Van Province Research Articles

The Influence of Meteorological Factors on Air Quality in the Province of Van, Turkey

The Influence of Meteorological Factors on Air Quality in the Province of Van, Turkey

The Effects of Different Fertilizer Applications on Some Morphological Traits in Fresh Bean

The study was conducted to determine the morphological changes caused by different fertilizer applications on the fresh bean, in the Göllü Village of Tusba District of Van Province according to the randomized blocks experimental design in 2019 and 2020. Sazova 1949 dwarf bean variety was used as plant material in the study. The field experiment was carried out with 4 replications and 4 different fertilizer applications (chemical, organomineral, cattle, and vermicompost) except for the control. In the study, plant height, stem diameter, node number, internode length, flower bud length, flower bud width, flower stem length, number of flowers per cluster, bract length, number of nodes with the first flower, middle leaflet length, number of leaves, first pod height, pod length, pod width, number of pods per bunch, pod weight, pod thickness, number of seeds per pod, chlorophyll (SPAD value) and leaf color L*, a*, b, Chroma°, and hue° values were investigated. As a result of the study; it was determined that different fertilizer applications gave significantly different results in terms of the traits examined, higher results were obtained from organomineral and vermicompost fertilizers compared to the control group, and generally equivalent or better results were obtained than chemical fertilizers. It was concluded that some organic fertilizer applications in bean cultivation might be used as an alternative to chemical fertilizer applications in terms of a sustainable world.

Humanitarian Relief Distribution Problem: An Adjustable Robust Optimization Approach

Management of humanitarian logistics operations is one of the most critical planning problems to be addressed immediately after a disaster. The response phase covers the first 12 hours after the disaster and is prone to uncertainties because of debris and gridlock traffic influencing the dispatching operations of relief logistics teams in the areas affected. Moreover, the teams have limited time and resources, and they must provide equitable distribution of supplies to affected people. This paper proposes an adjustable robust optimization approach for the associated humanitarian logistics problem. The approach creates routes for relief logistics teams and decides the service times of the visited sites to distribute relief supplies by taking the uncertainty in travel times into account. The associated model allows relief logistics teams to adjust their service decisions according to the revealed information during the process. Hence, our solutions are robust for the worst-case realization of travel times, but still more flexible and less conservative than those of static robust optimization. We propose novel reformulation techniques to model these adjustable decisions. The resulting models are computationally challenging optimization problems to be solved by exact methods, and, hence, we propose heuristic algorithms. The state-of-the-art heuristic, which is based on clustering and a dedicated decision-rule algorithm, yields near-optimal results for medium-sized instances and is scalable even for large-sized instances. We have also shown the effectiveness of our approach in a case study using a data set obtained from an earthquake that hit the Van province of Turkey in 2011. History: This paper has been accepted for the Transportation Science Special Issue on Emerging Topics in Transportation Science and Logistics. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2023.1204 .

Norduz Koyununda Dil Papillalarının Morfolojik Olarak İncelenmesi: Bir Taramalı Elektron Mikroskop Çalışması

The tongue is a mobile organ consisting of apex, corpus and radix parts with a distinctive mucosa in the digestive system. In the case of digestion; it should not be forgotten that the macroscopic structure of all digestive organs, especially the tongue mucosa, is of great importance. Norduz sheep is known as a variety of Akkaraman sheep bred in the Norduz region located within the borders of the Gurpinar district of Van province. In addition, the fact that the Norduz sheep are only raised in the Norduz region and exhibit unique yield performance makes this breed different from other breeds. For this reason, in our study, it was aimed to examine the tongue papillae of Norduz sheep, which is a different breed, by a scanning electron microscope. In our study, the tongue tissues of 10 Norduz sheep were used. In scanning electron microscopy papillae filiformes; was observed as spiny in the region from the apex of the tongue to the torus linguae. The ends of papillae conicae were typically cone-shaped. Papillae lentiformes were found to be the clearest and most voluminous mechanical tongue papillaes on the torus linguae. Papillae fungiformes wich is a taste papillae were found to be mushroom-like and scattered among papillae filiformes. Papillae vallatae were composed of mucosal valium, parietal trench, and annular pad located on either side of the radix linguae. As a result, in Norduz sheep; many similarities and differences in terms of tongue papillae between species and races were determined.

Antimicrobial Resistance Properties, Biofilm, and mecA Gene Presence in Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated from Raw Milk Sold in Van, Türkiye

Staphylococcus aureus can cause foodborne poisoning and can form biofilms, reducing enterotoxin production and the penetration rate of antibiotics. Therefore, infections and poisonings caused by S. aureus can be difficult to treat. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibiotic resistance levels of S. aureus isolates obtained from raw milk and the presence of biofilm and mecA gene and to reveal the risk to public health. S. aureus was isolated in 30 (30%) of 100 raw milk samples obtained from Van province. A total of 48 S. aureus isolates were obtained from 30 samples. All 48 isolates (100%) obtained were resistant to penicillin G and cefoxitin, 4 (8.33%) to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and chloramphenicol, and 25 (52.08%) to erythromycin. All of the isolates (100%) were found to be susceptible to ceftriaxone. In addition, 26 (54.16%) of the obtained isolates were found to be resistant to at least 3 antibiotics. The strains found to be resistant to penicillin and cefoxitin were also intermediate to at least one of the antibiotics. Biofilm genes were detected in 18 of the S. aureus isolates (37.5%). Twelve of the biofilm-forming isolates contain icaA (66.6%), 3 contain icaD (16.6%) and the other 3 contain bap genes (16.6%). Three of the isolates contain icaA and icaD genes and the other three isolates contain icaA and bap genes together. It was determined that only 2 of the isolates contained the mecA gene. The isolates containing the mecA gene also contained the icaA and icaD genes. In conclusion, the fact that S. aureus isolates had high antibiotic resistance, biofilm-forming genes, and methicillin resistance genes showed that raw milk may be a serious public health problem.

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Infection in Domestic Ruminants in Van Province, a Non-endemic Region in Turkey

Background: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne viral disease of humans that is most widespread in Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Southeast Europe. The disease has continued to be a health problem in Turkey and other endemic countries in recent years. CCHF virus does not cause clinical disease in animal hosts but develops an antibody response and a transient viraemia. The aim of this study is to evaluate the status of CCHF infection serologically and virologically in livestock in the Van region, a non-endemic area in Turkey. Methods: A total of 491 whole blood and 491 serum specimens were collected from cattle, sheep and goats in different locations of Van province in Turkey from May 2020 to October 2021. To determine the CCHFV-specific antibody, all sera from animals were tested with a double-Ag ELISA-Ab kit. An RT-PCR assay was performed on total leucocyte samples for the virological study to detect the presence of European lineage-1 CCHFV nucleic acids and viraemic animals. Result: The prevalence of CCHFV-specific antibodies in animals was found to be 36.4%. The seroprevalence values detected were 11.6%, 64.45% and 81.63% in cattle, sheep and goats, respectively. In the RT-PCR assay, 1.22% (6/491) of the tested animals were found to be viraemic at the time of sampling.

English

The aim of the article is to analyze the Kurdish migration that took place in Hakkâri during the First World War in the context of constructivism. The main question of the study is: "What is the place of the Kurdish migration in Hakkâri that took place in 1915 in the memory of those who witnessed that period?" The study data were obtained through semi-structured interviews conducted in Hakkâri and its districts, and in the Kurdish Region of Northern Iraq within the framework of this basic question. The data obtained in the study were collected from the stories that the interviewers heard from their ancestors. The stories have been transferred from one generation to another and they have reached the present day. Since this migration includes aspects such as structure-actor, identity, discourse, and social reality, the analysis of the research data was conducted through constructivism or social construction theory. As a result of the Nestorian and Kurdish conflicts that took place in Hakkâri in 1915, both groups of people had to say goodbye to their homes and old habits and to migrate. Especially Russians, who began to occupy the regions such as Van province, caused the Kurds in Hakkâri to migrate to Iraqi lands. In the study, it was found that the Kurdish migration that took place in Hakkâri in 1915 caused negative situations such as hunger and misery, and Kurds who could return to Hakkâri since 1917 tried to hold on to life. As a result, as in every forced migration, social traumas have been experienced during the migration, which is the subject of this study.   Key words: Hakkâri, World War I, Kurdish, Immigration, Testimony.

Investigation of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in different tissues of aborted foetuses of sheep in Van Province, Türkiye: Analysis by nested PCR, histopathological and immunohistochemical methods

Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are protozoon parasites from the intracellular apicomplexan family. Toxoplasma gondii is the cause of health and economic problems in the sheep industry worldwide. Neospora caninum is usually reported in cows and leads to infections causing abortions; however, its prevalence in sheep is not clear. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence and pathology of T. gondii and N. caninum by PCR, histopathological and immune-histochemical methods in aborted sheep foetuses collected at different sheep flocks in the Van Province, Türkiye, in 2021. Firstly, the DNA of T. gondii and N. caninum were investigated by PCR in the brain, heart, and peritoneal fluid samples from 42 sheep foetuses. Toxoplasma gondii DNA was proved in 35.7% (15/42) of foetuses whereas N. caninum DNA was not determined in any of the samples. Histopathologically, all T. gondii positive brain tissue samples showed lymphohistiocytic multifocal encephalomyelitis and additional findings included necrotizing myocarditis in the positive heart samples. Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites were identified in the lesions (diffuse or focal mononuclear cell infiltration in the meninges, and microglia proliferation, myocarditis with oedema) by anti-T. gondii antibodies by the immunohistochemical method. Based on our results, we can conclude that T. gondii is an important agent in sheep abortions and the PCR method is a suitable method for diagnosis which can also be used in heart tissue in pathological studies.

Investigation of selected bacterial agents causing sheep abortion in the Van Province by RT-PCR and histopathological methods

Abortion causes significant economic losses in the sheep industry. Determination of the aetiology is important in dealing with abortions. The present study was aimed to identify selected important bacterial pathogens in the abortion cases of sheep. A total of 113 samples (105 aborted sheep foetuses, 4 placentas, and 4 vaginal swab samples) from 85 different sheep flocks were examined by real-time PCR (RT-PCR) regarding Chlamydia (C.) spp., C. abortus, Brucella (B.) spp., B. melitensis, Salmonella (S.) spp., S. Abortusovis, Coxiella (C.) burnetii, Listeria (L.) spp., L. monocytogenes, and Campylobacter spp. All cases that were found to be positive for bacterial agents by RT-PCR, were examined pathologically. Tissue samples of foetuses that were found to be positive for B. melitensis and L. monocytogenes by RT-PCR were also investigated immunohistochemically. A total of 35 (30.9%) samples were found to be positive by RT-PCR, with 15 (42.8%), 9 (25.7%), 5 (14.2%), 4 (11.4%), 1 (2.8%), and 1 (2.8%) of them being identified as C. abortus, B. melitensis, S. Abortusovis, C. burnetii, L. monocytogenes and Campylobacter spp., respectively. The presence of the antigen was confirmed also immunohistochemically in the cases with B. melitensis and L. monocytogenes. As a consequence, C. abortus was found to cause the highest rate of sheep abortion cases, which should be taken into account when implementing control measures in epidemiological investigations.

The Demographic, Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics of Patients with Allergic and Non-allergic Asthma in Van Province

The Demographic, Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics of Patients with Allergic and Non-allergic Asthma in Van Province

The Jews of Van-Urmia: Remembering Borderland Migrations (1914–18)

Until 1914, around 2,000 Jews lived in the area between Lakes Van and Urmia, an Ottoman-Iranian borderland. These Neo-Aramaic-speaking Jews of the Van-Urmia border region enjoyed relative autonomy from both the Ottoman Empire and Iran. But Jewish life in the Ottoman province of Van came to an end during World War I when violence, unrest, genocide, and expulsion combined to displace the community, known as Nash Didan, from the region. Using oral histories from Van-descended Jews, this study reconstructs memories of borderland life to reveal a lingering self-perception that conceives of Nash Didan identity outside of Ottoman, Turkish, or Iranian Jewish narratives. It also reinscribes this forgotten community into the growing literature on the Ottoman east.

Characterization of extended spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from urogenital system of dogs in Van province of Turkey.

Escherichia coli is a bacterial agent that causes urogenital system infection in dogs. Beta-lactam (β-lactam) group antibiotics are frequently used in the treatment of E. coli infections. This study aimed to investigate the presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and plasmidic AmpC in E. coli strains isolated from the urogenital tracts of 125 dogs. Fifty E. coli strains were identified by conventional bacteriological and PCR methods. Disk diffusion method was used for the determination of antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates as well as productions of plasmidic AmpC and ESBL. The presence of blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M group genes was determined in the isolates by PCR. ERIC-PCR was also used for genotyping of the isolates. Although 22 (44%) of 50 E. coli isolates were found to be ESBL positive, no isolate shows plasmidic AmpC β-lactamase production. Among 22 ESBL positive isolates, blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M group 1 genes were found in 11 (50%), 1 (4.54%), and 6 (27.27%) isolates, respectively. The highest resistance was observed against tetracycline (28%), followed by streptomycin (24%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (24%), and chloramphenicol (22%), respectively. In the isolates, 11 different main profiles were also determined by ERIC-PCR. It was shown that ESBL positive isolates were related to G10 profiles. The use of extended spectrum β-lactam group antibiotics for the treatment of E. coli infections in dogs is critical; nevertheless, they may not be effective due to the high rate of resistance to this antibiotic group in E. coli.

Türk Tarım – Gıda Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 10(sp1): 2848-2854, 2022 Van İlinde Hayvan Gübrelerinden Elde Edilecek Biyogaz Enerji Potansiyelinin Belirlenmesi

Researchers have turned to alternative studies in order to benefit more from renewable energy sources due to fossil resources will be insufficient in the near future, environmental pollution as a result of fuel combustion and increasing energy demand. Biogas production, which is used in many areas such as heating, transportation, electricity, natural gas and chemical production, is one of the most attractive alternatives among these studies. Animal manure is also an important material used as a substrate in the production of biogas. For this purpose, the province of Van, which is one of the leading provinces of our country in terms of animal production and where cattle, sheep and poultry are grown intensively, was chosen as the research area. In the research, TUIK (Turkish Statistical Institute) 2021 data were used. It was made evaluations on the animal numbers data of the province of Van for 2021 and the amount of total manure and the biogas potential were determined. As a result of the research; the total amount of usable manure that can be obtained from animal waste in Van province is 1.45 million tons × year-1 and its conversion potential into biogas energy is calculated as 57.448.729 m3 × year-1. It has been determined that it is equivalent to 2.700.009.026 kWh of electricity or 47.107.958 m3 of natural gas energy of the total biogas potential. This too; when evaluated with today's prices, it saves approximately 221 to 337 million TL × year-1, depending on the area of use.

Van İlindeki Tarım Ürünleri Muhafaza Depoları Üzerine Bir Araştırma

In this research; the current situation and problems of the cold storages in the province of Van have been studied. In this direction, 21 cold storages registered in Directorate of Van Provincial Agriculture and Forestry were visited and on-site investigations were made. The findings obtained as a result of the surveys made with their owners by considering the features of the cold storages such as the structural and mechanization status, the type of stored product have been effective in identifying problems and suggesting solutions. It is used for white meat and eggs 29% of cold storages, 29% for milk and dairy products, 29% for red meat and 13% for fruit and vegetable storage. In addition, there are 17 fruit and vegetable warehouses, 13 of which are unused, that are not registered in Directorate of Van Provincial Agriculture and Forestry, and these were excluded from the research because they were not registered. The most important problems in warehouses were experienced during the Covid- 19 pandemic process. Lack of the technical capacity, machinery and equipment, qualified personnel, the marketing problems, maintenance and repair, rent, electricity and water expenses are the main ones. Improvement of its structural properties, modern mechanization device, establishment of unions that will enable warehouse owners to act together, eliminating the lack of qualified personnel with Van Yuzuncu Yil University, one of the most important educational institutions in the region and measures to increase export potential will play an important role in solving the problems.

Statistical assessment of seasonal variations in water quality for different regions in Lake Van (Türkiye).

On earth, surface water bodies interact and change with the natural ecosystems. These surface waters and water quality may be adversely affected due to different factors. To analyze the effects, parameters indicating water pollution and quality and the possible causes of these parameters should be examined. In addition, environmental pollution issues should be controlled by taking measures. The most important surface water body in the province of Van, located in the east of Türkiye, is the biggest soda Lake Van. The population density around the lake, human polluting factors, unconscious beach use, inadequate wastewater treatment, agriculture and livestock activities, small-scale industrial areas, and chemicals used create a pollution effect. In the study, data were obtained during year of 2018 from six important sampling points around Lake Van and from the middle of the lake. Twenty-seven water quality parameters were analyzed separately and together. These variables' yearly values were evaluated with Turkish Surface Water Quality Regulation (TSWQR, 2015). As a result, these points were determined to have class I in terms of water parameters according to the seasonal data. The basic descriptive statistics were compared with the regulation, and max, mean, and min values were examined. Data analyzed were done with probability-normality, trend analysis, correlation, and regression methods. The results of this study are that general parameters were normal and the quality of the six points continued to be similar. Na+, Cl-, salinity, and TDS were highly correlated, while DO and F were high matrix value parameters. EC, TDS, and SS regression equations provided high correlation parameters.

Gökkuşağı Alabalıklarından (Oncorhynchus mykiss) İzole Edilen Patojen Bakteri İzolatlarının Hidrolitik Enzim Aktiviteleri ve Siderofor Üretim Yetenekleri

Kısa sürede büyük miktarlarda kültürlenebilmeleri, genetik manipülasyonlara açık olmaları ve ürettikleri enzimlerin hayvansal ve bitkisel enzimlerden daha aktif ve istikrarlı oluşu bakterilerin çok önemli enzim ve ikincil metabolit kaynakları olarak değerlendirilmelerine sebep olmaktadır. Ayrıca ekstraselüler hidrolitik enzimler ve sideroforlar patojen bakteriler için çok önemli virülans faktörleri olarak bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Van ilinde faaliyet gösteren çiftliklerde, gökkuşağı alabalıklarından (Oncorhynchus mykiss) izole edilerek kültüre alınmış dokuz adet bakteri izolatının çeşitli ekstraselüler hidrolitik enzimleri ve siderofor üretme yetenekleri ilk defa araştırılmıştır. Sonuçlar, test edilen izolatlardan dokuzunun proteaz, sekizinin lipaz, beşinin selülaz, ikisinin pektinaz aktivitesine sahip olduğu, ayrıca yedisinin siderofor üretme yeteneğine sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Amilaz ve ksilinaz aktiviteleri hiçbir izolatta gözlemlenmemiştir. Ayrıca bu izolatlar morfolojik olarak olası üç ana gruba ayrılmış ve her bir izolat, türe özel geliştirilmiş primerler ile moleküler tanımlamaya tabi tutulmuştur. Türe özgü primerler kullanılarak yapılan moleküler tanımlama, bu izolatların balık patojeni Listonella anguillarum, Yersinia ruckeri ve Lactococcus garvieae olduklarını ortaya koymuştur.

Factors Affective on The Consumers Purchasing Behaviours in Shopping Malls: A Case Study in Eastern Part of Turkey

The study aims at determining the purchase behaviours of consumers in shopping malls in Center town of Van Province.The data of this study was collected from 268 consumers of shopping malls through a structured questionnaire in Van Province, Turkey. The represented sample size was determined using finite population sampling method with 90 % confidence interval and a 5 % margin of error. Pearson Chi square test and Kruskal-Wallis Khi-Square techniques and Five-point likert-scale was used in analysing the data. The major factors affective on the preference of the shopping malls were service quality (average likert scale score 3.18) followed by new product opportunities (average likert scale score 3.17), product design (average likert scale score 3.08) and confidence for products (average likert scale score 3.05). Income level was not statistically significant on the consumers’ preferences of choosing the shopping malls as regards service quality, new product opportunities, product design and confidence for products (P>0.05). The test results showed that the groups with different income level had the same opinion regarding above-cited factors. On the other hand, there existed statistically significant difference between education level and service quality, new product opportunities, product design and confidence for products (P<0.05).

The effect of block-based game development activities on the geometry achievement, computational thinking skills and opinions of seventh-grade students

The aim of study to investigate the effects of block-based game development activities carried out on the goal-based scenario approach on the geometry achievement and computational thinking skills of seventh-grade students and to reveal their opinions regarding the process. The study used a one-group pretest-posttest experimental model an experimental research design. Overall, 43 seventh-grade students from a district of the province of Van, Turkey, during the 2021–2022 academic year constituted the participants of the study. The participants were determined using the criterion sampling technique a purposeful sampling technique. Within the scope of the study, a goal-based scenario about the topic of polygons was presented to the students, and implementations were carried out. The Computational Thinking Skills Scale, polygons achievement test and a structured interview form were used to collect data. The quantitative data obtained were analyzed using t-test, and the qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis. The results revealed that the block-based game development activities carried

The Effect of Border Tourism Destination Attributes on Tourist Satisfaction and Revisit Intention: The Case of Province of Van

ABSTRACT This study aims to reveal the importance of border tourism and border tourism destination attributes that create revisit intention of tourists in Van that attracts considerable number of tourists every year from Iran. The study was empirically structured, and primary data was collected through a questionnaire derived from the literature. The survey was implemented on tourists at hotels, airports, and customs. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews between March and November 2017–2018. Out of distributed 400 questionnaires’ 370 of them returned and the response rate is 92.5% and 309 of them were found statistically usable. A combination of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, correlation, and multiple regression modeling were tested with the usage of version 20 of SPSS. Destination attributes (as seven dimensions were considered as independent variables while satisfaction and revisits intention as dependent. Some significant results were reached while some were insignificant. As findings in this study, 3 considerable and conspicuous implications that; (1) there had been positive and strong relationships between the characteristics of the border tourism destination and satisfaction and revisit intentions of the tourists, (2) five of the destination features had been influential on to revisits intention, (four of them are positive), and (3) the “cultural affinity” that it is the most influential factor on to revisits intention in a border tourism destination have been found. The originality of this study that it is being one of the first study in Turkey that few studies are available in border tourism context. The findings, also, offer important implications for managers of a border tourism destination to consider.

Öğretmen Görüşlerine Göre Okul Yöneticilerinin Algı Yönetimini Kullanım Düzeyleri

The purpose of this research is to determine the opinions of teachers about the perception management use levels of the administrators in the schools where they work. In the research designed in the survey model, the counting method was used since it was tried to reach the entire universe, and 262 teachers working in primary, secondary and high school schools affiliated to the Ministry of National Education in Van Province Gevaş District were included in the research. The Manager Perception Management Scale was used to collect research data. ANOVA, T-Test and descriptive statistics were used in the analysis of the data. According to the findings, it is seen that teachers participate in the perception management use levels of school principals above the medium level and mostly in the dimension of "Determination of Current Perception". Opinions of teachers on perception management of administrators in schools; gender, age, marital status, staff status, school type, union enrollment, time at school and seniority did not differ significantly. Keywords:Teacher, perceptionmanagement, schoolmanager