Variable Bit Research Articles

An Advanced Moving Object Detection Algorithm for Automatic Traffic Monitoring In Real-World Limited Bandwidth Networks

Machine-controlled motion detection technology is Associate in nursing integral element of intelligent transportation systems, and is especially essential for management of traffic and maintenance of traffic police investigation systems. Traffic police investigation systems mistreatment video communication over real-world networks with restricted information measure typically encounter difficulties attributable to network congestion and/or unstable information measure. This is often particularly problematic in wireless video communication. This has necessitated the event of a rate management theme that alters the bit-rate to match the procurable network information measure, thereby manufacturing variable bit-rate video streams. However, complete and correct detection of moving objects beneath variable bit-rate video streams could be a terribly tough task. During this paper, we tend to propose Associate in nursing approach for motion detection that utilizes Associate in nursing analysis - primarily based radial basis perform network as its principal element. This approach is applicable not solely in high bit-rate video streams, however in low bit- rate video streams, as well. The planned approach consists of a varied background generation stage and a moving object detection stage. Throughout the assorted background generation stage, the lower-dimensional Eigen-patterns and also the adjustive background model are established in variable bit -rate video streams by mistreatment the planned approach so as to accommodate the properties of variable bit-rate video streams. Throughout the moving object detection stage, moving objects are extracted via the planned approach in each low bit -rate and high bit- rate video streams; detection results are then generated through the output worth of the planned approach. The detection results created through our approach indicate it to be extremely effective in variable bit-rate video streams over real-world restricted information measure networks. Additionally, the planned methodology will be simply achieved for period of time application. Quantitative and qualitative evaluations demonstrate that it offers blessings over different state- of-the -art ways. For example, and accuracy rates created via the planned approach were up to eighty six.38% and 89.88% beyond those created via different compared ways.

Dynamic MAPT Approach for Vertical Handover Optimization in Heterogeneous Network for CBR and VBR QoS Guarantees

Efficient handover optimization and intelligent mobility management mechanism are the key requirements for designing next generation wireless network. Therefore, a dynamic Multiple Attribute decision based on Priority of Traffic classes (MAPT) for Constant Bit rate (CBR) and Variable Bit Rate (VBR) are proposed in this paper to optimize the handover operations. The IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover (MIH) standard provides an associated service to MAPT for achieving seamless handover. Simulation results prove that the proposed work resourcefully minimizes the vertical handover delay, packet loss, jitter and thus improves the throughput for both real time and non- real time applications.

The Effect of Frame Rate on 3D Video Quality and Bitrate

Increasing the frame rate of a 3D video generally results in improved Quality of Experience (QoE). However, higher frame rates involve a higher degree of complexity in capturing, transmission, storage, and display. The question that arises here is what frame rate guarantees high viewing quality of experience given the existing/required 3D devices and technologies (3D cameras, 3D TVs, compression, transmission bandwidth, and storage capacity). This question has already been addressed for the case of 2D video, but not for 3D. The objective of this paper is to study the relationship between 3D quality and bitrate at different frame rates. Our performance evaluations show that increasing the frame rate of 3D videos beyond 60 fps may not be visually distinguishable. In addition, our experiments show that when the available bandwidth is reduced, the highest possible 3D quality of experience can be achieved by adjusting (decreasing) the frame rate instead of increasing the compression ratio. The results of our study are of particular interest to network providers for rate adaptation in variable bitrate channels.

Modeling of real-time multimedia streaming with deterministic access

To provide Quality of service (QoS) in wireless networks, deterministic channel access is often used. The key idea of the method is to provide a prerogative to a station to access the channel during allocated time intervals called reservations. The existed protocol standards define how to set up a reservation but do not describe how many reservations should be allocated to meet QoS requirements. This challenging issue is complicated in case of a real-time multimedia stream of variable bitrate. To address this issue, in the paper, we propose an algorithm of dynamic resource allocation for the stream in the presence of noise.

Multifractal analysis of 3D video representation formats

Abstract One of the main properties of a three-dimensional (3D) video is the large amount of data, which impose challenges for network transport of videos, in applications such as digital video broadcast (DVB), streaming over IP networks, or for transmission over mobile broadband. Addressing these challenges requires a thorough understanding of the characteristics and traffic properties of 3D video formats. We analyzed 3D video formats using publicly available long video frame-size traces of videos in full high definition (HD) resolution with two views. Examined 3D video representation formats are the multiview (MV) video format, the frame sequential (FS) format, and the side-by-side (SBS) format. We performed a multifractal analysis through extensive simulation and showed multifractal properties of 3D video representation formats. It was shown that the MV video had the highest multifractal nature, while the FS video had the lowest. Also, a part of the multifractal spectrum connected to the highest changes in the signal (high bitrate variability) is analyzed in detail. Changes in multifractal properties for different streaming approaches of 3D videos with aggregated frames are examined, as well as the influence of frame types and values of quantization parameters. Multifractal analysis was performed by the method of moments and by the histogram method.

A Two-Stage Link Scheduling Scheme for Variable-Bit-Rate Traffic Flows in Wireless Mesh Networks

Providing end-to-end quality of service (QoS) for delay-sensitive flows with variable-bit-rate (VBR) traffic in wireless mesh networks is a major challenge. There are several reasons for this phenomenon, including time-varied bandwidth requirements, competition for transmission opportunities from flows on the same link, and interference from other wireless links. In this paper, we propose a flexible bandwidth allocation and uncoordinated scheduling scheme, called two-stage link scheduling (2SLS), to support flow delay control in TDMA-based wireless mesh networks. The scheme is implemented in two stages: slot allocation and on-the-go scheduling. The slot allocation mechanism allocates contiguous time slots to each link in each frame based on predefined maximum and minimum bandwidth requirements. Then, each link's on-the-go scheduling mechanism dynamically schedules the transmissions within the allocated time slots. The objective is to maximally satisfy the demand of all flows on the link according to the bandwidth requirements and channel condition. Compared with traditional slot allocation approaches, 2SLS achieves higher channel utilization and provides better end-to-end QoS for delay-sensitive flows with VBR traffic.

IJARCCE - Computer and Communication Engineering

In wireless communication system, limited bandwidth and power is the primary restriction. The existing wireless systems involved in transmission of speech visualized that efficient and effective methods be developed to transmit and receive the same while maintaining quality of speech, especially at the receiving end. Speech coding technique is a material of research for the scientific and academic community since the era of digitization (digital). Amongst all elements of the communication systems (transmitter, channel and receiver), transmission channel is the most critical and plays a key role in the transmission and reception of information. The quality of speech at receiver end decides by channel conditions. Modelling a channel is a multifarious task. A number of techniques are adopted to alleviate the effect of the channel. Adaptive Multi Rate is one of the techniques that neutralize the deleterious effect of the channel on speech. This technique utilizes variable bit rate that dynamically switches to specific modes of operation depending upon the channel conditions. For example, Low bit rate mode of operation is selected in adverse channel conditions, this helps to provide more error protection bits for channel coding and vice versa. Therefore, in this paper, application of Code Excited Linear Prediction (CELP) source codec on speech followed by AMR codec is studied. Further, higher the bit rate used, the better is the quality of speech. In this paper apart from speech codec about AMR is also studied that why the AMR is proposed for the GSM, how the bits rates are reduced in AMR, operation of AMR and other applications of AMR.

Copula Models of Correlation: A DRAM Case Study

Variable bit retention time observed in a 65-nm dynamic random access memory (DRAM) case study will cause miscorrelation between retention times occurring in Test and Use. Conventional multivariate normal statistics cannot adequately model this miscorrelation. A more general copula-based modeling approach, widely used in financial and actuarial modeling, solves this problem. The DRAM case study shows by example how to use copula models in test applications. The method includes acquiring data using a test vehicle, fitting the data to a copula-based statistical model, and then using the model to compute producer- and customer-oriented figures of merit of a product, different from the test vehicle. Different array sizes, fault tolerance schemes, test coverage, end-use (datasheet), and test condition specifications of the product are modeled.

A method for reliable P2P video streaming using variable bitrate video formats

A method for reliable P2P video streaming using variable bitrate video formats

Extended QoS modelling based on multi-application environment in network on chip

Until now, there is no standard method of the quality of service (QoS) measurement and fewer techniques have been used to provide its definition. Therefore, researchers are looking for a projection of QoS on quantifiable space, since it is qualitative, subjective and not measurable. However, a few tentatives have studied QoS parameter estimation. Many applications in network on chip (NoC) present variable QoS parameters such as packet loss rate (PLR), end-to-end delay (EED) and throughput (Thp). However, there are a few papers that have developed different methods to modelise QoS in NoC. Their QoS presentation does not provide a multi-application parameter arbiter. Independently of the approach used, an important challenge associated with QoS provision is the development of an efficient and flexible way to monitor QoS. The originality of our approach is based on a proposition of a QoS–intellectual property module in NoC architecture to improve network performances. We implement an extended approach of QoS metrics modelling for NoC on multi-parameter and multi-application environment. The QoS metrics model is based on QoS parameters such as PLR, EED and Thp for different applications. To validate this work, a dynamic routing simulation for 4 × 4 mesh NoC behaviour under three different applications, namely transmission control protocol, variable bit rate and constant bit rate, is considered. To achieve an ideal network behaviour, load balancing on NoC with multiple concurrent applications is improved using QoS metrics measurement based on dynamic routing. The results have shown that extended QoS modelling approach is easy and cheap to implement in hardware–software quantifiable representation. Thus, implementing a quantifiable representation of QoS can be used to provide a NoC services arbiter. QoS arbiter interacts with other routers to ensure flit flow and QoS modelling to provide a QoS value.

Image quantization using improved artificial fish swarm algorithm

Most image compression algorithms suffer from several drawbacks: high-computational complexity, moderate reconstructed picture qualities, and a variable bit rate. In this paper, an efficient color image quantization technique that depends on an optimized Fuzzy C-means (OFCM) algorithm is proposed. It exploits the optimization capability of the improved artificial fish swarm algorithm to overcome the shortage of Fuzzy C-means algorithm. It uses error diffusion algorithms to obtain perceptually better images after quantization. Experiments are carried out to estimate the performance of the proposed OFCM algorithm in image compression using standard image set. The results indicate that the algorithm can decrease effectively the mean square deviation of color quantization, keep overall arrangement of ideas and part characteristic detail in image reconstruction. The performance efficiency of the proposed technique is compared with those of three other quantization algorithms. The Comparative results confirmed that the OFCM has potential in terms of both accuracy and perceptual quality as compared to recent methods of the literature.

An extra power saving scheme for prolonging lifetime of mobile handset in the 4G mobile networks.

In the fourth generation or next generation networks, services of non-real-time variable bit rate (NRT-VBR) and best effort (BE) will dominate over 85% of the total traffic in the networks. In this paper, we study the power saving mechanism of NRT-VBR and BE services for mobile handsets (MHs) to prolong their battery lifetime (i.e., the sustained operation duration) in the fourth generation networks. Because the priority of NRT-VBR and BE is lower than that of real-time VBR (RT-VBR) or guaranteed bit rate (GBR) services, we investigate an extended sleep mode for lower priority services (e.g., NRT-VBR and BE) in an MH to conserve the energy. The extended sleep mode is used when the MH wakes up from the sleep mode but it cannot obtain the bandwidth from base station (BS). The proposed mechanism, named extra power saving scheme (EPSS), uses the Markovian queuing model to estimate the extended sleep duration to let MHs conserve their battery energy when the networks traffic is congested. To study the performance of EPSS, an accurate analysis model of energy is presented and validated by taking a series of simulations. Numerical experiments show that EPSS can achieve 43% extra energy conservation at most when downlink resource is saturated. We conclude that the energy of MHs can be conserved further by applying EPSS when the traffic load is saturated. The effect of energy saving becomes more obvious when the portion of NRT-VBR and BE services is greater than that of RT-VBR and GBR services.

A Novel Multi-carrier Order Division Multi-access Communication System Based on TDCS with Fractional Fourier Transform Scheme

In this paper, we propose a novel fractional Fourier transform (FrFT) based multi-carrier order division multi-access communication system, in which each user is uniquely identified by an FrFT order. Transform domain communication system (TDCS) with FrFT scheme is also proposed to synthesize the wide-band baseband waveforms in all FrFT domains with different users' FrFT orders, which enhances the interference avoidance capability of this system under most of interference. Therefore, multiple independent data streams can be transmitted by using FrFT---OFDM in the same time and different FrFT domains. However, chirp bases, as the new kind of carriers with different modulated rates, are merely mutually approximately orthogonal. There is a problem of energy leakage between multiple chirp carriers, which possibly causes the multiple chirp carriers inter-shielding to influence the FrFT---OFDM demodulation performance. An efficient allocation algorithm of multiple chirp carriers by presetting the carrier parameters is proposed to solve this problem. Based on MC-CDMA, a variable bit rate system structure is proposed for TDCS with FrFT scheme under different channel environments. In order to simplify the process of modulation and demodulation of TDCS with FrFT scheme, a whole new cyclic shift key modulation mode in FrFT domain is also proposed. Both theories and simulations confirm strictly the validity of the proposed system.

Design of a Novel Variable Bit Rate Video Traffic Prediction Model Based on Neural Networks

The video business has gradually become the main business of the network traffic, video traffic is Variable Bit Rate (VBR), which has nonlinear and sudden features, a single prediction model is not fit for describing those features, and prediction accuracy is not high. Because of wavelet analysis has advantages of multi-resolution and dealing with unexpectedness, and the neural network has better nonlinear fitting characteristics, in order to improve the prediction performance, the paper researched on the problem of VBR video traffic prediction based on neural networks, a novel prediction model AMWM is proposed, the model firstly introducing BP neural network to multi-fractal wavelet model, and designing prediction method, which introduced multi-fractal wavelet model to model VBR video traffic, and then applying BP neural network to forecast scale coefficient decomposed, and forecast multiplier using AR model, and predict traffic generated by wavelet reconstruction. Finally, the model is built and simulated. The experimental result shows that prediction performance based AMWM is better compared with multi-fractal wavelet model.

Additional Resource Allocation for improving Fairness in WiMAX

IEEE 802.16 standard provides resources to both service classes Constant Bit Rate (CBR) and Variable Bit Rate (VBR). Both of these services required enough resources to transmit data efficiently.Considering available literature there is a gap to provide additional resources for fulfillment of the required service class.In this paper we propose a Service Based Fair Resource Allocation (SBFRA) Mechansim, for evaluating the required service from Subscriber (SS) along with the channel condition. Our proposed model evaluates, for providing the required service to SS how much additional resource will be required. In this model we introduced Priority Queue Scheduling Methodology for providing additional resources as per channel condition. In this paper we made comparison with and without proposed model on both traffic, CBR and VBR. We experiment that our proposed model manages the user request by providing them additional resources as required for satisfaction. Their request handled in Priority Queue Scheduling based mechanism. Results shows, that we achieve improvement by providing the additional resource on fair scheduling basis. To achieve the required performance for fairness we have to compromise on with delay.

Additional Resource Allocation for improving Fairness in WiMAX

IEEE 802.16 standard provides resources to both service classes Constant Bit Rate (CBR) and Variable Bit Rate (VBR). Both of these services required enough resources to transmit data efficiently.Considering available literature there is a gap to provide additional resources for fulfillment of the required service class.In this paper we propose a Service Based Fair Resource Allocation (SBFRA) Mechansim, for evaluating the required service from Subscriber (SS) along with the channel condition. Our proposed model evaluates, for providing the required service to SS how much additional resource will be required. In this model we introduced Priority Queue Scheduling Methodology for providing additional resources as per channel condition. In this paper we made comparison with and without proposed model on both traffic, CBR and VBR. We experiment that our proposed model manages the user request by providing them additional resources as required for satisfaction. Their request handled in Priority Queue Scheduling based mechanism. Results shows, that we achieve improvement by providing the additional resource on fair scheduling basis. To achieve the required performance for fairness we have to compromise on with delay.

Resource Allocation Scheme for Millimeter Wave-Based WPANs Using Directional Antennas

In this paper, we consider a resource allocation scheme for millimeter wave–based wireless personal area networks using directional antennas. This scheme involves scheduling the reservation period of medium access control for IEEE 802.15.3c. Objective functions are considered to minimize the average delay and maximize throughput; and two scheduling algorithms—namely, MInMax concurrent transmission and MAxMin concurrent transmission—are proposed to provide a suboptimal solution to each objective function. These are based on an exclusive region and two decision rules that determine the length of reservation times and the transmission order of groups. Each group consists of flows that are concurrently transmittable via spatial reuse. The algorithms appropriately apply two decision rules according to their objectives. A real video trace is used for the numerical results, which show that the proposed algorithms satisfy their objectives. They outperform other schemes on a range of measures, showing the effect of using a directional antenna. The proposed scheme efficiently supports variable bit rate traffic during the reservation period, reducing resource waste.

Interruption Probability of Wireless Video Streaming With Limited Video Lengths

In this paper, we consider a simple queueing theoretic method to predict the video interruption probability for a given video length. Specifically, a mobile user is streaming a video with a limited length and variable bit rate video encoding. The playback interruptions are caused by random packet delays occurring in the wireless link between the source and destination nodes. The dynamics of the playback buffer in the user terminal is modeled as a G/G/1 queue. To evaluate the video interruption probability, a simple asymptotic method has been presented for the case in which the video length approaches infinity. However, in many practical cases, the video length is limited, hindering the usage of the asymptotic method. We obtain a simple and closed-form upper bound for the analysis of the interruption probability that incorporates the effect of finite video lengths with known statistical delay parameters. Furthermore, a useful method is presented to select between the proposed method and the asymptotic method whose relative accuracy changes with the video length and statistical properties of the buffer load size. The accuracy of the proposed analytical method is compared with the existing methods. Finally, we address some practical challenges in buffer dimensioning when the statistical delay parameters are unknown and estimated with a finite number of received packets.

Impact of Variable Bit Rate and Packet Size on the Performance Evaluation of Neighbor Aware AODV and DSDV Routing Protocols for MANET's

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) have become an exciting and important technology in recent years because of the rapid proliferation of wireless nodes. They consist of wireless host that can move freely, rapidly changing, which are likely composed of relatively limited bandwidth and low powered wireless links. MANET is a wireless mobile network in which mobile nodes can transmit and receive without any fixed infrastructure and can be distributed for many applications such as soldiers relaying critical information, business associates sharing information during get together. Authentic and efficient routing is significant and vital in those benefits. A major dispute that lies in MANET communication is the limit less mobility and more frequent link failures. Conventional routing algorithms are therefore deficient for ad-hoc networks. In this paper we propose a modified approach based on the AODV [2] which affords more beneficial results when compared with the conventional AODV and DSDV protocols. Simulations are accomplished in ns-2 and various performance metrics like throughput, end to end delay, Packet loss and pdr [5,6,8] with variable bit rate, packet size and node density and pause time are computed.

An IEEE 802.11 energy efficient mechanism for continuous media applications

The widespread deployment of wireless mobile communications enables an almost permanent usage of portable devices, which imposes high demands on the battery of these devices. Indeed, battery lifetime is becoming one the most critical factors on the end-users satisfaction when using wireless communications. In this work, the optimized power save algorithm for continuous media applications (OPAMA) is proposed, aiming at enhancing the energy efficiency on end-users devices. By combining the application specific requirements with data aggregation techniques, OPAMA improves the standard IEEE 802.11 legacy Power Save Mode (PSM) performance. The algorithm uses the feedback on the end-user expected quality to establish a proper tradeoff between energy consumption and application performance. OPAMA was assessed in the OMNeT++ simulator, using real traces of variable bitrate video streaming applications, and in a real testbed employing a novel methodology intended to perform an accurate evaluation concerning video Quality of Experience (QoE) perceived by the end-users. The results revealed the OPAMA capability to enhance energy efficiency without degrading the end-user observed QoE, achieving savings up to 44% when compared with the IEEE 802.11 legacy PSM.