Variation In Oil Content Research Articles

Variable oil properties and biomethane production of grease trap waste derived from different resources

Restaurant grease trap waste (GTW) is a potentially feasible energy source that can be used as an alternative to liquid fossil fuels and natural gas. However, GTW must be collected from many different resources for energy production because restaurants in Japan only produce an average of 486 kg GTW per year. This study investigated the variation in oil properties and methane generation potential of 44 GTW samples from 13 types of restaurants during different seasons. The GTW samples had high variation in oil content and oil properties. Biofuel oil was extracted from most GTW samples at a high efficiency (more than 80 wt%). In contrast, the methane yield varied little among de-oiled GTW samples. All types of GTWs are potential sources of biomethane generation. GTW samples are classified into five major oil property clusters according to solid chemical stability. Oil properties depend little on the season and heavily on the restaurant type.

Genetic variation in fatty acid composition of fenugreek(Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seed oil

An analysis has been carried out to explore the genetic variation in seventeen selected varieties of fenugreek. Sixteen fatty acids were identified in seed oil. Linoleic acid (18:2; n-6) and a-Linolenic acid (18:3; n-3) were the major contributor found in the range of 26-43% in variety Lam Selection. The MUFA content varied from 3.50% in Azad Methi to 19.31 % in Hisar Madhvi. The ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids indicated that fenugreek seed lipids are a good source of PUFA. PCA identified linolenic and oleic acid as the most important traits responsible for variation in presented material and improving quality through breeding. Estimates of genetic distance values showed wide range of variation among the fenugreek genotypes. The Euclidean based UPGMA clustering revealed three real and four singleton clusters. Genetic diversity showed no relationship to geographical origin. Dissimilarities obtained showed a wide variation in oil content and in composition.

Phytotoxic activity and variation in essential oil content and composition of Rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis L.) during different phenological growth stages

Abstract Phytotoxic activity and variation in the quantity and quality of the essential oil (EO) of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) were examined at different phenological growth stages of full flowering (FF), fruit set (FS) and full ripened fruit (FRF). The EO yields (w/w %) at different stages were in the order of: FF (0.94%), FS (0.98%) and FRF (1.15%). The EO samples were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The main oil components at different phenological stages were found to be α-pinene (25.8–27.7%), camphor (8.6–9%), camphene (6.5–7.7%) and 1, 8-cineole (9.4–9.6%). The EO phytotoxicity activity of the mentioned stages was determined at 0, 300, 600, 900, 1200, 1500 and 1800 µlL−1 concentrations on a weed plant, prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola L.), and a crop, radish (Rhaphanus sativus L.). The inhibitory effect of rosemary was found to be depended on the plant's phenological growth stages and EO concentrations.

Variation in Seed Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Globe Artichoke Under Different Irrigation Regimes

AbstractSeed oil content of globe artichoke and its composition were assessed under three irrigation regimes, including irrigation at 20, 50, and 80 % depletion of soil available water. Water deficit affected the phenological characteristics, amount and the quality of the oil as well as the phenolics and antioxidant activity of the leaves and capitula. The seed oil content ranged from 18.7 % in 80 % to 22.8 % in 20 % treatment. The fatty acid composition of oil was determined using gas chromatography (GC). The predominant fatty acids in the oil were linoleic (51.68 %), oleic (34.22 %), palmitic (9.94 %), and stearic (3.58 %). Water deficit leads to reduced oil content, linoleic acid, the unsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio and the iodine value. On the other hand, some other fatty acids such as palmitic and oleic acid and also the ratio of oleic/linoleic acid were elevated due to water deficit. Higher antioxidant activity was observed in capitula (IC50 = 222.6 μg ml−1) in comparison to the leaves (IC50 = 285.8 μg ml−1). Finally, the severe drought stress condition caused to gain higher oil stability, while the highest seed oil content and unsaturated fatty acids in the oil was obtained in non‐stress condition. Moreover, high phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity as well as appreciable dry matter content were obtained in the moderate water stress condition.

Wild almond (Prunus scoparia L.) as potential oilseed resource for the future: Studies on the variability of its oil content and composition

Wild almond genetic resources have still not received considerable attention for oil chemical compositions and uses. The aim of this study was to assess the levels of variation in oil content and fatty acid composition in forty Iranian accessions of Prunus scoparia L. (Spach) to identify genotypes with desirable traits in terms of oil quantity, quality and industrial utilization. Oil parameters and indices were measured, and fatty acid methyl ester analysis was carried out by gas liquid chromatography. Oleic and linoleic fatty acids showed high variability among accessions, ranging from 232.4 to 359.6g/kg oil and from 190.7 to 348.8g/kg oil, respectively. Total unsaturated fatty acid fraction was higher than total saturated fatty acid. The ranges of saponification number (199.2–202.1), iodine value (104.8–125.7kg I2/kg) and cetane number (43.8–48.8), confirmed that the oils have industrial potentialities. Results could contribute to select wild almond genotypes as genetic sources for oil production.

Studies on Variation in Essential Oil Content and Composition in Relation with Tree Girth of Cinnamomum tamala Nees. & Eberm. Grown in Uttarakhand Himalaya (India) Through GC-Fingerprinting

The aim of the study was to evaluate the pattern of content (%) of major compounds in Cinnamomum tamala during three months (September, October and November) as affected by various tree girth (cm) of the tree. The average oil yields (%) varied between 0.20±0.05 to 1.20±0.20% during three months. GC-fingerprinting analysis revealed different trends in the concentration of principal constituents. A decreasing trend was shown in the concentration of linalool with the increase in girth sizes. Initially, linalool concentration increased from 26.36–30.18% (September), 22.52–23.29% (October) and 20.97–31.81% (November) upto the tree girth size of 66 cm, beyond which the contents were decreased. Cinnamaldehyde has shown throughout an increasing trend with the increase in tree girth. The contents increased from 10.56–69.62% (September), 24.34–70.43% (October) and 32.39–68.64% (November) with increasing tree girth from 26 to 186 cm, while an irregular pattern of occurrence of cinnamyl acetate (1.03–31.0%) was observed in the essential oils isolated from the leaves samples of different girth sizes (cm). The statistical analysis revealed that contents of linalool and cinnamaldehyde were significantly influenced by various tree girth. However, there was no significant influence of girth size was found on the contents of other compounds.

Variation in Essential Oil Content and Composition of Damask Rose (Rosa damascena Mill) Flowers by Salt Application Under Mid Hills of the Western Himalayas

Wide applications and low oil content of damask rose have made it mandatory to design agro practices which can increase the oil yield and quality. Therefore, experiments were conducted to study the variation in essential oil content and composition of damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) by potassium nitrate (KNO3) foliar spray and use of sodium chloride salt (NaCl) during distillation of flowers under western Himalayas during 2012 at CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India. The quantity was measured as the ratio of oil to rose flower (v/w, %) and the quality was evaluated using the oil composition. The essential oil content and composition were affected by foliar spray of KNO3 on rose plants and addition of NaCl in water during distillation. Significantly higher number of flowers and flower yield were recorded by the application of 900 ppm KNO3. The percentage of citronellol+nerol, increased with application of KNO3 up to 900 ppm and declined thereafter. Geraniol content increased with application of KNO3 up to 1200 ppm. Flowers treated with 75 g NaCl/kg of rose flowers showed an increase of 42% oil yield over control. Beside this a decrease of 44% and an increase of 26% were observed in the percentage of hydrocarbons and monoterpene alcohols, respectively, in this treatment compared to control.

Combining Ability and Performance of Cotton Germplasm with Diverse Seed Oil Content

ABSTRACTCotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production has traditionally been guided by fiber yield and quality, but recent interest has focused on using cottonseed as a food; therefore, cottonseed oil content is an important trait to understand. A line‐by‐tester analysis was used to determine combining abilities by crossing four lines (PD 7723, PD 94042, PD 3246, and PD 5377) and four testers (TX 21, TX 101, TX 182, and TX 244) with varying seed oil content selected from accessions in the US National Cotton Germplasm Collection. Seed oil content was found to be a heritable trait (H2 = 0.52). The analysis showed that a large part of the phenotypic variation in oil content was associated with general combining ability, although significant specific combining ability occurred in several crosses. Overall, TX 182 and TX 101 had higher combining abilities, while PD 94042 had the lowest combining ability for oil content. Among hybrids, PD 3246 × TX 101, PD 7723 × TX 101, and PD 5377 × TX 182 had the highest combining abilities. All traits tested in these environments showed highly significant genotype × environment effects. The highest mean oil was observed in Florence, SC, during 2010 (TX 182, 28.28%). This study suggests that there is sufficient additive variance available for plant breeders to improve seed oil content. In addition, correlation analyses indicated that oil content can be increased at the same time as seed index, boll weight, and fiber traits including elongation, uniformity, upper half mean length (UHML), and strength.

Variation in Oil Content of Non-edible and Unexploited-Oil Seed Species of Tamil Nadu

Variation in Oil Content of Non-edible and Unexploited-Oil Seed Species of Tamil Nadu

Genetic variation and inheritance of phytosterol and oil content in a doubled haploid population derived from the winter oilseed rape Sansibar×Oase cross.

Key messageIdentification of QTL for phytosterol content, oil content, fatty acids content, protein content of defatted meal, and seed weight by multiple interval mapping in aBrassica napusDH population.Phytosterols are minor seed constituents in oilseed rape which have recently drawn wide-interest from the food and nutrition industry due to their health benefit in lowering LDL cholesterol in humans. To understand the genetic basis of phytosterol content and its relationship with other seed quality traits in oilseed rape, QTL mapping was performed in a segregating DH population derived from the cross of two winter oilseed rape varieties, Sansibar and Oase, termed SODH population. Both parental lines are of canola quality which differ in phytosterol and oil content in seed. A genetic map was constructed for SODH population based on a total of 1638 markers organized in 23 linkage groups and covering a map length of 2350 cM with a mean marker interval of 2.0 cM. The SODH population and the parental lines were cultivated at six environments in Europe and were phenotyped for phytosterol content, oil content, fatty acids content, protein content of the defatted meal, and seed weight. Multiple interval mapping identified between one and six QTL for nine phytosterol traits, between two and six QTL for four fatty acids, five QTL for oil content, four QTL for protein content of defatted meal, and three QTL for seed weight. Colocalizations of QTL for different traits were more frequently observed than individual isolated QTL. Major QTL (R2 ≥ 25 %) were all located in the A genome, and the possible candidate genes were investigated by physical localization of the QTL to the reference genome sequence of Brassica rapa.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00122-015-2621-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Variation of essential oil content and antioxidant activity of Lonicera species in different sites of China

Flos Lonicerae (FL) was widely planted in China as a kind of pharmaceutical resource. In our research, the variations in content and antioxidant activity of essential oil of FL from five different sites of China were investigated. The results revealed that the essential oil content of samples varied over the range of 0.288± 0.015% to 0.387±0.016%. The essential oil antioxidant activity of samples were also determined by scavenging activity against 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid ammonium salt) (ABTS), ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) test and β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching test. The results indicated that the sample from Shaoyang showed better antioxidant activity than the others. And the β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching activity could reach 92.31%, when the concentration of the sample from Shaoyang was 4mg/mL, indicating that the sample from Shaoyang possessed excellent antioxidant activity. The chemical compositions of the essential oil were finally identified by GC–MS, and more than 20 compounds were identified. Principal component analysis was also performed to investigate the difference of the essential oil samples.

Identification of QTL influencing seed oil content, fatty acid profile and days to flowering in Brassica napus L.

The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling oil content, fatty acid profile and flowering time in Brassica napus L. This research was conducted using a doubled haploid mapping population derived from a cross of Polo × Topas. The population was phenotyped in four environments. The composite interval method of QTL analysis was performed with a previously available genetic map that consisted of mainly simple sequence repeat markers with an average genetic distance of 3.7 cM. The markers were assembled and anchored to 19 chromosomes with a map coverage of 2244.1 cM. Fourteen QTL were identified for oil content, 131 QTL were found to be associated with six fatty acids and 14 QTL were associated with flowering time. A QTL, qOIL-A10a with a positive Topas-allele explained 26.99 % of the variation in oil content. Additionally, transgressive segregation for oil content was observed beyond the parental phenotypes (31.5–55.5 %). Two genomic regions on C3, at 147.83 and 154.55 cM were associated with QTL for all six fatty acids studied. We hypothesize this genomic region on C3 modulates the correlations between fatty acids and further investigation of this region could provide insight into the genes determining total seed oil content in B. napus. An early flowering QTL, qFLRa-A2c containing a Polo-allele was detected in the vicinity of a known Brassica vernalization gene that explained 43.22 % of the trait variation. The phenotypic correlation between traits and collocation of different QTL on thirty-four genomic regions suggests that the traits studied have genetic dependencies on each other.

Seed coat specific weight and endosperm composition define the oil content of castor seed

Seed oil content is an important characteristic for castor (Ricinus communis). Studies were performed in order to detail how oil content varies among seeds and which seed characteristics are associated with the variability in oil content among genotypes. It was found that oil content is higher in large than in small seeds because of the reduced relative weight of the seed coat. The seed oil content of 40 genotypes varied between 34.6 and 56.6%. The variation in seed oil content was not associated with seed weight, but it was explained by the relative weight of the seed coat (relative weight) and by the composition of the nut (embryo+endosperm). Comparing castor seeds with 35 and 56% of oil content, the relative weight of the seed coat was reduced from 26.9 to 19.1%, and the nut oil content was increased from 50.3 to 71.3%. Reduced relative weight of the seed coat was associated with thinner seed coat.

Evaluation of Jatropha curcas Genotypes for Rehabilitation of Degraded Sodic Lands

AbstractJatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) is recently introduced in several states as a source of biomass and bioenergy in India. It can withstand and survive on a wide range of soils. However, information related to identification of a genotype tolerant to certain levels of sodicity is lacking. Five Jatropha genotypes (BTP 1‐K, BTP 1‐N, BTP 1‐A, GCC‐1, and TNM‐5) collected from different ecological regions of the country were screened and evaluated for three years (2007–2010) at Lucknow, India, in sodic soils having four (20, 40, 60, and 80) exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) levels. A large variation in plant growth, seed yield, and oil content was observed among genotypes owing to sodicity levels. Plant mortality of all the genotypes increased significantly beyond ESP of 40. Among the genotypes screened, BTP 1‐A recorded the maximum plant height (240 cm), girth (34·0 cm), biomass yield (14·00 ± 1·43 kg plant−1), and number of fruits per plant (14·8) up to ESP 40. The highest seed oil content was found in BTP 1‐K and BTP 1‐N followed by BTP 1A and the minimum in TMN‐5 and GCC‐1. Soil amelioration in terms of soil pH, ESP, organic carbon, and microbial biomass was higher under genotype BTP 1‐A than BTP 1‐K, GCC‐1, and TNM‐5. Genotype BTP 1‐A was found to be suitable for producing more biomass and bioenergy and rehabilitation of degraded lands. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Ontogenetic variation of essential oil content and constituents in tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.)

The essential oil (EO) content and composition of tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.) were studied at different ontogenetic stages. Gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) were employed to determine the chemical composition of EOs from the plant. The quantity and quality of the EO samples were studied at five different ontogenetic stages including rosette, stem initiation, floral budding, full flowering, and beginning of the fruit set. The oil contents of samples, harvested at the mentioned stages, were 0.52±0.05%, 0.55±0.02%, 0.53±0.02%, 0.91±0.01% and 0.73±0.05%, respectively. The highest amount of trans-thujone (44%) was detected in the two stages of rosette and beginning of fruit set, and the maximum amounts of other two major components, camphor (31.04%) and trans-chrysanthenyl acetate (31.1%), were identified at the floral budding and full flowering stages, respectively. In conclusion, ontogenetic stages significantly affect the EO content of tansy, and change the major EO components (trans-thujone, camphor, and trans-chrysanthenyl acetate) depending on the predominant component at the particular plant growth stage. This aids to produce plant material with the promising required oil composition to meet the needs of pharmaceutical industries.

Diversity analysis of Kaempferia galanga L. germplasm from South India using DIVA-GIS approach

Kaempferia galanga L. (Zingiberaceae) is an important indigenous medicinal plant of India. Plant rhizomes are used in the preparation of Ayurvedic drugs, perfumes and cosmetics. K. galanga germplasm collected from southern states of India were evaluated for essential oil content and oil composition. The volatile composition of essential oil of Kaempferia galanga L. was investigated by gas chromatography (GC) and Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Results showed wide variations in essential oil content of K. galanga rhizomes ranging from 0.83 to 2.19% on dry weight basis. Thirty-eight compounds were identified in the Kaempferia oil. The oil composition was dominated by two esters viz; ethyl-trans-p-methoxy cinnamate (28.35–69.96%) and trans-ethyl cinnamate (11.48–26.56%). Other prominent chemical constituents were δ-3-carene (0.13–6.46%), 1,8-cineole (0.19–5.17%), borneol (0.96–2.40%) and pentadecane (6.04–16.53%). DIVA-GIS analysis of K. galanga germplasm for chemical components indicated that diverse accessions can be obtained from Central Kerala, while South Eastern parts of Kerala possessed least diversity indices. Superior accessions were identified based on high content of ethyl-trans-p-methoxy cinnamate (IC373589, IC087831, IC373591) and trans-ethyl cinnamate (IC087826, IC210748, IC087832). Ethyl-trans-p-methoxy cinnamate and trans-ethyl cinnamate are found to be the most important constituents present in the essential oil isolated from all the accessions of K. galanga which are reported to be responsible for most of the pharmacological properties of the plant. Hence, these promising accessions of K. galanga can be exploited for large-scale cultivation of this plant for obtaining higher yields of pharmacologically important constituents.

Variation in Growth Characteristics, Nutrient Uptake, and Essential Oil Content in Three Mycorrhizal Genotypes of Mentha spicata L.

Mycorrhizal fungi can improve root system efficiency and nutrient uptake. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species of Glomus etunicatum and Glomus mosseae on root colonization, growth, and nutrient uptake, accumulation of carbohydrates, content of volatile oil, and density of trichomes in 3 genotypes of Mentha spicata, collected from Isfahan, Kermanshah and Yazd in Iran. An enhance was observed in the indices of growth, chlorophyll content (of a, b, total and carotenoids) , nutrient uptake such as phosphorus in the shoot and root and accumulation of carbohydrates in shoot of inoculated seedlings compared to control group samples. Results of this study showed that the response of mint seedlings inoculated with each type of fungi is also dependent on the genotype of host plants. Amount of essential oil in inoculated plants increased up to the maximum amount of 1.38 times compared with control plants. Also, increase of essential oil was obviously associated with amount of biomass and density of glandular trichomes.

Essential oil composition, phenolic content, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity of cultivated Satureja rechingeri Jamzad at different phenological stages.

Satureja rechingeri is a rare endemic and endangered species found in Iran. Its propagation, variations in essential oil and phenolic content, as well as antioxidant and antimicrobial activities at different phenological stages are reported in this study. The chemical composition of essential oils obtained by hydro-distillation from the aerial parts were determined by GC and GC-MS. A total of 47 compounds were identified in the essential oils of S. rechingeri at different phenological stages. The major components of all oils were carvacrol (83.6%-90.4%), p-cymene (0.8%-2.9%) and γ-terpinene (0.6%-2.4%). The total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts were determined with the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, respectively. Total phenols varied from 35.5 to 37.5 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry weight (dw), and IC50 values in the radical scavenging assay ranged from 46.2 to 50.2 mg/mL, while those in the FRAP assay were between 49.6 and 52.5 μM quercetin equivalents/g dw. By the disc diffusion method and by determination of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), the essentials oils of the various phenological stages were found to have high activities against four medically important pathogens.

Variations in oil, fatty acid and tocopherol contents of some Labiateae and Umbelliferae seed oils

In this study, the oil content, fatty acid and tocopherol contents of the seeds of some selected Labiateae and Umbelliferae species from Turkey were determined. The total lipid of the studied plant seeds were found between 12.74 (Hyssopus officinalis) to 28.95% (Pimpinella anisum). The highest percentages of oleic acid was determined in Coriandrum sativum (79.2%), Foenicum vulgare (sweet) var. dulce (70.7%), Petroselinum crispum (68.9%), P. anisum (59.3%) and Cuminum cyminum (54.2%). Linoleic acid was determined as the major constituent of all the seed oils (except in F. vulgare and P. crispum seed oils). Linolenic acid in both family seed oils was generally found to be lower than 1.0%, except in a few samples like Satureja hortensis (60.4%), H. officinalis (50.7%), Lavandula angustifolia (64.8%) and Melissa officinalis (53.9%).

Phenotypic variation and QTL analysis for oil content and protein concentration in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The lipid content of wheat is small yet could potentially contribute to increased calorific value of grain delivered for livestock and human consumption. Breeding for greater oil content is required but there is little understanding of the extent or nature of genotypic variation for oil concentration in wheat. A diverse range of commercial and novel spring wheat germplasm was assessed in two years under favourable conditions to understand the extent of genetic variation for lipid content. Genotypic differences were modest in size (4.27–5.32 %) but repeatable across years (rs = 0.71, P 0.05). QTL mapping was undertaken in the CD87/Katepwa wheat population phenotyped for grain oil and protein concentration in two years. Both total grain lipid and protein concentrations varied significantly across progeny ranging from 3.87 to 5.77 and 11.3 to 15.6 %, respectively while the ranking of lines for oil content was high (rs = 0.72, P 0.05). The identification of diverse wheat sources with higher oil content together with improved genetic understanding suggests potential for genetic improvement of oil content in the development of higher oil wheats.