Van Hoepen Research Articles

The ammonite subgenus Pervinquieria ( Deiradoceras) van Hoepen, 1931 from the Upper Albian of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Part I

The cosmopolitan Late Albian ammonite subgenus Pervinquieria ( Deiradoceras) van Hoepen, 1931, and its synonyms Cechenoceras van Hoepen, 1941 and Mimeloceras van Hoepen, 1944, originally based on material from northern KwaZulu-Natal, are reviewed. The type material of the type species, Subschloenbachia prerostrata Spath, 1921, is revised and reillustrated, as are its numerous synonyms.

Discovery of the Heteromorph Ammonoid Amapondella amapondense in the Middle Campanian of Hokkaido, Japan

The discovery of the heteromorph ammonoid Amapondella amapondense (van Hoepen) in the lower middle Campanian in the Urakawa, Biratori and Hidaka areas of Hokkaido, northern Japan, represents the first report of this taxon in the Northwest Pacific region. Because the species flourished in other regions during Santonian to early Campanian time, its final geographic occurrence in Hokkaido suggests that global environmental changes likely had a significant influence on ammonoid biogeography during early middle Campanian time.

Ammonites and Foraminifera of Shiranish Formation (Late Campanian-Maastrichtian) from Sulaimaniya and Erbil Governorates, Northern Iraq

This study deals with the biostratigraphy of Shiranish Formation (Late Cretaceous), depending on the Ammonite and associated Foraminifera in four outcrop sections, three of which are located in Al-Sulaimaniya governorate (Dokan, Esewa and Kanny dirka sections) and one in Erbil governorate, northern Iraq (Hijran section). Fourteen species of Ammonite belonging to fourteen genera were determined, which are: Dsemoceratidae, Gaudryceras, Gunnarites, Hoplitoplacenticeras, Kitchinites, Kossmaticeratinae, Neancyloceras, Neokossmaticeras, Nostoceras, Paratexanites, Partschiceras, Phylloceras, Pseudophyllites and Yubariceras. Also, thirty- five species of Foraminifera belonging to thirteen genera were determined, which are: Cibicides, Cymopolia, Eggellina, Elphidium, Globigerinelloides, Globotruncana, Hedbergella, Heterohelix, Marginulina, Miliolid, Neobulimmina, Nodosaria and Textularia. Seven range zones were determined, three of which are of Ammonite, which are: Desmophyllites larteti (Seunes, 1892), Nostoceras (Nostoceras) hyatti and Pseudophyllites teres (Van Hoepen, 1920), whereas the others are of Foraminifera species, which are: Glt. gagnebini Tilev, Glt. tricarinata lapparenti Brotzen, Glt. tricarinata tricarinata (Querean) and Glt. Stuartiformis Dalbiez. According to these findings, the age of Shiranish Formation was determined as the Late Campanian- Maastrichtian.

The Arestoceratinae van Hoepen, 1942: A resurrected subfamily of late Albian brancoceratid ammonites, with description of a new genus

The subfamily Arestoceratinae van Hoepen (1942), long relegated to the synonymy of Mortoniceratinae (Wright, 1957, 1981, 1996), is resurrected for a phyletically-distinct group of strongly-compressed, generally bituberculate, late Albian brancoceratid ammonites in which there is a strong tendency for the umbilical seam to egress and the narrow subtabulate keeled venter to become fastigiate in later growth. Upper Albian biostratigraphy is discussed and a new zonation proposed with the introduction of the Goodhallites goodhalli Zone (=binum + choffati subzones) to emphasize the importance of arestoceratines to upper Albian biostratigraphy. The group is highly provincialized, and the new genus Lobitoceras is introduced for a member from the upper Albian of Angola. Sexual dimorphism is addressed, and the problem of recognizing dimorphic pairs is discussed. In addition the new genus Moutaiceras is created for a mortoniceratine from the uppermost Albian of Angola incorrectly-assigned to Arestoceras.

The ammonite genus Prionocycloceras , from the Coniacian of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Abstract Subprionocyclus latiumbilicatus Van Hoepen, 1968, and Subprionocyclus obesus Van Hoepen, 1968, are revised, and referred to Prionocycloceras Spath, 1926, a genus not previously recognised from the South African Cretaceous. The material comes from the Middle and Upper Coniacian St Lucia Formation of northern KwaZulu-Natal.

Pliocene suids from Musaitu and Dermenji, Moldova: implications for understanding the origin of AfricanKolpochoerusVan Hoepen & Van Hoepen, 1932

Early Pliocene suids of Europe are generally rare and poorly preserved, but some exceptional fossils have been found at Roussillon, France, Villafranca d'Asti, Italy, and Kvabebi, Georgia. We here describe and interpret an almost complete skull of a small suid from Musaitu and a mandible fragment from Dermenji, Moldova, which add precious information to the data base concerning these small European Pliocene suids, here attributed to Dasychoerus arvernensis (Croizet & Jobert, 1828). The Moldovan fossils provide an important biogeographic link between the Western European and Asian Plio-Pleistocene suines. The Musaitu skull, in particular, shows the elongated snout, enlarged canine flanges, pneumatised zygomatic arch and low slung incisor row characteristic of the genus Dasychoerus Gray, 1873. This species is important because it represents the group from which the African Kolpochoerus Van Hoepen & Van Hoepen, 1932 lineage probably emerged. The latter group is useful for biochronology because, having arrived in Africa, where it has been called Kolpochoerus deheinzelini Brunet & White, 2001 (in fact a junior synonym of Dasychoerus arvernensis) it evolved rapidly in dimensions and dental morphology. During the Pliocene the genus Dasychoerus, already adapted to tropical and subtropical climates, was widespread in mid-latitude Eurasia and Africa, but when much of mid-latitude Eurasia became boreal during the Plio-Pleistocene, the range of Dasy­ choerus shrank equatorwards, giving way to boreally adapted Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 over much of its former territory, leaving a disjunct distribution of its descendants in Africa (Hylochoerus Thomas, 1904, possibly Potamochoerus Gray, 1854) and the tropical islands of the Far East (Dasychoerus).

A second species of Eucnemesaurus Van Hoepen, 1920 (Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha): new information on the diversity and evolution of the sauropodomorph fauna of South Africa's lower Elliot Formation (latest Triassic)

ABSTRACTThe Late Triassic–Early Jurassic Elliot Formation of South Africa is one of the most important geological formations worldwide for understanding the early evolution of sauropodomorph dinosaurs. However, many of the taxa currently recognized as valid within its lower strata remain either poorly understood, vaguely diagnosed, or both. The recent discovery of an articulated partial skeleton of a single individual of the enigmatic lower Elliot genus Eucnemesaurus provides an important opportunity to expand our understanding of the anatomy and phylogeny of this poorly known taxon. A comprehensive investigation of the morphological relationships of this new specimen identified key features, pertaining primarily to the femoral shaft and distal tibia, which distinguish it from the only other previously named species of Eucnemesaurus—E. fortis. A new species, E. entaxonis, is erected within which to accommodate it. A cladistic analysis confirms the monophyly of Eucnemesaurus, as well as its continued inclusion within the low-diversity ‘Riojasauridae.’ Nonetheless, this result highlights continued uncertainties regarding the constituency of the Riojasaurus hypodigm. The relatively robust pedal architecture of E. entaxonis suggests an unexpectedly early experiment in a slower, subgraviportal form of locomotion within Late Triassic basal Massopoda, whereas the intriguing mosaic of plesiomorphic and derived characters evident in E. entaxonis raises questions regarding the hypothesized population dynamics of the basal-most sauropodomorph taxa of the lower Elliot Formation. This latter concern has particular bearing on newly observed inconsistencies in the prevailing hypodigms of other lower Elliot basal sauropodomorph taxa such as Melanorosaurus.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:68A7F233-2424-469E-A008-442C4E04B02FSUPPLEMENTAL DATA—Supplemental materials are available for this article for free at www.tandfonline.com/UJVP

Status of “ Trigonia ventricosa” (Bivalvia) from the Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous of Kutch, western India: Kitchin's unfinished synthesis

Kitchin first reported Trigonia ventricosa (Krauss) from Kutch in 1903. The populations he studied came from different localities and stratigraphic horizons, but erroneous information on Kutch geology initially led him to believe that all his material was obtained only from Late Tithonian strata. He noted, however, that populations of different areas had distinct morphological characters and biofacies associations and later expressed uncertainties about the homogeneity of the Kutch species. Trigonia ventricosa was later included in Pisotrigonia van Hoepen (subfamily Pterotrigoniinae). Our field investigation and study of numerous specimens collected from different localities as well as the material examined by previous workers (Kitchin and Cox) reveal that populations of “ T. ventricosa” are, in fact, found at four distinct stratigraphic levels ranging from Late Tithonian to Aptian in age; they differ both morphologically and morphometrically, allowing the recognition of four distinct species, some of which are temporally separated by as much as seven million years. The species, in ascending stratigraphical order, are Pisotrigonia kitchini sp. nov., P. umiensis sp. nov., P. ventricosa (Krauss) and P. ghuneriensis sp. nov. The Pterotrigoniinae are apparently polyphyletic since Pterotrigonia has myophorellian ancestry while Pisotrigonia has megatrigonian affinities; they are stratigraphically heterochronous and evolved initially in two different palaeobiogeographic provinces. During the Valanginian, Pterotrigonia and Pisotrigonia shared the same biogeographic area and showed character displacement. Pisotrigonia species in Kutch evolved anagenetically with initial increase in body size followed finally by size decrease. The mode of evolution is punctuational and was induced by heterochrony.

On the affinities ofZuluscaphites van Hoepen 1955 (Cretaceous Ammonoidea) from the Albian of Zululand, South Africa

Zuluscaphites van Hoepen 1955, an enigmatic ammonite originally described from the Middle or Upper Albian of Zululand, South Africa, is shown to be a member of the acanthoceratacean family Lyelliceratidae, subfamily Stoliczkaiinae; it is not a heteromorph as originally proposed. Huescarites Latil 1991 is a junior synonym of Zuluscaphites as are the type species of the two genera, Z. orycteropusi and H. companyi.

Migration of exotic species of ammonites during highstands of sea level

In northeastern Chihuahua and Trans-Pecos Texas, in the early Late Albian zone of Hysteroceras varicosum occurs the Boeseites romeri (Haas) fauna with B. romeri (Hass), B. perarmata (Hass), B. aff. barbouri (Haas), B. cf. howelli (Haas), B.proteus (Haas), Prohysteroceras cf. P. hanhaense Haas, Elobiceras sp., and Dipoloceras (?) sp. B. perarmata has also been collected at Cerro Mercado, near Monclova, Coahuila. Haas originally described this fauna from Angola. Now, from rocks in the same zone in the Sierra Mojada, Coahuila, Mexico, there is a form related to if not identical with Hysteroceras famelicum Van Hoepen, also originally described from Angola and also from the zone of Hysteroceras varicosum.These fossils are known only from southern North America and Angola; they have not been described from the European Tethys. In 1984 I suggested that during the highstand of sea level of the early Late Albian (Hysteroceras varicosum zone) these ammonites migrated from Angola to Mexico and Trans-Pecos Texas via an epeiric seaway extending across the sag between South America and Africa proposed by Kennedy and Cooper. This would be twelve to fifteen million years prior to an oceanic connection between the North and South Atlantic.I would now ask, can similar epeiric seas and highstands of sea level explain the migration of successive European, Tethyan, Jurassic ammonite faunas down the Mozambique Channel and around the horn of Africa into the Neuquen Basin of Argentina before Africa and Antarctica separated, as proposed by Spath.

Upper Cretaceous (upper Santonian)Boehmocerasfauna from the Gulf Coast region of the United States

AbstractAn upper Santonian fauna dominated by the curved baculitidBoehmocerasRiedel, 1931, occurs as phosphatic moulds in the Tombigbee Sand Member of the Eutaw Formation in Mississippi and Alabama, and also is reworked into the base of the Mooreville Chalk; a similar assemblage is present in the middle part of the Pen Formation of the Big Bend area, Texas. The assemblage is:Pseudoschloenbachia(Pseudoschloenbachia)mexicana(Renz, 1936),Placenticeras syrtale(Morton, 1834),Reginaites leei(Reeside, 1927a),Reginaites exilissp. nov.,Texanites(Texanites) sp. juv. cf.gallicusCollignon, 1948,Texanites(Plesiotexanites)shiloensisYoung, 1963, Texanitinaeincertae sedis, Hyphantoceras(?)amapondense(van Hoepen, 1921).Glyptoxocerasspp.,Boehmoceras arculus(Morton, 1834) andScaphites(Scaphites)leeiReeside, 1927a, form I. The assemblage is referred to the uppermost SantonianTexanites(Plesiotexanites)shiloensiszone of the Gulf Coast sequence. Common occurrence ofScaphites(S.)leeiI andReginaites leeisuggest correlation with the Upper SantonianDesmoscaphites erdmannizone of the U.S. Western Interior; common occurrence ofBoehmoceras arculus(= B.loescheriof European authors) suggests correlation with theMarsupites–granulatazone at the top of the North German Santonian. These data strengthen intercontinental correlation of the Santonian–Campanian boundary sequence. They also provide a biostratigraphic link to a numerical age of 84.2±0.9 Ma from a bentonite at a slightly lower level in the Tombigbee Sand Member of the Eutaw Formation in Mississippi.

The gearing adjustment of AC 201: Comparison with SSAP 16 and Philips 1981

The objective with this article is to analyse and compare the method of calculating the gearing adjustment as applied in the United Kingdom (SSAP 16), the Netherlands (Philips 1981 version) and South Africa (Guideline AC 201). It could be read together with Van Hoepen, Lambrechts and Mostert (1989). The gearing adjustment is an important step in inflation accounting because it recognizes the fact that a certain portion of assets could be financed in such a way that the detrimental effect of inflation is decreased. Important differences in gearing adjustment methods could result in different conclusions drawn from the analysis of financial statements and could consequently influence the financial investment decision, especially in a period of galloping inflation. The main conclusion from the comparison of the three systems is that they result in the same total adjustments over a period of time but that there are important differences over the medium and short term as well as in the present values of these adjustments. The three systems result in full capital maintenance of equity capital over time, in the case of both net monetary liabilities and assets.

The Gondwanic bivalvePisotrigonia (family Trigoniidae), with description of a new species

The genusPisotrigonia Van Hoepen has page priority over the better-knownRinetrigonia Van Hoepen, of which it is thus a senior synonym. It is shown to comprise a closely allied plexus of species, ranging from Lower Tithonian to Maastrichtian, and thus phyletically distinct from its sister taxonPterotrigonia. Moreover, whereasPterotrigonia is cosmopolitan,Pisotrigonia has a distinctly Gondwanic distribution. The subfamily Pterotrigoniinae is reassessed and a new species,Pisotrigonia laevkosta, is described from the Upper Albian (Cristatum Zone) of Zululand.

Age Estimation of Warthog

Adult warthogs (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) present difficulties of age determination from dentition, as all molariform teeth except M3 may be shed at an early stage. The nature of growth and attrition of M3 makes this tooth difficult to interpret in terms of age by visual methods. An index of growth in length of the erupted crown divided by height of the tooth at the anterior of the crown was found to be approximately linear with age up to about 5 years. Assuming this relationship continues linearly, as the curves of growth and wear suggest, ages were estimated up to 10 years, compared with previous age determinations by other workers up to 4 years. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 38(2):229-233 Studies of the survival of warthogs, a specialized African suid, in the Akagera National Park, Rwanda, necessitated the determination of the ages at death of found skulls (Spinage 1972). Previous workers (Child et al. 1965, Bradley 1972, G. Clough, personal communication) have age-determined them up to only 4 years. This was considered inadequate for survival studies, and a method of determining age beyond 4 years had to be devised. The teeth are distinguished by a unique pattern of development first described by Owen (1845). The permanent M3 has a semipersistent pulp so that the tooth grows almost continuously while in use, the roots closing at a late stage (Fig. 1). As the antecedent teeth are shed at an early age, the final molar M3 assumes a much greater role than the other teeth. It bears most of the work load from middle-age or earlier, and in consequence is a larger tooth. It has been described by Van Hoepen and Van Hoepen (1932) (quoted by Middleton-Shaw [1940]), but these authors did not relate changes in the tooth to chronological age. Bigourdan (1948) presented criteria for age determination of warthogs in Senegal, w ich relied to a large extent on the disappearance of premolars and molars antecedent to M3. Child et al. (1965) considered this to be unreliable as fragments of these teeth may persist. These authors also pointed to considerable differences which could be found in the number of permanent teeth as follows: I 1/2 or 3; C 1/1; Pm 1, 2, or 3/1 or 2; M 3/3. They produced criteria for age determination up to 4 years, based on eruption time of the molars, growth in length of M3, and supporting measurements of canines and skull length. Skull were separated into male and female, but there was considerable overlap in size. Clough (Personal communication) was unable to find evidence of sexual dimorphism in skulls of known sex because of the wide variations in growth. Clough also used eruption and replacement criteria, determining ages up to approximately 4 years. Flower (1931) gave longevity records of 13.5 and 16.5 years for females in the Giza Zoo. The mean age of 11 animals greater than 3 years old in the London Zoo was 8.1 years and maximum longevity 12 years. It is clear that the potential survival of warthogs is well past 4 years, with a possible lifespan of 17. We are grateful to G. Clough for allowing us to quote his unpublished data, to F. E. Guinness for help in collecting and classify1 Present address: College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka, P. O. Box 3031, Moshi, Tanzania. J. Wildl. Manage. 38 (2):1974 229 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.221 on Mon, 03 Oct 2016 04:40:44 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 230 WARTHOG AGE ESTIMATION Spinage and Jolly

A major intra-Cretaceous unconformity in eastern South Africa

The Z ululand C retaceous succession has long been a subject of contention. Some authors ( Van Hoepen 1926 , 1929 , 1957 ; Heinz 1930 ; Venzo 1936 ) have regarded it as a continuous sequence from Aptian to either Gampanian or Maastrichtian; others have followed Du Toit (1954) in questioning the presence of Turonian rocks, on regional and tectonic grounds. We have recently examined critical exposures from the Mozambique border south to the northern Transkei (Fig. 1), as a result of which it is clear that a major unconformity exists within the Upper Cretaceous. Uppermost Cenomanian and Turonian rocks are missing, and the Coniacian progressively oversteps Middle Cenomanian to Aptian, and eventually rests on various horizons down to the Ordovician Table Mountain Sandstone. The most important localities lie along the Umsinene River, Zululand (Fig. 2). Here, coarse clastic pre-Upper Aptian Cretaceous sediments rest on Jurassic Lembombo rhyolites and are locally overlain by Upper Aptian marine sediments. The Albian/Aptian boundary is a non-sequence, followed by an expanded succession up to the Upper Albian Stoliczkaia dispar Zone. The succeeding Genomanian is well-represented at Skoenberg Hill (Fig. 2), where there is a complete transition up from the Albian. The Lower Cenomanian is relatively thin, and is followed by the Middle Cenomanian fauna described by Crick (1907) . The Cenomanian sediments are rather poor in fossils in the upper part and can be traced over the northern and southern flanks of Skoenberg. They are terminated sharply by an erosion surface, overlain by a thin Trigonia conglomerate. Below this conglomerate, silts and

THE FOSSIL SUIDAE OF MAKAPANSGAT

SUMMARYThe whole of the known fossil suid material from the Limeworks Quarry at Makapan is examined and described. Most of the specimens belong to the same species as the mandible described by Dale (1948) and named Pronotochoerus shawi. Reasons are given for concluding that the reference of this material to the genus Pronotochoerus is not correct. The specimens are considered to belong to the genus Potamochoeroides Dale, but to represent a species distinct from Potamochoeroides hypsodon Dale; they are therefore referred to Potamochoeroides shawi (Dale).Diagnoses are given for the genus Potamocoeroides Dale and for the two species P. shawi (Dale) and P. hypsodon Dale.The rest of the identifiable suid material from Makapan all belongs to Notochoerus euilus (Hopwood).The process of third molar elaboration which has taken place in the evolution of the African Suidae is discussed and an attempt is made to assess the relationships of Potamochoeroides to other genera. The relationships of Notochoerus capevsis and N. euilus are also discussed and it is concluded that the differences in cusp pattern are sufficient to warrant a subgeneric division: Leakey's name Gerontochoerus is therefore revived as a subgenus and Notochoerus (Gerontochoerus) euilus is thus distinguished from Notochoerus (Notochoerus) capensis. The form described by van Hoepen & van Hoepen as Kolpochoerus sinuosus is considered to be a species distinct from, but closely related to, N. capensis and it is therefore referred to Notochoerus (Notochoerus) sinuosus (van Hoepen & van Hoepen).The bearing of the suid fauna on the question of the probable date of the Makapan deposit is considered: it is concluded that the deposit belongs to the lower Pleistocene.An attempt is made to estimate the age composition of the population of Potamochoeroides shawi and the possible influence on age composition of the manner in which bones have come to be included in a deposit is considered.

Research Items

Stone Structures in the Western Transvaal, A number of stone structures ascribed to “the ancients“have been investigated by Dr. Ir. E. C. N. van Hoepen and Dr. A. C. Hoffman (Argeologiese Navorsing van die Nasionale Museum, Bloemfontein, Dl. 2, St. 1). These structures are situated at Buispoort, 24 miles north-west of Zeerust, and consist of stone walls which have served for huts, enclosures around huts and for cattle. There are also walls which served as storage platforms for grain-bins, semi-circular to nearly completely circular stone-rings surrounding threshing-floors, small structures for storing grinding stones, furnaces for smelting iron ore, heaps of slag, ash-heaps and remarkable graves. On the evidence of both Campbell and Moffat, and taking into account the reputation of the Bahurutsi for iron-working, it is concluded that these structures are the work of the ancient Bahurutsi, especially as skulls found here are similar to recent Bahurutsi skulls from Braklaagte. These structures corroborate and substantiate for the first time the fact that the Bantu did build with stone. This has an important bearing on the problem of the Zimbabwe culture. The graves found were all covered-in fissures between rocks. Many bones show signs of burning, which may be due to their burial after a Matabili raid in which the houses with their occupants were burned. A number of furnaces, without doubt for the production of iron, have been found. Potsherds and two or three broken pots were found. The material is coarse; and it contains foreign matter which does not improve the clay. It was probably introduced without clear understanding of its operation in firing. Three or four definitely globular pots were found. These are rare among the modern Bahurutsi. Pots with three legs had reached a culminating point, the legs being of enormous size. A pot with a gradually thinning lip may have been introduced by strangers.

A New South African Culture?

A CLAIM to have distinguished a new material culture in South Africa is put forward by Dr. Ir. E. C. N. Van Hoepen, director of the National Museum, Bloemfontein (Argœologiese Navorsing, Dl. i St. 5), in describing a remarkable stone pipe from a shelter near Bethlehem. Its peculiarity lies in the ornamentation, a system of curved grooves and on one side a sinuous ridge ending in a reversed E, representing a snake. Similar pipes have previously been described, one of clay from the ash-heaps of stone huts at Vegkop by Van Riet Lowe and another of stone by Stow. Van Riet Lowe attributed the pipe he described to the Leghoya, dating the huts at about 1790, but Dr. Van Hoepen does not consider his reasoning or evidence satisfactory, and points out that stone huts are not a characteristic of Bantu culture, the Leghoya themselves using conical grass thatched huts, according to Stow. He himself sees in the pipes and the shelters closer affinities with Hottentot, Bushmen, and Xosa, but concludes that the three characters, the stone pipes, the stone huts and the ornamentation do not belong to any known African culture. We are, therefore, he holds, dealing with something new, a culture for which the name ‘stone-hut’ culture is proposed. This view, important as it is for the history of South African cultures, should be accepted with some caution. Its confirmation by further evidence will be awaited with interest.

Research Items

STONE AGE INDUSTRIES or SOUTH AFRICA.—A new classification of the Stone Age industries of South Africa is suggested by Dr. Van Hoepen in Part I. of the Argeologiese Navorsing of the National Museum of Bloemfontein. Incidentally, some interesting suggestions are put forward as to the uses of certain of the implements. The classification is typological. The implements of the Stellenbosch, Vaal, and Pniel are equated with Chellean, Acheulean, and Mousterian respectively. The author had previously suggested the substitution of the Pniel culture for the ‘Victoria West’ culture. In the Koning culture, which is equated with the Aurignacian, a new industry is recognised corresponding with Upper Aurignacian. This is the Poort, so-called from the locality in which it is found, namely, Commissie Poort, Ladybrand district, and characterised by small thumb-nail scrapers and double hollow scrappers, while for the lower Koning culture, corresponding with the lower Aurignacian, is suggested the name Koning industry. Of the remaining cultures the equations are, Stilbay with Solutrean, Mosselbay with Magdalenian, and Wilton with Azilian. In the newly defined Koning industry, the types here described are the trimmer, the disc scraper, and end scraper, flaying knife and curved point. It is pointed out that the term ‘scraper’ is being applied to implements never used for the purpose of scraping, while they seem admirably adapted for skinning animals, the point being especially well fitted for assistance when the skin holds very tight. The question is raised whether the grey-weathered and red-weathered implements were made by different peoples, or whether worked by the same people at different times, but it is left over for future discussion.