Variable Axial Force Research Articles

The strength characteristics of combination joints of adhesion with bolts. The case where adherends are T-flanges subjected to an external bending moment.

The present paper deals with the strength characteristics of T-type butt adhesive joints combined with bolts, in which two T-flanges are clamped by two sets of bolts and nuts with an initial clamping force after they are joined by adhesion. Firstly, the stress distributions in adhesives, the variation of bolt axial force and the strength of the combination joints are analyzed when an external bending moment is applied to the combination joint. For verification, experiments are performed. Analytical results are in fairly good agreement with experimental ones. Then, it is found that the strength of the combination joint is greater than that of the adhesive joint and that the shape as a joint is maintained after the adhesive layer is ruptured in the combination joint. The characteristics and the availabilities of a combination joint are made clear.

Influence of Axial Force Variations on Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Columns

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Generalization of the equations for frame-type structures; a variational approach

The differential equations for frame-type structures with elastically deformable joints, derived recently by A. D. Kerr and A. M. Zarembski [1], are genealized first by including the translational inertia terms. The corresponding variational principle is then derived formally, and the mechanical meaning of each term is established. The variational principle is then generalized by including a geometrical non-linearity, the effect of thermal and variable axial forces, and the variation of sectional properties. The corresponding differential equations are derived and the admissible boundary and matching conditions are discussed. As examples, formulations for two problems are presented.

Large Displacement Analysis of a Marine Riser

A method of static analysis for a marine riser experiencing large displacements is presented. The method is suitable for analyzing a riser having a known top tension and a possible slippage at the top slip joint. Utilizing the stationary condition of a functional coupled with an equilibrium equation, one can conveniently obtain the equilibrium configuration numerically. The configuration is expressed in terms of the rectangular coordinates. The functional representing the energy and work of the riser system is expressed in terms of the horizontal coordinate which is parameterized in terms of the vertical depth instead of arc length. For a two-dimensional problem, two multipliers must be included in the functional. One of the two represents the variable axial force along the length of the riser and the other corresponds to the strain energy per unit riser length due to bending. Utilizing the finite element method, a numerical procedure to obtain the configuration of static equilibrium is given. The resulting algebraic equations are highly nonlinear and the Newton-Raphson iterative procedure is used to solve the equations. An example is given.

Prediction of Hysteretic Moment Rotation Relation of Reinforced Concrete Elements under Variation of Axial Force

Prediction of Hysteretic Moment Rotation Relation of Reinforced Concrete Elements under Variation of Axial Force

Über die kinetische stabilitaet der stösselstange in kurvengetrieben

In many machines and especially in valve control mechanisms of internal combustion engines there are moving parts called followers that are subjected to buckling (Fig. 1-a). By reducing the spring and the masses of the rocker arm and valve to an equivalent spring and mass being located on the side of the follower, a model is obtained for such a mechanism as shown in Fig. 1-b. If the mass of the spring and the longitudinal vibrations of the rod are neglected, the rod shown in Fig. 1-c, loaded by a variable axial force, can be taken as a basis for the investigation of bending vibrations. The equation of bending vibrations of this rod is obtained using the classical bending theory and d'Alembert's principle. Then this partial differential equation with variable coefficients is reduced to a system of ordinary differential equations of second order with periodic coefficients using the Galerkin method. With the aid of this system the stability of the rod and consequently of the cam mechanism is investigated according to the parameters of speed and stroke. The boundaries of instability regions of various orders being only of the summed type are calculated up to the terms of first order according to the parameter ε that represents the stroke. Within the framework of this approach, any instability region of second type (r ≠s) and higher order (p > 1) could not be established. In the case of a simple harmonic active force, it is shown that the investigations in stability of the first type can be done by a single Strutt diagram.

Evaluation and control of growth activity of epiphyseal plate.

A method for analysis of growth activity in long bones is presented. An external device composed of two force transducers was fixed on the femur of young rabbits on both sides of the epiphyseal plate. Periodical measurements of axial force variation and bone elongation have been made. Preliminary results have been presented and analysed. The possibility of clinical application, especially in control of the bone growth rate, has been discussed.

Elastic-Perfectly Plastic Behavior of a Portal Frame with Variation in Column Axial Forces

ABSTRACT A theoretical study is made of the hysteretic behavior of a portal frame under constant gravity and variable horizontal loading. Special account is taken of the variation of axial forces in the columns, the model simulating the plastic interaction of the overall shearing and bending in tall rectangular frames and battened columns. The assumed elastic-perfectly plastic behavior of columns makes a mathematical formulation feasible, and a detailed examination is given of the cyclic alternate displacement loading with the P-Δ-A effect taken into consideration. This example clarifies characteristic features of repeated loading such as shakedown, incremental collapse, and alternating plasticity under the combined action of bending moment and axial force existing in a frame member.

Buckling of Fully and Partially Embedded Piles

Variation of axial force along the embedded length of the piles and boundary conditions have considerable influence on the buckling loads of piles. Partially embedded and some fully embedded piles are vulnerable to buckling. Furthermore, buckling loads are useful in the study of the behavior of axially and laterally loaded piles. Therefore, using beam vibration functions and the Rayleight-Ritz energy method, buckling loads have been obtained for fully and partially embedded piles. Numerical results have been obtained for axial force variation and different boundary conditions assuming constant and linear soil modulus variation with depth for clays and sands, respectively.