Values Of Width Research Articles

Termoplastik Malzemelerin CO2 Lazer Kesim Parametrelerinin Kerf Genişliği Ve Isıdan Etkilenen Bölge Üzerindeki Etkisinin İstatistiksel İncelenmesi

Understanding and optimizing the CO2 laser cutting process of thermoplastic materials is critical for improving product quality, reducing waste, and achieving efficient manufacturing processes. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a number of input parameters (i.e., material type, power, and cutting speed) on the key output parameters (i.e., kerf width and heat affected zone) in CO2 laser cutting of thermoplastic materials. The laser cutting process was performed based on the Taguchi L18 (21x32) orthogonal array design. The effects of cutting parameters on the outputs were calculated by using the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and analysis of variance (ANOVA) techniques. Furthermore, first and second-degree mathematical models were established by using regression analysis to estimate the values of kerf width and heat affected zone. The optimum laser cutting parameters for kerf width and heat affected zone were determined as and Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) material type, 80 W power, and 15 mm/s cutting speed. The ANOVA results showed that the most efficient parameter on kerf width was power with 53.99% while the most efficient parameter on heat affected zone was material type with 40.96%. In addition, the coefficient of determination (R2) values for the regression equations developed for the outputs are significantly high. The R2 values of the first- and second-degree regression equations for KW are 97.26% and 99.71%, respectively, whereas 93.43% and 98.18% for HAZ.

Innovative Flexural Repair Technique of Pre-Damaged T-Beams Using Eco-Friendly Steel-Fibre-Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete

This paper presents an innovative flexural repair technique for pre-damaged reinforced concrete T-beams using eco-friendly steel-fibre-reinforced geopolymer concrete (SFRGPC). The study considers various parameters such as repair layer depth, location and configuration, and the use of additional reinforcement in one beam. The beams were preloaded to 50% of their ultimate flexural capacity. Extensive measurements were taken, including crack initiation and propagation, crack width, initial stiffness, load deflection, peak loads, ductility index, and strain values. The structural performance of the repaired T-beams under flexural loading was predicted using an analytical model. The repaired beams showed an increase in carrying capacity, stiffness, and ductility, but the failure mode was identical to the control samples. The study shows that SFRGPC shows great promise as a technique for not only repairing pre-damaged reinforced concrete beams but also for their strengthening. The best results were obtained with three-sided jackets with fibrous geopolymer concrete only, resulting in a load-carrying capacity increase of 25.8% compared to reference T-beams. The bonding between SFRGPC and existing concrete was effective, with no slippage or disintegration at the interface. The repaired beams’ structural behaviour and performance under flexural loads were successfully predicted using the analytical model, with a precision of about 98%.

Effect of Gap Width on the Distance between Bright Patterns in Yellow

This research aims to determine the effect of gap width on the distance between bright patterns in the yellow color experiment. This research was carried out in a virtual laboratory, with the method used is a quantitative method with an experimental method, namely the method used to determine the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. Data collection was taken during the practicum using the PhET website in the Wave Interference – Slits section, with yellow light which has a wavelength of around 670-690 nm. The distance between two slits is 1500 nm and three different slit widths are used, namely 500 nm, 600 nm, and 700 nm. This research shows that the smaller the value of the gap width, the greater the value of the dark light pattern. Where, the wider the gap, the denser the light-dark pattern on the screen, and the smaller the gap width, the more sparse the light-dark pattern on the screen. Keywords: Gap Width; PhET; Dark Light Pattern.

Unveiling colloidal transport and deposition: Exploring pore network and random forest models for insights

The transport and deposition of colloids in porous media are common phenomena in nature and industry. In this study, a pore network model (PNM) was used to model the geometry, flow field, and colloidal mass transfer of porous media. The finite element method (FEM) was utilized to establish a database of the contact efficiency ηt of the pore-scale collectors, and a random forest model (RFM) was trained. Reasonable prediction of ηt shows that the developed RFM greatly improves the computational efficiency and frees users from repeated numerical simulations. The effects of the colloidal size and seepage velocity on colloidal transport and the surface deposition behavior were studied, the ηt distribution in the PNM was determined, and breakthrough and retention curves were calculated. The results show that the ηt distribution width and mean value increase with the increase in the colloidal particle size and decrease with the increase in the seepage velocity in the range of colloidal particle sizes and seepage velocities considered in this paper. The peak concentration of the breakthrough curve decreases with increasing colloidal particle size and increases with increasing seepage velocity. Surface deposition produces exponential or uniformly shaped retention curves, with retention concentrations increasing with increasing colloidal particle size and decreasing with increasing seepage velocity. The evolution analysis of the retention curve revealed notable detachment and reattachment effects of the colloids in porous media. The results of this study have potential applications in various fields such as environmental remediation, groundwater management, and filtration technology optimization.

Effect of Variable Growth Conditions on Selected Anatomical Properties of Hungarian Turkey Oak Wood

Quercus cerris (Turkey oak) has been categorized as a drought-tolerant species because it can survive with rainfall below 400 mm/year, and it usually develops deep and penetrating taproots. This characteristic suggests that Turkey oak is a survival candidate species for the future environment with the predicted climate scenarios in Hungary. Potentially, Turkey oak could support a sustainable supply of timber to the Hungarian wood industry in the future, as the aesthetic value is similar to that of noble oaks. The objectives of the study are to determine 1; the selected micro-level wood properties (wood tissue characteristics) and 2; the selected macrolevel wood properties (tree-ring width, sapwood-heartwood ratio) for Turkey oak from two different sites. The heartwood portion for all trees constituted 67-82% of the cross-diameter. The growth-ring width decreased from pith to bark. The annual rings in the sapwood had a width value range of 1000 to 1600 μm; in heartwood 1600 to 2500 μm; in juvenile wood 2400 to 3300 μm. Soil quality and stand composition had a significant effect on growth-ring width. Fibre length ranged from 800.03 to 1305.59 m, whereas fibre-wall thickness varied between 11.73 and 18.51 μm, with soil quality and species composition having a highly significant influence. The earlywood parts of the growth rings had a vessel diameter range of 274.62-401.54 μm, whereas the latewood portion ranged from 46.50 to 190.08 μm. Overall, stand composition was a major source of variation in the properties studied.

Red and green defocus curves and duochrome test in different age groups

PurposeTo compare the eye defocus curves (DCs) obtained with stimuli on red, green, and white backgrounds and to investigate the applicability of the duochrome test (DT) in different age groups. Methods12 elderly (ELD: 59.3 ± 3.9 years) and 8 young (YG: 22.1 ± 1.1 years) subjects were recruited. An optometric assessment with the DT was carried out to obtain the subjective refraction at distance. DCs at distance on green, white, and red backgrounds were measured and the following parameters were deduced: dioptric difference between red-green, green-white, red-white focal positions (minima of the DCs), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and widths of the DCs for red, green, and white. ResultsThe DC difference between the green-white focal positions (mean ± standard deviation) was -0.12±0.17 diopters (D) (ELD, p= 0.012) and -0.11±0.12 D (YG, p= 0.039), while the red-white difference was not statistically significant. The DC red-green difference was 0.20±0.16 D (ELD, p= 0.002) and 0.18±0.18 D (YG, p = 0.008). The ELD BCVA with green background was significantly worse than BCVA with red (p = 0.007) and white (p = 0.007). The mean value of the DC's width in ELD for green (1.01±0.36 D) was higher than for red (0.77±0.21 D) and for white (0.84±0.35 D), but with no statistical significance. ConclusionBoth age groups showed a slight focusing preference for red when using white light. Moreover, ELD showed a worse BCVA with a green compared to a red background. Despite these results deduced by DC analyses, these aspects do not compromise the possibility of using the DT in clinical practice both in the young and in the elderly. Furthermore, the difference of about 0.20 D between red-green DC in both groups confirms the clinical appropriateness of the widespread use of 0.25 D step as the standard minimum difference in power between correcting lenses.

Correlation analysis between polymorphism of leptin and IGFI genes and body measurements in Barki and Farafra sheep

BackgroundGrowth performance, which can be evaluated using various body measurements, is crucial for providing red meat for human consumption. This study aims to improve the growth performance of sheep by identifying the different genotypes of leptin and IGFI genes associated with higher body measurements.MethodsIn this study, we collected blood samples from Barki (n = 30) and Farafra (n = 30) sheep, and measured their body height, width, length, and weight, and tail width and length to assess their growth performance. We used single strand conformation polymorphism polymerase chain reaction (SSCP-PCR) and sequencing analysis to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and different genotypes of the leptin and insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGFI) genes associated with sheep body measurements.ResultsThe leptin gene (209 bp) and IGFR gene (345 bp) were found to have three (TT, TG, and GG) and (TT, TC, and CC) genotypes, respectively, by SSCP-PCR. Sequence analysis revealed a SNP in the leptin gene (200G > T) with two alleles (G allele: OR058867 and T allele: OR058868). This SNP resulted in the substitution of the amino acid valine with leucine, which increased the width, length, and weight of the body and tail width in the heterozygous form (TG). The IGFI gene had three SNPs: 305 G > T in TT genotype (OR260670), 184C > T, 265T > C, and 305G > T in TC genotype (OR260669), and 265T > C in CC genotype (OR260671). The TC genotype of the IGFR gene was correlated with higher values of body measurements. Barki sheep were found to have the highest values for body weight, width, length, and tail width compared to Farafra sheep.ConclusionWe recommend the use of entire Barki sheep in inbreeding programs to improve growth performance in Egyptian sheep.

Red cell distribution width: A predictor of the severity of hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis.

Compared with patients with other causes of acute pancreatitis, those with hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis (HTG-AP) are more likely to develop persistent organ failure (POF). Therefore, recognizing the individuals at risk of developing POF early in the HTG-AP process is a vital for improving outcomes. Bedside index for severity in acute pancreatitis (BISAP), a simple parameter that is obtained 24 h after admission, is an ideal index to predict HTG-AP severity; however, the suboptimal sensitivity limits its clinical application. Hence, current clinical scoring systems and biochemical parameters are not sufficient for predicting HTG-AP severity. To elucidate the early predictive value of red cell distribution width (RDW) for POF in HTG-AP. In total, 102 patients with HTG-AP were retrospectively enrolled. Demographic and clinical data, including RDW, were collected from all patients on admission. Based on the Revised Atlanta Classification, 37 (33%) of 102 patients with HTG-AP were diagnosed with POF. On admission, RDW was significantly higher in patients with HTG-AP and POF than in those without POF (14.4% vs 12.5%, P < 0.001). The receiver operating characteristic curve demonstrated a good discriminative power of RDW for POF with a cutoff of 13.1%, where the area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity were 0.85, 82.4%, and 77.9%, respectively. When the RDW was ≥ 13.1% and one point was added to the original BISAP to obtain a new BISAP score, we achieved a higher AUC, sensitivity, and specificity of 0.89, 91.2%, and 67.6%, respectively. RDW is a promising predictor of POF in patients with HTG-AP, and the addition of RDW can promote the sensitivity of BISAP.

How wide is the problem? Leveraging alternative data sources to enhance channel width representation in watershed modeling

Watershed models have been increasingly applied to investigate the impacts of environmental changes on water quantity and quality and to support decision-making. Thus, accurately capturing physical processes and the characteristics of the watershed system is vital to achieving reliable results. Channel geometry features such as cross-sectional shape, bankfull channel width, and depth affect hydraulic parameters like hydraulic radius, wetted perimeter, and cross-sectional area. These, in turn, play important roles in streamflow dynamics, flow velocity, erosion, nutrient transport, and stream ecology. However, the representation of bankfull channel width is often oversimplified in watershed models. Power-law regression equations relating geometric parameters and upstream drainage area are commonly used to calculate bankfull channel width in watershed models. This approach has limitations and may resonate in the misrepresentation of channel geometry with implications for water quantity and quality estimations. This study evaluates how bankfull channel width is represented in a popular watershed model and presents alternative data sources derived from aerial measurements, empirical models, LiDAR, and a global database to mitigate potential misrepresentations. To assess the impacts of bankfull channel width on water quantity and quality, we designed a series of modeling experiments through the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. We test our methodology in the Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa river basin, a large watershed system draining to the Gulf of Mexico coast. Our findings indicate that, overall, the regression equation used in the ArcSWAT program (SWAT's GIS interface) can overestimate bankfull channel width by as much as three times in our study domain. In testing the effects of bankfull width on model simulations we found negligeable implication for water yield predictions. On the other hand, 1-day maximum flows were greatly increased (20%) by using channel width values from the alternative data sources. Simulated water quality was also affected, with stream water temperature showing better agreement with observations under the proposed scenarios. Sediment loadings increased by as much as 118% under the alternative data sources of channel width. Nitrate and phosphate loadings had opposite responses and showed decreases as high as 8.3 and 18.8%, respectively, relative to the default model. Our findings demonstrate that bankfull channel width is misrepresented in watershed models with underlying impacts on simulated water quantity, quality, and ecological flows. Our analysis found bankfull channel width as an important parameter affecting high flows and water quality, and the freely available data sources tested in this study showed good matches with field measurements, making our findings readily available and broadly useful to the modeling community.

Electro-chemo-mechanical failure of solid-state electrolyte caused from intergranular or transgranular damage propagation in polycrystalline aggregates

Electro-chemo-mechanical failure of solid-state electrolytes (SEs) caused by the internal growth of lithium dendrites significantly impedes the application of solid-state batteries under high applied current density. The grain boundary is usually the key to the mechanical properties of polycrystalline ceramic SEs. Here, strength and width of grain boundary in SEs that are exampled by garnet-type Li7La3Zr2O12 are evaluated under the deposition of lithium by visualizing the stress field, damage accumulation and crack propagation. The enhancement of grain boundary strength triggers a dramatic increase stress when the ratio of tensile strength between grain boundary and grain (λ) is lower than 0.9. With the variation of λ, three damage processes are revealed as intergranular-damage, inter/transgranular-damage and transgranular-damage, leading to different propagation of cracks and the transformation of intergranular failure to transgranular failure. Furthermore, the width of the grain boundary is found to induce more transgranular-damage with its widening. A critical value of grain boundary width for the formation of displacement is obtained under various strengths, as δ = 21 nm for λ = 0.2, δ = 25 nm for λ = 0.5 and δ = 31 nm for λ = 0.9. The findings in this work indicate the coupling effect of grain boundary width and strength on the failure of SEs, providing an insightful perspective for the future design of solid-state batteries.

Effects of chitosan application on the yield and quality of lettuce

Modern agricultural production has adopted the principle of maximizing yields in an environmental-friendly, inexpensive, and non-hazardous way. With these characteristics, chitosan has become an increasingly preferred biostimulant in sustainable agriculture. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of chitosan application on yield and quality in lettuce cultivation. For this purpose, Yedikule 5107 lettuce variety was used, and foliar chitosan applications were applied 3 times at 4 different doses of 0, 75, 150, and 300 ppm levels. The total yield, leaf number, leaf width, chlorophyll, total phenolic, and antiradical activity values ranged from 2970 to 3290 kg da-1, from 35.8 to 37.7, from 11.27 to 12.33 cm, from 38.05 to 41.82, from 21.50 to 38.71 mg/100 g, and 46.0% to 54.9%, respectively, and the highest values were obtained in the 300 ppm chitosan application. The highest root collar and plant diameter values were determined at 75 ppm and 150 ppm chitosan doses, respectively. All chitosan applications increased leaf length. Furthermore, chitosan applications were effective in preventing nitrate accumulation. In conclusion, it was determined that the effect of pre-harvest chitosan application was positive, and especially 300 ppm chitosan dose was more effective than other doses.

Stochastic inversion for equivalent hydraulic fracture characterization using low-frequency distributed acoustic sensing data

Distributed fiber-optic sensing, a game-changing technology, has been successfully applied in monitoring hydraulic fracturing treatments. The cross-well fiber-optic strain/strain-rate responses are directly related to the fracture-propagation process and dynamic fracture geometry. Extracting the insightful information regarding hydraulic fractures requires robust interpretation workflows. In this paper, we aim to develop a stochastic inversion approach to characterize the dynamic equivalent fracture geometry and quantify the associated uncertainties using cross-well low-frequency distributed acoustic sensing (LF-DAS) measurements. A fast analytical forward solver based on the 3D displacement discontinuity method is developed to model the strain. The objective function is the sum-of-squares error between the modeled strain and the measured strain. We focus on an equivalent fracture geometry with a predefined length centered around the monitoring well, which is a reasonable assumption considering the spatial sensitivity of LF-DAS. Therefore, the model parameters reduce to fracture width and height of the equivalent fracture. We adopted the delayed rejection adaptive metropolis (DRAM) algorithm, an efficient Markov-chain Monte Carlo (MCMC)-based method, to perform the optimization. The efficiency and accuracy of the algorithm are tested using a synthetic case that has three monitoring wells at different locations. The mean values of fracture width and height are both close to the true values with negligible standard deviations for all the three monitoring wells. The algorithm performance is not sensitive to the initial guess and the predefined length needs to be large enough. Then, a field case with a single cluster from the HFTS-2 project is presented. The fracture width increases from about 0.5 mm to about 0.9 mm during the pumping stage and gradually decreases during the shut-in period. The fracture height changes during the pumping stage and stabilizes at about 150 m during the shut-in period, the trend of which is consistent with the LF-DAS signals from the offset vertical monitoring well. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first algorithm that can efficiently quantify the fracture width and height simultaneously. The results could provide novel insights on the characteristics of fracture geometry and significantly improve the understanding of complex fracture propagation processes in subsurface reservoirs.

The influence of the field orientation on the representativeness of the positional dynamics in soccer small-sided games

The aim of this study was to compare the positional dynamics in soccer small-sided games (SSGs) with either greater length (SSGlength) or width (SSGwidth) with official games. Twenty four Brazilian U-20 national-level players participated in six SSGs training sessions with two different SSG configurations: SSGlength (4v4, 40 m length and 26 m width) and SSGwidth (4v4, 26 m length and 40 m width). Positional dynamics variables were monitored and compared to official games. Linear mixed regression model was fitted using the situations as fixed effect, and, when appropriate, player and/or group as random effects. When compared to SSGlength and SSGwidth, official games showed a greater Relative Team Length, LPWratio, Spacial Exploration Index (SEI), and Strech Index, with a large or very large effect size. The SSGlength elicited higher values of Relative Team Width, LPWratio, and SEI when compared to SSGwidth. No significant differences were found between SSGlength and SSGwidth for Relative Team Length (small effect size), and SI (small effect size). Both group and player as random effects showed low variances. We concluded that the tactical behaviours during the 4v4 SSG differed substantially from the competitive tactical behaviour during the official games. In addition, changing the orientation of the playing field did not make the positional dynamics of the SSGs more similar to the official games.

Effect of alkali and alkaline earth metal ion as glass modifiers on the spectroscopic characteristics of Er3+‐ion doped lead silicate glasses

AbstractThe spectroscopic characteristics of Er‐doped lead silicate glasses were investigated with respect to the effects of glass modifiers (Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+) with various optical basicities. Using the absorption spectra of the glasses, the Judd–Ofelt parameters of the glasses were calculated and examined, with an emphasis on the glass emission intensity ratio at 1572 nm. The spectra of the samples at low temperatures were examined, and the Stark splitting of Er3+ was investigated. The McCumber method was used to determine the emission cross sections of glasses. The SPM glass exhibited high values of full width at half maximum (51.24 nm) and the emission cross section at 1572 nm (1.908 × 10−21 cm2), with potential applications for guiding component design of 1.5‐μm fiber lasers and amplifiers.

Prognostic value of red blood cell distribution width combined with chloride in predicting short- and long-term mortality in critically ill patients with congestive heart failure: Findings from the MIMIC-IV database

BackgroundHypochloremia and red blood cell distribution width (RDW) play important roles in congestive heart failure (CHF) pathophysiology, and they were associated with the prognosis of CHF. However, the prognostic value of chloride combined with RDW in patients with CHF remains unknown. MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed critically ill patients with CHF. The database was derived from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV v2.0 (MIMIC-IV-v2.0) database. ResultsIn the final analysis, 5376 critically ill patients with CHF were included, and 2428 patients (45.2 %) experienced 5-year mortality. The restricted cubic spline model revealed a positive correlation between RDW and 5-year mortality, whereas chloride showed a U-shaped correlation with 5-year mortality. The median values of RDW and chloride were used to classify patients into four groups: high chloride/low RDW, low chloride/low RDW, high chloride/high RDW, and low chloride/high RDW. We observed the prognostic value of RDW combined with chloride in the Cox proportional hazard model, in predicting 5-year mortality, in-hospital mortality and 1-year mortality. Furthermore, we discovered that patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) had a higher 5-year mortality risk than patients without CKD. ConclusionWe found the translational potential role of chloride combined with RDW in prioritizing patients at high risk for short- and long-term mortality in a cohort of critically ill patients with CHF. Prospective multicenter investigations are warranted to validate our results.

Can an Alginate-based Wound Dressing Modified with Garden Cress Substitute for COE-PAK as a Wound Dressing? An In Vitro Study.

The aim of the current study was to prepare a natural oral wound dressing from alginate modified with garden cress (GC), a rich source of antibacterial phytochemical compounds essential for wound healing. Sodium alginate (SA) dressing (negative control group), was prepared and modified with GC seeds extracts (25 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL) as the intervention groups, and COE-PAK was the positive control group. Cytotoxicity was measured using WST-1 assay (n = 15) after 24 and 48 hours. The in vitro wound healing assay (n = 15) was assessed in terms of wound width, and cell migration rate (0, 24, 48, and 72 hours). Agar diffusion test was performed to investigate the antibacterial action (n = 15) of the groups against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei strains. Results were significant at p ≤ 0.05. There was no statistically significant difference in cytotoxicity in all groups (p = 0.24 at 24 hours and 0.1 at 48 hours). Garden cress-containing groups revealed the lowest mean value of wound width (0.27 mm ± 0.01 and 0.23 mm ± 0.01 for 25 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL, respectively at 48 hours) and the highest mean value of cell migration rate (0.013 mm/hour ± 0.004 and 0.014 mm/hour ± 0.004 for 25 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL, respectively at 48 hours), in addition to the highest antibacterial action (1.49 mm ± 0.05 and 2.14 mm ± 0.09 for 25 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL, respectively against S. mutans, 1.43 mm ± 0.07 and 2.55 mm ± 0.09 for 25 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL, respectively against L. casei). Alginate wound dressing modified with GC extract could be considered a promising wound dressing material in terms of wound healing and antibacterial action. Ready-to-use alginate-based wound dressing modified with GC extract may represent a promising natural alternative to the most commonly used oral wound dressing (COE-PAK).

Association of serum iron and serum calcium levels in children with febrile seizures

Objectives: The current case–control study was conducted to investigate the relationship of iron deficiency anemia and calcium levels with febrile seizures (FSs) in children. Materials and Methods: The study included 200 children ranging in age from 6 to 60 months. One hundred cases had FSs, including simple FSs and rest; 100 controls had a short history of febrile illness (&lt;3 days) without seizures. A statistical analysis of the data was carried out using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 23. Results: The mean weight, height, and head circumference of cases and controls are 9.73 ± 2.51 kg and 10.63 ± 3.34 kg, 79.66 ± 11.08 cm and 85.43 ± 15.55 cm, and 46.37 ± 2.79 cm and 46.83 ± 3.72 cm, respectively. As per the Indian Academy of Pediatrics, 27% of cases and 37% of controls had protein energy malnutrition (PEM). In cases and controls, the mean hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and red cell distribution width values were 9.23 ± 1.30 and 10.78 ± 1.60 gm/dL, 68.83 ± 8.86 and 78.59 ± 9.82 fl, 25.40 ± 3.47 and 28.50 ± 3.60 pg, and 18.73 ± 1.77 and 16.44 ± 1.76, respectively, and are statistically significant. Patients had lower serum ferritin levels than controls. The mean blood calcium levels in cases and controls were 9.13 ± 0.64 and 9.05 ± 0.93 mg/dL, respectively (P = 0.507). Iron deficiency anemia was found in 26% of cases and 7% of controls (P value &lt;0.001). Hypocalcemia was reported in only 18% of patients and 23% of controls (P = 0.38). Conclusion: There is a clear correlation between FSs and iron deficiency. The majority of data suggests that hypocalcemia is unlikely to be the cause of FSs. Early detection and intervention of iron deficiency in children could help in the prevention and recurrence of FSs.

Influence of Solid and Liquid Red California Vermicompost (Eisenia foetida) on Lactuca sativa var. crispa L

In this study, the effects of different doses and applications of vermicompost formed by composting cow manure with Red California Worm Eisenia fetida (Lumbricidae) on the growth, development, and pesticide resistance of L. sativa var. crispa (Lettuce) was tried to be determined. Vermicompost was applied in solid and liquid form at rates 10%, 20% and 30%. The leaf length, leaf width, chlorophyll amount (SPAD), number of marketable leaves, number of discarded leaves, leaf pH, leaf nitrogen content and pesticide residue analyze were examined in plant samples. In addition, texture, pH, organic matter, EC, total N, P, K, Mg and Ca analyzes were made in the soil samples and vermicompost used in the study.&#x0D; According to the statistical analysis results of the study, it was determined that all results except leaf pH, the number of discarded leaves and pesticide residue analyzes were statistically significant in terms of vermicompost type and dose. In all the parameters studied, solid vermicompost application have higher results than both the control and commercial liquid vermicompost. The highest leaf length and width values were determined at 20% dose of solid vermicompost, while chlorophyll amount and leaf nitrogen values were determined at 30% dose. The number of marketable leaves was the same in all doses of solid vermicompost application. However, it was no found statistically significant difference in pesticide residue analyzes in terms of vermicompost types, dose amounts and vermicompost type-dose interactions. The fungicide residue levels were above MRL (Maximum residue limits) in all studied samples.

Multi-track, multi-layer cladding layers of YCF102: An analytical and predictive investigation of geometric characteristics

This paper proposes a prediction method of the geometric characteristic parameters of cladding layers with multi-track and multi-layer. YCF102 cladding layers with different number of tracks and layers were laser cladded on the AISI 1045 steel substrate. The changing trend of the geometric characteristic parameters was analyzed by a laser microscope, and the prediction method of clad height, clad width and melt pool depth with the different number of tracks and layers under various processing parameters were proposed respectively. The results show that the increase of the number of tracks and layers lead to the increase of clad height, clad width and melt pool depth. When cladding the sixth layer, the clad width and melt pool depth still show an increasing trend, but the increase rate of melt pool depth slows down. The average residual values between the calculated and measured values of clad height, clad width and melt pool depth are 280.01 μm, 158.90 μm and 8.00 μm respectively, which are only 5.69%, 4.01% and 1.72% of the corresponding measured values. It is indicated that the prediction method is reasonable. The proposed prediction method can be used to predict the geometric characteristic parameters of multi-track and multi-layer cladding layers. The application of the method can effectively save the processing time and cost of the laser cladding repair of machine parts.

Airborne Radar Doppler Spectrum Width as a Scale-Dependent Turbulence Metric

Abstract High-resolution airborne cloud Doppler radars such as the W-band Wyoming Cloud Radar (WCR) have, since the 1990s, investigated cloud microphysical, kinematic, and precipitation structures down to 30-m resolution. These measurements revolutionized our understanding of fine-scale cloud structure and the scales at which cloud processes occur. Airborne cloud Doppler radars may also resolve cloud turbulent eddy structure directly at 10-m scales. To date, cloud turbulence has been examined as variances and dissipation rates at coarser resolution than individual pulse volumes. The present work advances the potential of near-vertical pulse-pair Doppler spectrum width as a metric for turbulent air motion. Doppler spectrum width has long been used to investigate turbulent motions from ground-based remote sensors. However, complexities of airborne Doppler radar and spectral broadening resulting from platform and hydrometeor motions have limited airborne radar spectrum width measurements to qualitative interpretation only. Here we present the first quantitative validation of spectrum width from an airborne cloud radar. Echoes with signal-to-noise ratio greater than 10 dB yield spectrum width values that strongly correlate with retrieved mean Doppler variance for a range of nonconvective cloud conditions. Further, Doppler spectrum width within turbulent regions of cloud also shows good agreement with in situ eddy dissipation rate (EDR) and gust probe variance. However, the use of pulse-pair estimated spectrum width as a metric for turbulent air motion intensity is only suitable for turbulent air motions more energetic than the magnitude of spectral broadening, estimated to be &lt;0.4 m s−1 for the WCR in these cases. Significance Statement Doppler spectrum width is a widely available airborne radar measurement previously considered too uncertain to attribute to atmospheric turbulence. We validate, for the first time, the response of spectrum width to turbulence at and away from research aircraft flight level and demonstrate that under certain conditions, spectrum width can be used to diagnose atmospheric turbulence down to scales of tens of meters. These high-resolution turbulent air motion intensity measurements may better connect to cloud hydrometeor process and growth response seen in coincident radar reflectivity structures proximate to turbulent eddies.