer

Silicon carbide (SiC) inverters and interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs) are widely employed in electric vehicles (EVs) due to their superior efficiency and high power density. However, the harmonics generated by the high switching frequency and the dead-time effect in SiC inverters present a significant challenge. The time-varying nature of on–off delays and conduction voltage drops in power devices makes it difficult to establish a precise nonlinear model for inverters, thus limiting the effectiveness of traditional dead-time compensation methods. This paper introduces a dead-time compensation approach for voltage source inverters (VSIs) that leverages a nonlinear observer, thereby circumventing the need for a complex inverter model while enhancing compensation accuracy. The method determines the three-phase stator current polarity of the IPMSM by deriving the relationship between the current vector angle and the rotor position angle. Along with duty cycle variations computed by the PI controller, the inverter’s nonlinearity is adaptively compensated. Simulation and experimental results indicate that the proposed method outperforms the traditional method based on the error voltage model, effectively reducing the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the phase current.

Experimental validation of an analytical transient model for saturated boosting gain in DC–DC converters with variable duty cycle

This paper presents an innovative approach to characterize the boosting gain saturation phenomenon in DC–DC converters with variable duty cycles, a crucial component in energy management applications such as renewable energy systems and IoT devices. While existing literature predominantly relies on steady-state models to explain boosting gain behaviour, this study reveals discrepancies between theoretical predictions and experimental observations, particularly at high duty cycles. The research introduces an analytical model to accurately capture the boosting gain dynamics of a boost chopper converter, addressing the limitations of traditional steady-state analyses. Through experimental validation and numerical simulations using CAD tools, a significant boosting gain saturation of approximately 2.2 is empirically observed, highlighting the necessity for a transient model approach. By providing a comprehensive understanding of the boosting ratio constraints in practical boost converters, this work contributes to advancing the analytical modelling techniques in the field. The mathematical model’s validation through rigorous experimental measurements and simulation analyses underscores its reliability and applicability in real-world scenarios. The structured organization of the paper elucidates the development and verification process, culminating in insightful conclusions that underscore the significance of transient modelling in enhancing the performance and efficiency of DC–DC converters.

Turning up the HEAT Surgical simulation of the Moses 2.0 laser in an anatomic model.

With advancements in laser technology, urologists have been able to treat urinary calculi more efficiently by increasing the energy delivered to the stone. With increases in power used, there is an increase in temperatures generated during laser lithotripsy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the thermal dose and temperatures generated with four laser settings at a standardized power in a high-fidelity, anatomic model. Using high-fidelity, 3D-printed hydrogel models of a pelvicalyceal collecting system with a synthetic BegoStone implanted in the renal pelvis, surgical simulation of ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy was performed with the Moses 2.0 holmium laser. At a standard power (40 W) and irrigation pressure (100 cm H2O), we evaluated operator duty cycle (ODC) variations with different time-on intervals at four different laser settings. Temperature was measured at two separate locations: at the stone and ureteropelvic junction. Greater cumulative thermal doses and maximal temperatures were achieved with greater ODCs and longer laser activation periods. There were statistically significant differences between the thermal doses and temperature profiles of the laser settings evaluated. Temperatures were greater closer to the tip of the laser fiber. Laser energy and frequency play an important role in the thermal loads delivered during laser lithotripsy. Urologists must perform laser lithotripsy cautiously when aggressively treating large renal pelvis stones, as dangerous temperatures can be reached. To reduce the risk of causing thermal tissue injury, urologists should consider reducing their ODC and laser-on time.

Characterization of Co–Ni–TiO2 coatings prepared by combined sol-enhanced and pulse current electrodeposition methods

Abstract This research comprehensively explores the synthesis of Co–Ni–TiO2 coatings employing a hybrid methodology that integrates sol-enhanced and pulse current electrodeposition techniques. The investigation examined the surface morphology and intrinsic properties of Co–Ni–TiO2 coatings, revealing the significant influence of pulse duty cycle variations on the characteristics of coatings. A detailed analysis indicates that a pulse duty cycle of 0.4 optimized the coating’s performance, offering superior attributes compared to other duty cycle settings. The study elucidates that lower duty cycles foster hydrogen evolution reactions on the cathode surface, culminating in the formation of a porous, needle-like coating structure. Conversely, higher duty cycles are found to mitigate the effects of material replenishment, thereby affecting the coating’s quality and performance. The findings of this investigation not only shed light on the critical relationship between the pulse duty cycle and the properties of Co–Ni–TiO2 coatings but also lay a foundational framework for the further refinement and optimization of these coatings for advanced applications.

Investigation of a power factor correction converter utilizing SEPIC topology with input current switching

The single-ended primary-inductor converter (SEPIC) is a popular converter topology that can be employed in diverse application fields where the needed output voltage is greater or lesser than the input voltage. The non-inverted output voltage of a SEPIC converter provides additional advantages when compared to a buck-boost or Ćuk converter. Furthermore, the position of the capacitor in the SEPIC converter provides inherent isolation and circuit safety. One drawback in the conventional bridge-diode SEPIC AC-DC converter is the lack of controllability which can be overcome by adding extra active switch(es) or by replacing the passive diode(s) with active switch(es). However, introducing more active switches increases the control complexity and may increase the requirement for additional driver circuits. To address this trade-off, this article proposes a single-phase AC to DC modified SEPIC converter with input current-switching capability without adding any extra active switch(es). The existing active switch of the DC-DC SEPIC converter was shifted towards the input side and thus no additional switch has been introduced. This allows the option of input-current switching without any additional complexity in the control or driver circuit. The circuit topology, principles of operation, and ideal voltage gain equations for the suggested circuit have been derived and included in this research work. The proposed circuit has been simulated in both open-loop conditions and closed-loop control with varying duty cycles and output load. Results from the simulation show that the proposed converter provides better efficiency (∼90 %) and lower total harmonic distortion (THD) (10 %) for varying duty cycles when compared to a conventional converter. The converter also shows good dynamic response. A low-power 15V hardware prototype has been built to experimentally validate the performance of the proposed converter. Experimental results illustrate that the suggested converter can improve the power factor by up to 0.968 while operating at an efficiency above 75 %. This converter topology can be suitable for applications where high output voltage gain, high power factor, and lower THD are needed without isolation requirements.

Optimal treatment conditions for low-intensity pulsed ultrasound therapy for Alzheimer’s disease: applications from mice to humans

PurposeWe previously developed a novel therapy with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) that ameliorates cognitive decline through upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial, we demonstrated that whole-brain LIPUS therapy is safe and tends to suppress the cognitive decline in early AD patients. We herein report the findings of our basic experiments that we performed for the pilot trial in order to apply whole-brain LIPUS therapy to humans, as well.MethodsFirst, we examined the relationship between bone density/thickness and ultrasound transmittance using human temporal bone. Next, based on the results of ultrasound transmittance, we further examined mRNA expression of VEGF, FGF2, and eNOS in response to variable ultrasound frequencies, duty cycles, and sound pressures.ResultsThere was a significant correlation between bone thickness and transmittance (1.0 MHz, P < 0.001), while there was no significant correlation between bone density and transmittance (1.0 MHz, P = 0.421). At a frequency of 0.5 MHz, the optimum duty cycle was considered to be up to 20%. When the tissue amplitude was in the range of 0.05–0.5 MPa, VEGF, FGF2, and eNOS were significantly upregulated by LIPUS. Thus, the conditions necessary for LIPUS therapy for the human brain were identified as sound pressure just below the probe 1.3 MPa (tissue amplitude 0.15 MPa), duty cycle 5%, and frequency 0.5 MHz.ConclusionWe successfully identified the optimal treatment conditions for LIPUS therapy for patients with AD.

Simulation study of digital waveform-driven quadrupole mass filter operated in higher stability regions for high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

The use of a frequency-scanned digital quadrupole mass filter (QMF) with varying duty cycles shows promise for application as a high-resolution mass analyzer design for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). High resolution in ICP-MS is important to overcome isobaric polyatomic interferences. Here, we explore the possibility and the characteristics of using a digital quadrupole operating in higher stability regions for ICP-MS. We perform computational simulations in SIMION of a digital QMF that is operated by scanning the frequency of the digital waveform at a fixed driving voltage and various duty cycles. For ions in the atomic mass range (7-238 m/z), we investigate the expected resolution, transmission, fringe field effects, and ion trajectories. We compare different characteristics between sine and digital waveform QMF. Within the capability of current digital waveform generation technology, a digital QMF can produce variable mass resolution, from several hundred to more than 10 000. This mass resolution covers the low, medium, and high resolutions that are typical for sector-field ICP-MS. Additionally, simulations suggest that transmission of the QMF remains high at high resolution. For example, with 87.50/12.50 duty cycle (zone 4,1), resolution at 10% peak width is 10420 for m/z 80. The transmission through the quadrupole, which is constant for all isoenergetic ions, is ~2.5%, and most ion loss is due to the defocusing effects of the fringe field. Compared to sinusoidal QMFs, ions need many fewer cycles in the digital QMF to obtain high resolution. The results demonstrate that the use of a frequency-scanned, duty-cycle-modulated digital QMF as the mass analyzer for ICP-MS has the potential to produce high resolution while maintaining considerable transmission, thus overcoming most spectral interferences in elemental MS.

Analisis dan Simulasi Efisiensi Kinerja Sepic Konverter Berbasis Kontroler Konvensional

The technology of components and electronic hardware has evolved to be able to produce a DC/DC current system for power, which is achieved by converting the DC power to higher or lower voltage. This DC voltage variable is commonly called the DC-DC Converter. This final task aims to find out the performance of the DC-DC Sepic Converter series design. The simulated testing of the system using SIMULINK/MATLAB software is subsequently obtained from the data analysis of the theoretical output voltage data and the monitoring of measurements that can be analyzed to determine the error level as well as the level of efficiency of the design of the sepic converter. The test was conducted by setting a constant input voltage of 12 V, a frequency of 50 kHz, with a duty cycle variation of 5% to 65% and a given load of 20 Ω. The result of the design of the Sepic Converter at the time of open loop mode with the value of duty Cycle of 5% produces a minimum voltage that is 0,38 V. Subsequently, when given the duty cicle value of 65%, the maximum voltage is 21,22 V error with the highest error rate of 1 V obtained at the 13th data trial. The average error value is 0,642 V and the standard deviation value is 0,453 V, the greatest efficiency point is 78,50% at the moment of the cycle duty value of 65. While the results of the testing of the Set of Sepic Konverters at the close loop mode, the input tension is given constantly 12 V. The configuration for the parameter value of PI is also constant, namely at the set point of 22,22 V, it is 21,97 V with an error difference 0,25 V.

Hydrodynamics and scaling laws for intermittent S-start swimming

The hydrodynamics of a self-propelling swimmer undergoing intermittent S-start swimming are investigated extensively with varying duty cycle $DC$ , swimming period $T$ , and tailbeat amplitude $A$ . We find that the steady time-averaged swimming speed $\bar {U}_x$ increases directly with $A$ , but varies inversely with $DC$ and $T$ , where there is a maximal improvement of $541.29\,\%$ over continuous cruising swimming. Our results reveal two scaling laws, in the form of input versus output relations, that relate the swimmer's kinematics to its hydrodynamic performance: swimming speed and efficiency. A smaller $DC$ causes increased fluctuations in the swimmer's velocity generation. A larger $A$ , on the other hand, allows the swimmer to reach steady swimming more quickly. Although we set out to determine scaling laws for intermittent S-start swimming, these scaling laws extend naturally to burst-and-coast and continuous modes of swimming. Additionally, we have identified, categorized and linked the wake structures produced by intermittent S-start swimmers with their velocity generation.

Optical Stern–Gerlach Effect in Periodically Poled Electro‐Optical Crystals

AbstractThe Stern–Gerlach (SG) effect provided the first direct experimental evidence of the quantization of electron spin. Although some analog SG effects have been proposed in optical systems, finding a perfect optical analog for the SG effect remains a challenge. Here, a novel optical SG effect is demonstrated in periodically poled electro‐optical crystals. Induced by an applied electric field, the principal axes of crystal rock periodically along the propagation direction of light. When the quasi‐phase‐matching condition is satisfied, the electro‐optical coupling process within the periodically poled crystal can be accurately described by the Schrödinger–Pauli equation for spin‐1/2 particles. The output photons can be deflected toward opposite directions according to their intrinsic spin angular momentum (circular polarizations), since the transversely varying duty cycle of crystal arises an effective magnetic‐field gradient. Moreover, the output photons can be separated according to two arbitrary orthogonal polarization states, allowing us to construct high‐speed electro‐optically tunable polarization beam splitters for arbitrary orthogonal polarization states. Therefore, the optical SG effect provides not only a perfect optical analog for the quantum SG effect but also a useful optical element for optics and quantum physics.

Deep Learning and Image data-based surface cracks recognition of laser nitrided Titanium alloy

Laser nitriding, a high-precision surface modification process, enhances the hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance of the materials. However, laser nitriding process is prone to appearance of cracks when the process is performed at high laser energy levels. Traditional techniques to detect the cracks are time consuming, costly and lack standardization. Thus, this research aims to put forth deep learning-based crack recognition for the laser nitriding of Ti–6Al–4V alloy. The process of laser nitriding has been performed by varying duty cycles, and other process parameters. The laser nitrided sample has then been processed through optical 3D surface measurements (Alicona Infinite Focus G5), creating high resolution images. The images were then pre-processed which included 2D conversion, patchification, image augmentation and subsequent removal of anomalies. After preprocessing, the investigation focused on employing robust binary classification method based on CNN models and its variants, including ResNet-50, VGG-19, VGG-16, GoogLeNet (Inception V3), and DenseNet-121, to recognize surface cracks. The performance of these models has been optimized by fine tuning different hyper parameters and it is found that CNN base model along with models having less trainable parameters like VGG-19, VGG-16 exhibit better performance with accuracy of more than 98% to recognize cracks. Through the achieved results, it is found that VGG-19 is the most preferable model for this crack recognition problem to effectively recognize the surface cracks on laser nitrided Ti–6Al–4V material, owing to its best accuracy and lesser parameters compared to complex models like ResNet-50 and Inception-V3.

WATTS happening? Evaluation of thermal dose during holmium laser lithotripsy in a high-fidelity anatomic model.

To evaluate the thermal profiles of the holmium laser at different laser parameters at different locations in an in vitro anatomic pelvicalyceal collecting system (PCS) model. Laser lithotripsy is the cornerstone of treatment for urolithiasis. With the prevalence of high-powered lasers, stone ablation efficiency has become more pronounced. Patient safety remains paramount during surgery. It is well recognized that the heat generated from laser lithotripsy has the potential to cause thermal tissue damage. Utilizing high-fidelity, 3D printed hydrogel models of a PCS with a synthetic BegoStone implanted in the renal pelvis, laser lithotripsy was performed with the Moses 2.0 holmium laser. At a standard power (40W) and irrigation pressure (100cm H2O), we evaluated operator duty cycle (ODC) variations with different time-on intervals at four different laser settings. Temperature was measured at two separate locations-at the stone and away from the stone. Temperatures were highest closest to the laser tip with a decrease away from the laser. Fluid temperatures increased with longer laser-on times and higher ODCs. Thermal doses were greater with increased ODCs and the threshold for thermal injury was reached for ODCs of 75% and 100%. Temperature generation and thermal dose delivered are greatest closer to the tip of the laser fiber and are not dependent on power alone. Significant temperature differences were noted between four laser settings at a standardized power (40W). Temperatures can be influenced by a variety of factors, such as laser-on time, operator duty cycle, and location in the PCS.

Turning up the HEAT: Surgical simulation of the Moses 2.0 laser in an anatomic model.

With advancements in laser technology, urologists have been able to treat urinary calculi more efficiently by increasing the energy delivered to the stone. With increases in power used, there is an increase in temperatures generated during laser lithotripsy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the thermal dose and temperatures generated with four laser settings at a standardized power in a high-fidelity, anatomic model. Using high-fidelity, 3D printed hydrogel models of a pelvicalyceal collecting system with a synthetic BegoStone implanted in the renal pelvis, surgical simulation of ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy was performed with the Moses 2.0 holmium laser. At a standard power (40 W) and irrigation pressure (100 cm H2O), we evaluated operator duty cycle (ODC) variations with different time-on intervals at four different laser settings. Temperature was measured at two separate locations: at the stone and ureteropelvic junction. Greater cumulative thermal doses and maximal temperatures were achieved with greater ODCs and longer laser activation periods. There were statistically significant differences between the thermal doses and temperature profiles of the laser settings evaluated. Temperatures were greater closer to the tip of the laser fiber. Laser energy and frequency play an important role in the thermal loads delivered during laser lithotripsy. Urologists must perform laser lithotripsy cautiously when aggressively treating large renal pelvis stones, as dangerous temperatures can be reached. To reduce the risk of causing thermal tissue injury, urologists should consider reducing their ODC and laser-on time.

Influence of pulse parameters on microstructure and corrosion characteristics of electrodeposited Ni-W alloy coating

Material characterization and electrochemical performance of the pulse plated Ni-W alloy coatings were assessed by varying duty cycles (0–50%) and pulse frequencies (10–500 Hz) under relatively low applied current density (0.1 mA·cm−2). Compared to DC electroplating, the pulse plating process exhibited lower cathodic current efficiency, and the obtained coatings displayed slightly lower W content. However, the surface roughness, hardness, and anti-corrosion properties of the coatings were improved due to common characteristics, such as grain refinement, fewer defects, and enhanced surface uniformity, associated with the pulse plating process. The Ni-W alloy coating produced at a medium pulse frequency of 100 Hz with duty cycles of 10% and 50% exhibited the highest hardness (5.34±0.33 GPa) and the best corrosion resistance (corrosion current density Ic: 9.62 μA·cm−2), respectively. These properties were significantly improved compared to those for the counterparts prepared by DC electroplating (hardness: 3.13±0.58 GPa; Ic: 10.89 μA·cm−2).

Performance analysis of optimized differential power processing converter with switched inductor using enhanced fuzzy logic control for solar photovoltaic systems

In the current landscape of renewable energy systems, optimizing the performance of power electronic converters is crucial for ensuring reliability. Within the realm of direct current (DC)–DC power converter systems, the differential power processing (DPP) converter holds promise. However, realizing its full potential requires meticulous system design, especially in response to varying solar irradiation levels. Poor design can result in performance degradation, leading to system damage and voltage instability due to sudden irradiation fluctuations. To address these challenges, this study investigates the performance optimization of a DPP converter enhanced with a modified switched inductor, tailored for solar photovoltaic applications. To overcome traditional control strategy limitations, we propose an innovative enhanced fuzzy logic controller (E-FLC). This controller’s strength lies in its dynamic adaptability, achieved through variable duty cycle control, input parameters, membership functions, and output responses. This paper emphasizes methodological precision, particularly in applying the E-FLC to the modified switched inductor. The use of this controller significantly improves both steady-state and transient response performance compared to traditional switched inductors. It rigorously analyzes the responses of the DPP converter under steady-state and transient conditions, with and without the modified switched inductor. This analytical approach sheds light on a critical yet often overlooked aspect of photovoltaic systems. The core innovation driving this research is the adoption of the E-FLC, which outperforms the commonly used proportional–integral (PI) controller in steady-state performance and transient response characteristics. This paper goes beyond conventional converter optimization studies by introducing a holistic approach encompassing system dynamics, control strategy innovation, and performance evaluation. The proposed E-FLC represents a methodological breakthrough and a substantial improvement in converter efficiency and reliability. As renewable energy continues to reshape the global energy landscape, this research sets a new standard for harnessing the true capabilities of power electronic converters in solar photovoltaic systems.

Study of MOS and IGBT transistors at switching with variable duty cycle

In this paper, the functionality of MOS and IGBT transistors is examined under identical working conditions, both in terms of command frequency and load circuit. A variable duty cycle and variable frequency signal generator is used to control transistors. Various electronic components and Arduino-UNO modules, as well as the 16×2 LCD screen, were used to create the signal generator. The control signal is amplified by a current amplifier to adapt the output voltage to the value required to control the transistors. The operation of MOS and IGBT transistors at various operating frequencies with resistive or inductive loads is compared. Thus, the communication times of the transistor capsules were determined at various operating temperatures. The temperature was determined indirectly by connecting a thermistor to the transistor capsule.

Influence of visible light LEDs modulation techniques on photocatalytic degradation of ceftriaxone in a flat plate reactor

In this paper, the effect of light modulation on photocatalytic ceftriaxone (CEF) degradation in aqueous solution was investigated. The experimental set-up consisted of a fixed bed photocatalytic reactor with a flat plate geometry and visible LEDs for irradiation. Fe-N-codoped TiO2 photocatalyst was immobilized on a polystyrene plate (PS) by solvent casting method to achieve a structured photocatalyst (Fe-N-TiO2/PS), which was loaded in the photoreactor. Raman and UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy confirmed the presence of Fe-N-TiO2 on the PS surface and its uniform distribution on the polymer support. Various LEDs dimming techniques were tested with fixed and variable duty-cycle values. In particular, the following modulations were used: fixed duty-cycle (FD), sinusoidal variable duty-cycle (S-VD), triangular variable duty-cycle (T-VD), square wave variable duty-cycle (SW-VD), saw-tooth variable duty-cycle (ST-VD), pulse variable duty-cycle (P-VD), and pseudo-sinusoidal variable duty-cycle (PS-VD). The optimal light modulation was the S-VD, with an average fed current between 25 and 75 mA and a period of 30 s. Indeed, by using S-VD modulation, the highest value of the apparent CEF degradation kinetic constant (resulting 0.0082 min−1) and the highest total organic carbon (TOC) removal (70 %) were achieved. By comparing the electric energy consumption (EE/O) with S-VD modulation used in this work with those found in other literature studies dealing with the photocatalytic ceftriaxone degradation, a significant decrease of EE/O was evidenced. Moreover, toxicity test showed that the photocatalytic treatment allowed to significantly reduce the toxicity of CEF solution when compared to untreated effluent.

Adaptive Control of a Boost DC/DC Converter based on Artificial Intelligence

The paper presents a solution to model and control the operation of DC/DC converters, in normal regime based on Artificial Intelligence. A solution is developed for simulating and controlling the performance of DC/DC converters, encompassing both normal and fault scenarios. The suggested model for the converter employs a transfer function mathematical model configuration with adaptable coefficients. To accommodate variable duty cycles, fully connected neural networks are utilized to determine the appropriate coefficients for the model. Additionally, a control framework capable of identifying faults and mitigating their impact is presented. This framework includes a compensator designed to prevent unstable conditions as the converter parameters deviate from their nominal values, serving as an effective fault tolerance mechanism. The proposed methodology is aimed at devising algorithms suitable for real-time execution on 32-bit ARM processors.