Van Heyningen Research Articles

Abstract SY45-02: Engineering strategies based on receptors derived from gdT cells

Abstract SY45-02: Engineering strategies based on receptors derived from gdT cells

‘The Concertina's Deadly Work in the Trenches’: Soundscapes of Suffering in the South African War

Under the recurring headline ‘the Concertina's Deadly Work in the Trenches’, several British newspapers reported in early 1900 that, during the ongoing siege of Mafeking, British army concertina players were capturing enemy soldiers by simply playing strains of the concertina to distract them out of their hiding places. ‘One is sorry to learn that the art of music should be pressed into service to lure persons to destruction’, a commentator in the Musical News noted, but then, it was rationalized, ‘all's fair in war’. This hybrid use of the concertina during the South African War was further employed as a metaphor for the decay of the physical body itself: as has been noted by Elizabeth van Heyningen, food in Boer concentration camps was so meagre that the meat served to prisoners was once described as coming from a ‘carcase [who] looks like a concertina drawn out fully with all the wind knocked out’. Likewise, Krebs (1999) has discussed the presence of the concertina in the trenches as an example of contemporaneous stereotypes about the susceptibility of Boer soldiers to music in relation to perceived notions that they were backwards and easily manipulated. Drawing upon references to music – particularly the ubiquitous, anthropomorphised, instrument of the concertina – in concentration camps during the South African War, this paper will situate the use of British military music at the dawn of the twentieth century within the framework of trauma studies, proposing that the soundscapes of imperial war were implicitly tinged with traces of physical suffering.

Salome

Salome

‘Stories That Find their Place’: Retelling the Protest at Brandfort, 1901–1949

This paper concerns eight women's testimonies produced over a period of some 50 years, which describe a protest about meat rations at Brandfort concentration camp in November 1901, during the 1899–1902 South African War. The focus here is not the ‘event itself’, which cannot now be recovered except in its archival or documentary forms, but on the subsequent re/telling of this incident, and on the politicised, (proto-) nationalist content and tone of the Brandfort protest testimonies. While proto-nationalism is present from the earliest extant testimony, the development of this is traced over time, showing how the later testimonies evince a strongly triumphalist nationalist tone. The retrospectively inscribed testimonies of the protest are examined to show how, over time, the story of the Brandfort protest became universalised, retold well away from specificities of time and place. If nationalism depends on the creation of ‘stories that find their place’, then it was partly through the construction and repetition of what Van Heyningen has called ‘costly mythologies’ about women's concentration camp experiences that Afrikaner national unity was achieved. This also supports Bradford’s important claim that the 1899–1902 war regendered Afrikaner nationalism.

Elizabeth van Heyningen, The Concentration Camps of the Anglo-Boer War. A Social History. Johannesburg, Jacana 2013

Article Elizabeth van Heyningen, The Concentration Camps of the Anglo-Boer War. A Social History. Johannesburg, Jacana 2013 was published on December 30, 2015 in the journal Historische Zeitschrift (volume 301, issue 3).

Aldose Reductase Meets Histone Acetylation: A New Role for an Old Player

With diabetes reaching epidemic proportions, there is an urgent need for reliable treatment strategies for microvascular (retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy) and macrovascular (coronary heart disease and stroke) diabetes complications. The role of diabetic hyperglycemia in the development of complications has been extensively studied and a number of biochemical pathways activated by hyperglycemia have been identified. Among these, the polyol pathway is perhaps the most investigated and the most controversial pathway. The initial discovery by Ruth van Heyningen (1) of high sorbitol levels in diabetic rat lenses over 50 years ago followed by studies by Jin Kinoshita (2) laid the foundation for the polyol hypothesis in the pathogenesis of diabetes complications. This hypothesis asserts that diabetes complications result, in part, from direct or indirect consequences of sorbitol production from excess glucose by aldose reductase (AR). AR catalyzes the reduction of glucose to sorbitol, the accumulation of which has been postulated to alter the metabolism of myo -inositol, a six-carbon cyclic polyol, in nerve, ocular, and renal tissues (3,4). Depletion of myo -inositol reduces its incorporation into cellular phosphoinositide pools, resulting in chronic elevation of diacylglycerol (DAG), the chief physiological activator of protein kinase C (PKC) (5). Increased oxidation of sorbitol to fructose may also alter …

Interview with Elizabeth van Heyningen: On Writing The Concentration Camps of the Anglo-Boer War: A Social History Cape Town, 20 May 2013

This interview with the author of The Concentration Camps of the Anglo-Boer War: A Social History, a work of impressive originality and admirable comprehensiveness, focuses on problems relating to the processes of writing social history and of writing on a subject that continues to retain considerable emotional power in South Africa, in which the events in the book took place. Van Heyningen highlights the role played by the imagination when writing about people who inhabit a different culture, of the necessity for the historian to extend her imagination in order to understand them as best as possible, even as she stays true to her sources. The author also tells of the necessity to place the history of the camps within the context of currents that were global, such as colonialism, the growth of professional militarism, and developments in public health policy that followed on industrialisation in Britain. But such contextualisation, especially as it has led the author to investigate records of conditions of health and hygiene in the camps, has also led to criticism from some Afrikaner historians and readers. It appears to tamper with cherished beliefs about who the inhabitants of the camps were and, importantly, with beliefs surrounding their significance in the formation of Afrikaner volk mythology and their uniqueness in the record of human suffering.

Transcriptional Regulation by the Wilms Tumor Protein, Wt1, Suggests a Role of the Metalloproteinase Adamts16 in Murine Genitourinary Development

ADAMTS16 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs) is a secreted mammalian metalloproteinase with unknown function. We report here that murine Adamts16 is co-expressed with the Wilms tumor protein, Wt1, in the developing glomeruli of embryonic kidneys. Adamts16 mRNA levels were significantly reduced upon transfection of embryonic murine kidney explants with Wt1 antisense vivo-morpholinos. Antisense knockdown of Adamts16 inhibited branching morphogenesis in kidney organ cultures. Adamts16 was detected by in situ mRNA hybridization and/or immunohistochemistry also in embryonic gonads and in spermatids and granulosa cells of adult testes and ovaries, respectively. Silencing of Wt1 by transfection with antisense vivo-morpholinos significantly increased Adamts16 mRNA in cultured embryonic XY gonads (11.5 and 12.5 days postconception), and reduced Adamts16 transcripts in XX gonads (12.5 and 13.5 days postconception). Three predicted Wt1 consensus motifs could be identified in the promoter and the 5'-untranslated region of the murine Adamts16 gene. Binding of Wt1 protein to these elements was verified by EMSA and ChIP. A firefly luciferase reporter gene under control of the Adamts16 promoter was activated ∼8-fold by transient co-transfection of human granulosa cells with a Wt1 expression construct. Gradual shortening of the 5'-flanking sequence successively reduced and eventually abrogated Adamts16 promoter activation by Wt1. These findings demonstrate that Wt1 differentially regulates the Adamts16 gene in XX and XY embryonic gonads. It is suggested that Adamts16 acts immediately downstream of Wt1 during murine urogenital development. We propose that Adamts16 is involved in branching morphogenesis of the kidneys in mice.

Sweat gland atrophy of the heel in diabetic patients with angiopathy

As diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) severely affects prognosis and quality of life of patients with DM, it is an urgent issue to establish effective preventive and treatment methods for DFU. One known mechanism of DFUs is through the formation of fissures. Oe et al. have previously identified angiopathy as a risk factor for deep fissures (Oe et al. 2012), independent of autonomic neuropathy, which was previously known as another factor for fissures. In other words, treatment directly targeting angiopathy is also necessary to prevent fissures, in addition to the use of moisturising agents. As the mechanism of deep fissure formation because of angiopathy remains unclear, no definitive treatment strategy can yet be established. Fissures are often associated with decreased perspiration. Decreased perspiration of the upper arm while in tourniquet has been reported (Van Heyningen & Weiner 1952, Collins et al. 1959). This finding suggests a possible mechanism, in that impaired blood circulation causes decreased production of sweat from the sweat gland. Furthermore, long-term impaired blood circulation might cause the disuse atrophy of sweat glands. However, there have been no reports addressing which possibility is correct. In this study, a noninvasive modality, skin microscopy, was used to evaluate sweat gland atrophy of the heel, a common location for fissures. In localised scleroderma lesions, decreased perspiration and a decrease in number of sweat pores have been observed, and they have been reported to correlate with pathologic findings of sweat gland atrophy (Serup 1984). Thus, the number of sweat pores observed on microscopy was used as a surrogate index for sweat gland atrophy.

Crystal Structure of Elongator Subcomplex Elp4–6

Elongator is a multiprotein complex composed of two subcomplexes, Elp1-3 and Elp4-6. Elongator is highly conserved between yeast and humans and plays an important role in RNA polymerase II-mediated transcriptional elongation and many other processes, including cytoskeleton organization, exocytosis, and tRNA modification. Here, we determined the crystal structure of the Elp4-6 subcomplex of yeast. The overall structure of Elp4-6 revealed that Elp6 acts as a bridge to assemble Elp4 and Elp5. Detailed structural and sequence analyses revealed that each subunit in the Elp4-6 subcomplex forms a RecA-ATPase-like fold, although it lacks the key sequence signature of ATPases. Site-directed mutagenesis and biochemical analyses indicated that the Elp4-6 subcomplex can assemble into a hexameric ring-shaped structure in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, GST pulldown assays showed that the ring-shaped assembly of the Elp4-6 subcomplex is important for its specific histone H3 binding. Our results may shed light on the substrate recognition and assembly of the holo-Elongator complex.

Overlapping Roles and Collective Requirement for the Coreceptors GAS1, CDO, and BOC in SHH Pathway Function

Secreted Hedgehog (HH) ligands signal through the canonical receptor Patched (PTCH1). However, recent studies implicate three additional HH-binding, cell-surface proteins, GAS1, CDO, and BOC, as putative coreceptors for HH ligands. A central question is to what degree these coreceptors function similarly and what their collective requirement in HH signal transduction is. Here we provide evidence that GAS1, CDO, and BOC play overlapping and essential roles during HH-mediated ventral neural patterning of the mammalian neural tube. Specifically, we demonstrate two important roles for these molecules: an early role in cell fate specification of multiple neural progenitors and a later role in motor neuron progenitor maintenance. Most strikingly, genetic loss-of-function experiments indicate an obligatory requirement for GAS1, CDO, and BOC in HH pathway activity in multiple tissues.

Beyond LDL Cholesterol, a New Role for PCSK9

Elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) levels in the plasma is the most important causative factor of atherosclerosis and associated ischemic cardiovascular diseases. The LDL receptor (LDLR) is the preferential pathway through which LDLs are cleared from the circulation. LDLs bound to the LDLR are internalized into clathrin-coated pits and subsequently undergo lysosomal degradation, whereas the LDLR is recycled back to the plasma membrane. See accompanying article on page 1333 Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant disorder associated with elevated LDL levels and premature coronary heart disease. FH is caused primarily by mutations of the LDLR or of apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100), the protein component of LDL that interacts with the LDLR. In 2003, “gain of function” mutations on a newly identified gene, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 ( PCSK9), were associated with FH. In 2005, a causative association was established between “loss of function” mutations in PCSK9 and low LDLC levels in 2% of the African-American population. The coronary heart disease risk in these individuals was reduced by 88%. As a result of these landmark studies (reviewed in Reference 1), PCSK9 became the subject of intensive research to discover the underlying mechanisms. PCSK9 is a serine protease mainly expressed in the liver and the intestine. It acts by reducing the amount of LDLR in hepatocytes. This was demonstrated in vitro and in mouse models …

A tool for modernisation? The Boer concentration camps of the South African War, 1900–1902

While not denying the tragedy of the high mortality of people in the concentration camps in the South African War of 1899 - 1902, this article suggests that, for Lord Milner and the British Colonial Office, the camps became a means of introducing the rural society of the Boers to the facilities of modern life. To some extent they became, in effect, part of Milner's project for 'civilising' and assimilating the Boers into British colonial society. The high mortality rate was finally contained through the introduction of a modern public health system, including the use of statistics and the employment of qualified doctors and nurses. Young Boer women working in the camp hospitals as nurse aids were trained as 'probationers' and classes in infant and child care were offered to the Boer mothers. In addition, the need for adequate water supplies and effective sanitation meant that an infrastructure was established in the camps that familiarised the Boers with modern sanitary routines and left a legacy of more substantial services for the Transvaal and Orange Free State villages.Author comment: My article was never intended to denigrate Afrikaners in any way. The republican Boers were caught up in an unjust war and they suffered dreadful losses as a result. However, I have argued elsewhere that many of the farm families, who had had little contact with modern preventive medicine, functioned within a different cultural world from the British who ran the camps. I have discussed this in much more detail in the following article: Van Heyningen E. Women and disease. The clash of medical cultures in the concentration camps of the South African War. In: Cuthbertson G, Grundlingh A, Suttie M-L, editors. Writing a wider war. Rethinking gender, race, and identity in the South African War, 1899 - 1902. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2002; p. 186 - 212. A shorter version of the article has also been published in Van Heyningen E. British doctors versus Boer women: Clash of medical cultures. In: Pretorius F, editor. Scorched Earth. Cape Town: Human & Rousseau, 2001; p. 78 - 197. There is also an Afrikaans version of this book published under the title of Verskroeide aarde. The same ideas are discussed by Professor Pretorius and myself in the documentary Scorched Earth which has been aired several times recently on the History Channel of DSTV.

A new method for measurement of total plasma PCSK9: clinical applications

The proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin-9 (PCSK9) circulates in plasma as mature and furin-cleaved forms. A polyclonal antibody against human PCSK9 was used to develop an ELISA that measures total plasma PCSK9 rather than only the mature form. A cross-sectional study evaluated plasma levels in normal (n = 254) and hypercholesterolemic (n = 200) subjects treated or untreated with statins or statin plus ezetimibe. In controls, mean plasma PCSK9 (89.5 +/- 31.9 ng/ml) correlated positively with age, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides, and fasting glucose. Sequencing PCSK9 from individuals at the extremes of the normal PCSK9 distribution identified a new loss-of-function R434W variant associated with lower levels of circulating PCSK9 and LDL-C. In hypercholesterolemic subjects, PCSK9 levels were higher than in controls (99.3 +/- 31.7 ng/ml, P < 0.04) and increased in proportion to the statin dose, combined or not with ezetimibe. In treated patients (n = 139), those with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH; due to LDL receptor gene mutations) had higher PCSK9 values than non-FH (147.01 +/- 42.5 vs. 127.2 +/- 40.8 ng/ml, P < 0.005), but LDL-C reduction correlated positively with achieved plasma PCSK9 levels to a similar extent in both subsets (r = 0.316, P < 0.02 in FH and r = 0.275, P < 0.009 in non-FH). The detection of circulating PCSK9 in both FH and non-FH subjects means that this assay could be used to monitor response to therapy in a wide range of patients.

Induction of Myelin Protein Zero by Early Growth Response 2 through Upstream and Intragenic Elements

The Mpz (myelin protein zero) gene codes for the principal component of myelin in the peripheral nervous system, and mutations in this gene cause human peripheral myelinopathies. Expression of the Mpz gene is controlled by two major transactivators that coordinate Schwann cell development: Egr2/Krox20 and Sox10. Our in vivo ChIP-chip analysis in myelinating peripheral nerve identified major sites of Egr2 interaction within the first intron of the Mpz gene and approximately 5 kb upstream of the transcription start site. In addition, the sites of Egr2 binding display many of the hallmarks associated with enhancer elements. Interestingly, the upstream Egr2 binding sites lie proximal to the divergently transcribed succinate dehydrogenase C gene, but Sdhc expression was not affected by the massive induction of Mpz mediated by Egr2. Mpz induction was greatly enhanced in the presence of the Egr2 binding sites, and removal of them markedly diminished transgenic expression of a construct derived from the Mpz locus. Sox10 was also found to be associated with the upstream region, and its binding was required for Egr2-mediated activation in this distal regulatory region. Our findings highlight that peripheral nerve-specific expression of Mpz is primarily regulated by both upstream and intron-associated regulatory elements. Overall, these results provide a locus-wide analysis of the role and activity of Egr2 in regulation of the Mpz gene within its native chromosomal context.

Endogenous Galectin-3 Is Localized in Membrane Lipid Rafts and Regulates Migration of Dendritic Cells

This study reveals a function of endogenous galectin-3, an animal lectin recognizing beta-galactosides, in regulating dendritic cell motility both in vitro and in vivo, which to our knowledge is unreported. First, galectin-3-deficient (gal3(-/-)) bone marrow-derived dendritic cells exhibited defective chemotaxis compared to gal3(+/+) cells. Second, cutaneous dendritic cells in gal3(-/-) mice displayed reduced migration to draining lymph nodes upon hapten stimulation compared to gal3(+/+) mice. Moreover, gal3(-/-) mice were impaired in the development of contact hypersensitivity relative to gal3(+/+) mice in response to a hapten, a process in which dendritic cell trafficking to lymph nodes is critical. In addition, defective signaling was detected in gal3(-/-) cells upon chemokine receptor activation. By immunofluorescence microscopy, we observed that galectin-3 is localized in membrane ruffles and lamellipodia in stimulated dendritic cells and macrophages. Furthermore, galectin-3 was enriched in lipid raft domains under these conditions. Finally, we determined that ruffles on gal3(-/-) cells contained structures with lower complexity compared to gal3(+/+) cells. In view of the participation of membrane ruffles in signal transduction and cell motility, we conclude that galectin-3 regulates cell migration by functioning at these structures.

Motor Neurons with Axial Muscle Projections Specified by Wnt4/5 Signaling

SummaryAxial muscles are innervated by motor neurons of the median motor column (MMC). In contrast to the segmentally restricted motor columns that innervate limb, body wall, and neuronal targets, MMC neurons are generated along the entire length of the spinal cord. We show that the specification of MMC fate involves a dorsoventral signaling program mediated by three Wnt proteins (Wnt4, Wnt5a, and Wnt5b) expressed in and around the floor plate. These Wnts appear to establish a ventralhigh to dorsallow signaling gradient and promote MMC identity and connectivity by maintaining expression of the LIM homeodomain proteins Lhx3/4 in spinal motor neurons. Elevation of Wnt4/5 activity generates additional MMC neurons at the expense of other motor neuron columnar subtypes, whereas depletion of Wnt4/5 activity inhibits the production of MMC neurons. Thus, two dorsoventral signaling pathways, mediated by Shh and Wnt4/5, are required to establish an early binary divergence in motor neuron columnar identity.

Characterization of an Evolutionarily Conserved Metallophosphoesterase That Is Expressed in the Fetal Brain and Associated with the WAGR Syndrome

Among the human diseases that result from chromosomal aberrations, a de novo deletion in chromosome 11p13 is clinically associated with a syndrome characterized by Wilms' tumor, aniridia, genitourinary anomalies, and mental retardation (WAGR). Not all genes in the deleted region have been characterized biochemically or functionally. We have recently identified the first Class III cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, Rv0805, from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which biochemically and structurally belongs to the superfamily of metallophosphoesterases. We performed a large scale bioinformatic analysis to identify orthologs of the Rv0805 protein and identified many eukaryotic genes that included the human 239FB gene present in the region deleted in the WAGR syndrome. We report here the first detailed biochemical characterization of the rat 239FB protein and show that it possesses metallophosphodiesterase activity. Extensive mutational analysis identified residues that are involved in metal interaction at the binuclear metal center. Generation of a rat 239FB protein with a mutation corresponding to a single nucleotide polymorphism seen in human 239FB led to complete inactivation of the protein. A close ortholog of 239FB is found in adult tissues, and biochemical characterization of the 239AB protein demonstrated significant hydrolytic activity against 2',3'-cAMP, thus representing the first evidence for a Class III cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase in mammals. Highly conserved orthologs of the 239FB protein are found in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila and, coupled with available evidence suggesting that 239FB is a tumor suppressor, indicate the important role this protein must play in diverse cellular events.

Epidemiology of aniridia in Sweden and Norway

To investigate the epidemiology of aniridia in the populations of Sweden and Norway. A thorough search for aniridia patients has been performed in Sweden and Norway. All participants had a clinical ophthalmological examination documented through photography. Blood samples were taken for mutation analysis and pedigrees were established. A total of 181 patients with aniridia were identified in the two countries. This gives an age-specific prevalence of 1:72,000 in the entire region, 1:70,000 in Sweden and 1:76,000 in Norway. A total of 124 individuals (69%) were examined. Male/female ratio was 0.94 (Sweden 0.85 and Norway 1.2). Mean age of the examined patients was 29 years and median age 25 years. We did not find any significant age difference between the two countries. The mean visual acuity (VA) was 0.19 (Sweden 0.19 and Norway 0.18).The number of families with more than one affected member was 31 and the number of sporadic cases was 40. We have done a thorough search of the literature, but we have found no earlier studies describing aniridia in an entire country and only a few reports from larger areas. We assume that most aniridia patients have been found and the aniridia prevalence of 1:72,000 can be regarded as well supported. Further studies on other aspects of aniridia are in progress, and information from these can contribute to guidelines for the care of patients with this rare but serious disease.

Commentary on Viewpoint: Sweat electrolyte concentrations obtained from within occlusive coverings are falsely high because sweat itself leaches skin electrolytes

VIEWPOINTCommentary on Viewpoint: Sweat electrolyte concentrations obtained from within occlusive coverings are falsely high because sweat itself leaches skin electrolytesLawrence E. ArmstrongLawrence E. ArmstrongPublished Online:01 Oct 2008https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.zdg-8179.vpcomm.2008MoreSectionsPDF (26 KB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInEmailWeChat to the editor: All published comparisons of local sweat sampling techniques (e.g., filter paper, gauze, skin scraping, pipette, rubber glove, or arm bag collections) versus the whole body wash down method have reported that local samples contained higher electrolyte concentrations (4). The present paper by Weschler (5) provides a hypothetical mechanism for these findings [i.e., sweat leaches electrolytes from the stratum corneum (SC)] but does not consider a second testable and possibly concurrent mechanism. The following evidence supports absorption of water by the SC, increasing the tonicity of sweat irregardless of electrolyte leaching. 1) Skin swells when immersed in water for extended periods (4). 2) Hidromeiosis of eccrine glands, the progressive decrease of sweat rate, is proportional to skin wettedness and likely involves a mechanical obstruction of the sweat duct subsequent to SC swelling (3). Similarly, the skin disorder miliaria rubra (i.e., prickly heat) may involve SC swelling, closure of the sweat gland surface pore, bacterial infection, and inflammation (1). 3) Experimental evidence has shown that water diffuses into the SC, especially when air water vapor pressure is great or the skin is saturated with water; this diffusion increases in proportion to an increased sweat rate (2). 4) When sweat is collected in an impermeable arm bag, unrelated solutes (i.e., lactate, chloride, urea) concentrate in unison, as demonstrated by van Heyningen and Weiner (statistical r2 = 0.84 to 0.94; see Fig. 2 in Ref. 4). Indeed, these investigators recognized the absorption of water by the SC as a plausible explanation for their findings.REFERENCES1 Armstrong LE, Hubbard RW, Epstein Y, Weien R. Nonconventional remission of miliaria rubra during heat acclimation: case study. Mil Med 153: 402–404, 1988.Crossref | ISI | Google Scholar2 Buettner K. Diffusion of water and water vapor through human skin. J Appl Physiol 6: 229–242, 1953.Link | ISI | Google Scholar3 Gonzalez RR, Pandolf KB, Gagge AP. Heat acclimation and decline in sweating during humidity transients. J Appl Physiol 36: 419–425, 1974.Link | ISI | Google Scholar4 Van Heyningen R, Weiner JS. A comparison of arm-bag sweat and body sweat. J Physiol 116: 395–403, 1952.Crossref | ISI | Google Scholar5 Weschler L. Viewpoint: Sweat electrolyte concentrations obtained from within occlusive coverings are falsely high because sweat itself leaches skin electrolytes. J Appl Physiol; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00924.2007.Link | ISI | Google Scholar Download PDF Previous Back to Top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedInformationCited ByCFTR genotype-related body water and electrolyte balance during a marathon17 August 2015 | Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, Vol. 26, No. 9Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury in Sweat: A Systematic ReviewJournal of Environmental and Public Health, Vol. 2012Effects of short-term training on thermoregulatory and sweat responses during exercise in hot conditions8 November 2010 | Equine Veterinary Journal, Vol. 42Last Word on Viewpoint: Sweat electrolyte concentrations obtained from within occlusive coverings are falsely high because sweat itself leaches skin electrolytesLouise B. Weschler1 October 2008 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 105, No. 4 More from this issue > Volume 105Issue 4October 2008Pages 1378-1378 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2008 the American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.zdg-8179.vpcomm.2008PubMed18838515History Published online 1 October 2008 Published in print 1 October 2008 Metrics