Total Lipid Values Research Articles

Estocagem tecidual e utilização de lipídeos em Matrinxã, Brycon cephalus (Günther, 1869)

Os lipídeos exercem diversas funções biológicas, como constituintes de membranas, precursores de hormônios, e por seu alto conteúdo calórico, um eficiente composto para estoque de energia. Nos peixes, ao contrário dos mamíferos, os modelos de deposição lipídica são mais diversos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a concentração de lipídeo total no plasma e nos tecidos somático e reprodutivo do matrinxã, Brycon cephalus, macho e fêmea, destacando alguns índices somáticos relacionados à dinâmica desse substrato. De outubro/97 a janeiro/99, foram amostrados, mensalmente, 8 a 12 peixes, totalizando 174 animais. Após anestesia, retirou-se sangue heparinizado para dosagem do triacilglicerol plasmático. Cada peixe foi mensurado e fígado, gônadas e gordura visceral retirados e pesados para cálculo do IHS (índice hepatossomático) IGS (índice gonadossomático) e IGVS (índice gorduro-viscerossomático). Os maiores teores do lipídeo total ocorreram no músculo vermelho, com aproximadamente 18%, seguido pelo fígado e gônadas com valores médios de 16,5%. O músculo branco apresentou o menor teor com 2,3%. A análise de variância dos IHS e IGVS mostrou que ambos apresentaram efeito significativo para bimestre, com índices mais baixos em períodos de temperaturas mais altas, e não significativo para sexo e a interação sexo e bimestre. O matrinxã estoca lipídeos em vários tecidos corpóreos incluindo gordura mesentérica, fígado, músculos e gônadas.

Monthly variations in some reproductive parameters of Barki and Awassi rams throughout 1 year under subtropical conditions 2. Biochemical and enzymatic properties of seminal plasma

AbstractFifteen sexually mature rams, five each of Barki, Awassi (I, imported from Syria) and Awassi (LB, locally born in Egypt) were used to study the biochemical and enzymatic properties of seminal plasma for 12 months. The biochemical analyses of ram seminal plasma indicated that the highest values of total protein, albumin (A), globulin (G), fructose, total lipids and cholesterol were recorded in late summer and early autumn, while A/G and AST/ALT ratios exhibited the lowest values. Lowest values of the same parameters were recorded in winter and late spring, while ratios of A/G and aspartate amino transferase (AST)/alanine amino transferase (ALT) showed the highest values in spring. AST enzyme activity showed highest activity in winter and summer and lowest activity in autumn, while ALT exhibited the highest activity in winter and the lowest activity in spring. The relationships between these parameters and semen quality are discussed.

INFLUENCE OF BASELINE VALUES ON LIPIDS, LIPOPROTEINS AND FIBRINOLYTIC PARAMETERS DURING AMLODIPINE TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION IN JAPANESE PATIENTS

Twenty-four Japanese hypertensive patients of both sexes, grouped as having `medium' and `high' baseline total lipid values, had their serum lipids, lipoproteins and plasma fibrinolytic parameters, renin and noradrenaline levels determined after 3 months of amlodipine treatment. For the patients with `medium baseline values', total plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and t-PA-PAI-1 complex levels decreased, while the changes in lipids and lipoproteins were not significant after amlodipine treatment. For the patients with `high baseline values', the mean triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDLC) levels were reduced while the reductions in total and free PAI-1 and the increase in tissue plasminogen (t-PA) levels were not significant after amlodipine treatment. Negative correlations were observed between t-PA and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and HDLC/total cholesterol (TC) ratio in the patients with `medium baseline values' while t-PA positively correlated with HDLC/TC ratio in patients with `high baseline values'. The mean levels of renin and noradrenaline remained unchanged before and after amlodipine treatment in the two baseline groups. These findings show that baseline lipid levels of the hypertensive patients could influence lipids and fibrinolytic parameters differently during amlodipine treatment. The baseline lipid levels also influenced the metabolic association between lipids and fibrinolytic function in hypertensive patients during amlodipine treatment. The baseline total lipid values could therefore provide explanations for the complex metabolic interaction between lipids and fibrinolytic function as well as for the antiatherogenic actions of amlodipine treatment in hypertensive patients. 2000 Academic Press@p$hr

Simplified gravimetric determination of total fat in food composites after chloroform‐methanol extraction

AbstractA modification of Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) method 983.23 for the quantitative determination of total lipid in food composites was evaluated for the measurement of total fat. The procedure is based on the Bligh and Dyer chloroform/methanol total lipid extraction. Relative to AOAC 983.23, the proposed method is less labor‐intensive and is applicable to batch analysis of a larger number of samples, thus reducing the cost of analysis and increasing sample throughput. Total lipid values from the proposed method are comparable to those from AOAC 983.23 and slightly higher than total fat determined by acid hydrolysis (AOAC 954.02, 945.44, or 922.06). Recoveries of standard additions of different food‐grade oils from a mixed food composite were essentially quantitative, ranging from 96 to 101%. Total lipid measured in Total Diet Standard Reference Material 1548 (SRM 1548, National Institute of Standards and Technology) was 101% of the certified mean total fat content and within the certified range. The method is to be suitable for analysis of food composites with between 0.15 and 1.5 g total fat (3 to 30% by weight). More than 600 samples of a variety of total diet composites were collected and assayed as diet quality control samples for two National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute‐sponsored multicenter clinical feeding trials: DELTA (Dietary Effects on Lipoproteins and Thrombogenic Activity) and DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension). The mean coefficient of variation was 1.2% for duplicate assays of these samples over the course of two years and multiple analysts. In addition, total lipid values for more than 200 samples of a diet composite quality control material, used in this laboratory over a two‐year period, had a 3.99% coefficient of variation. Although the accuracy of all gravimetric total fat methods with respect to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s Nutritional Labeling and Education Act (NLEA) definition of total fat as the sum of triglycerides remains to be determined, the reported modification of AOAC 983.23 yields a total fat content of acceptable accuracy relative to other gravimetric methods, and with proper quality control the method has excellent precision.

Lipids status in human breast cyst fluids

Benign mammary gross cystic disease is the most common breast lesion; women with apocrine changes of epithelium lining the cysts are at higher risk for developing breast cancer than the normal population. Total cholesterol, high- and low-density lipoproteins fractions, triglycerides and phospholipids, lipase activity and total lipid concentrations were measured in cyst fluids and sera from 89 women affected by gross cystic breast disease. Total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein content were significantly (P < 0.001) greater in pooled cyst fluids than normal sera. Moreover, data analyses show a significant increase in the mean values of total lipids and lipase activity in metabolically active apocrine cysts, when compared to the flattened cysts (P < 0.001). The lipids feature of apocrine cysts could represent an altered expression of biosynthetic activity of the surrounding apocrine cell surface glycolipid and steroidogenic metabolism and may provide further knowledge about the functional stage changes of gross breast cysts.

Biochemical, antigenic and allergenic characterization of crude extracts ofDrechslera (Helminthosporium) monoceras

In a previous study with airborne mould extracts we verified that Drechslera (Helminthosporium) monoceras presented stronger reactions than those presented by 42 other moulds isolated in São Paulo city. In the present study, we evaluated the biochemical composition and the antigenicity of crude extracts obtained from vegetative and conidial stage of D. monoceras using Czapeck broth (CB) modified and tris-HCl for extraction. The maximum values of total proteins and lipids were verified in the crude extract obtained in the 28th day of growth, and maximum values of carbohydrates were observed in the extracts of the 16th, 22nd and 26th days. The fractionated proteins by SDS-PAGE presented bands with molecular weights between 14.4 to 67 Kd; the 28th day extract showed a larger number of bands. The carbohydrates and amino acids were characterized by thin-layer chromatography. The antigenicity of the crude extracts was verified by immunodiffusion reaction in agar against rabbit hyperimmune sera. Precipitation lines were observed in all studied extracts and common antigenic molecular populations. Based on the above results, the 28th day extract was selected to verify the induction of IgE antibody responses in immunizations of Balb/c and cAF-1 mice, and titer by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test using Wistar rats. The maximum titers obtained were 160 in cAF-1 mice and 1.280 in Balb/c mice. The results suggest that the 28th day extract contains allergenic fractions and should be chosen for future studies related to fractionation, characterization and standardization in diagnostic methods and immunotherapy.

Hyperlipoproteinaemia associated with atherosclerosis and cutaneous xanthomatosis in a cat

Bilateral uveitis and multiple xanthomas (fat deposits in the skin) are described in a 3.5-year-old ovariohysterectomized female Persian cat. The cat had been treated for 2 years with corticosteroids. Examinations included a routine blood chemistry profile, radiographic examination of the thorax and abdomen, histopathological examination of multiple skin punch biopsies, and analysis of blood lipid components by cellulose-acetate electrophoresis and by preparative ultracentrifugation studies. Total lipid values were 23 g/l. Ultracentrifugation studies indicated strongly elevated VLDL and LDL fractions and a decreased concentration of the HDL fraction. Because of sudden blindness the cat was euthanized at the request of the owner. Autopsy revealed massive atherosclerotic changes in the large abdominal vessels, the wall of the aorta, and the coronary vessels. Although the exact pathogenesis remains uncertain, these unusual findings might be explained by a primary hyperlipoproteinaemia, complicated by long-term use of corticosteroids.

Biochemical studies on owoh — a Nigerian fermented soup condiment from cotton seed

The effect of fermentation on the biochemical composition of cotton seed and the fermented product owoh is reported. There was a reduction in the gossypol content of cotton from 0.055 mg g −1 in the unfermented seed to 0.015 mg g −1 in the fermented product. Apart from potassium, an increase in all the mineral elements in owoh was obtained, while a decrease in the values of total lipids, ash and crude fibre was recorded. A decrease in the total nitrogen and protein is also reported. Enzyme activities during fermentation revealed an initial increase in amylase activity with a peak at 12 h followed by a sharp decline at 24 h. For proteinase, high activity culminating in a peak at 24 h and a decline at 48 h was observed. However, there was a gradual increase in the lipase activity until the end of fermentation.

Effect of dietary nitrogen on gypsy moth larval nutritional indices, development and lipid content

AbstractNutritional indices, development rates, percent dry weights and total lipids were determined in gypsy moth larvae (Lymantria dispar L.) reared on a high wheat germ (HWG) diet or diets prepared from lyophilized, ball‐milled oak or pine foliage as the only source of dietary nitrogen (N). With regard to both total and proteinaceous N content, HWG diet &gt; oak diet &gt; pine diet. All nutritional indices measured were significantly lower in second instars fed pine diet vs. oak diet. Protein supplementation of pine diet with either casein or ovalbumin to bring total N up to the level present in oak diet resulted in small increases in approximate digestibility (AD) and efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), but relative growth rate (RGR) remained unaffected. The low RGR of larvae fed pine diet (unsupplemented or protein supplemented), as compared to those fed HWG or oak diet, was accompanied by significantly lower larval percent dry weight and percent total lipid. In contrast, RGR, larval percent dry weight and total lipid values were comparable in second instars fed HWG or oak diet. Insects reared from the first through the final instar on oak diet exhibited lower pupal weights compared to those reared on HWG. Casein addition to oak diet generally resulted in even more extended larval development times and further reduced pupal weights, but wheat germ addition to oak diet did not alter development rates and caused an increase in pupal weights.

Effect of Zinc Bacitracin on Performance of Male Buschat Rabbits

Abstract Thirty male Buschat rabbits (body weight 1.5–2.0 kg) were randomly alloted to three groups. In Group I basal diet and in group II and III basal diet with 50 and 100 mg zinc bacitmcin/kg diet respectively was fed The results indicated insignificant variations in body weight gain, variable significant effects on food conversion rate and relative weight of carcass and internal organs. Values of total lipids and triglycerides did not differ significantly. There was an initial increase in total cholesterol and a consistent increase in phospholipids in rabbits fed zinc bacitracin supplemented rations.

Plasma Myeloperoxidase and Vitamin E Levels in Head Injury

This preliminary study was designed to assess a possible role of neutrophil activation and to determine the prognostic value of plasma myeloperoxidase (MPO) and vitamin E (Vit. E) levels in severe head injury. Plasma MPO and Vit. E levels were measured in nine severely head-injured patients (Glasgow Coma Score </=8) (ages 12-80 years) 6, 12. 18, 24, and 30 h after trauma. Patients were classified into two groups according to outcome after discharge from the ICU: group D (death; n = 5) and group S (survival; n = 4). Plasma MPO levels were increased immediately after trauma and then decreased. The MPO peak observed after 6 h was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in group D (mean +/- SEM: 1,237 +/- 122 ng/ml) than in group S (mean +/- SEM: 543 +/- 148 ng/ml). Plasma Vit. E levels were lower than normal values and decreased over time. They were always significantly lower (p < 0.05) in group D than in group S, except for the first sample. These differences cannot be explained entirely by total plasma lipid (TL) values since no statistical difference in TL concentrations was found between the two groups during the course of study. The ratio of Vit. E to TL. considered as the best index of Vit. E status, was lower in group D than in group S. and the difference reached statistical significance (p < 0.05) 12 h after trauma. In conclusion, in spite of the limited number of patients included in this study, it appears that severe head injury is associated with an increase in MPO and a decrease in Vit. E levels. These biochemical changes are of greater magnitude in group D than in group S; they suggest neutrophil activation and lipoperoxidation processes. Finally, plasma MPO and Vit. E seem to be new discriminant factors of outcome in head-injured patients.

Chemical Changes of Total Lipids in Salted Pollack Roe and Salted Herring Roe During Preservation.

The purpose of salting fish roes is primarily to maintain their good quality during preservation, but quality deterioration occurs markedly in short period depending on unsuitable conditions. Especially it is affected notably by containing lipids. In previous report, the authors studied on the changes in lipids contained in fish roes according to passage of time, and recognized the effect of preservation at low temperatures on oxidation of lipids by employing salted salmon roes that contain large amount of lipids (ca. 15%). In the present work, properties and compositions of total lipids in salted pollack roes (“Tarako”, ovary of Alaska pollack) and salted herring roe (“Kazunoko, ” ovary of herring) containing less lipids than salted salmon rose were clarified. In addition, to confirm the effects of temperatures and terms of preservation to oxidation of total lipids according to the passage of time, salted pollack roes and salted herring roes were stored at 5°C, -3°C and -18°C for a fixed period of time.Salted pollack roes (“Tarako” in Japanese) and salted herring roes (“Kazunoko” in Japanese) were preserved at 5°C for 4 weeks, -3°C for 8 weeks and -18°C for 16 weeks. The changes in chemical properties, lipid composition and fatty acid composition of total lipids in both samples were investigated. The results obtained were as follows : The slight temporal decrease of total lipids contents in salted pollack roes (1.6%, before preservation) and salted herring roes (3.4%, before preservation) were obtained. Furthermore, acid value, peroxide value and carbonyl value of total lipids in both samples increased at each preservation temperature, while iodine value decreased during preservation, especially above changes were notable at higher preservation temperatures. Regarding the temporal changes in various lipid contents (g/100g sample) composed total lipids, the contents of compound lipid fraction, triacylglycerol as the principal lipid of neutral lipid fraction and phosphatidylcholine as the principal lipid of compound lipid fraction decreased at each preservation temperature in both samples, while neutral lipid fraction and free fatty acid contents increased with time, especially largely changed under preservation at 5°C. Regarding the temporal changes in main fatty acid composition of total lipids, neutral and compound lipid fractions, the composition of highly unsaturated fatty acid as 20 : 5, 22 : 6 acids and monoenoic fatty acid such as 16 : 1, 18 : 1 acids decreased at each preservation temperature in both samples. While, that of saturated fatty acid such as 14 : 0, 16 : 0 acids increased. Above changes were different from the case with salted salmon roes. These tendencies were the least conspicuous in case of preservation at -18°C. As the above experimental results were shown, the usefulness of the preservation at low temperature to cope with oxidation and decomposition of lipids and fatty acids was indicated.

The effect of time on physiological changes in eel Anguilla anguilla, induced by lindane

1. 1. Eel were exposed to a sublethal concentration of lindane (0.335 ppm) for 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr. 2. 2. Concentrations of glycogen, glucose, lactate, pyruvate and lipids were determined in gill tissue after lindane exposure. 3. 3. Gill glycogen descreased and glucose levels increased at 6 hr of treatment, lactate and pyruvate concentration increased between 6 and 48 hr. Total lipid values decreased between 6 and 24 hr; thereafter, the levels increased up to 72 hr of exposure. 4. 4. Clear changes were found in all parameters tested in gill tissues. The observed effects of lindane on metabolism in fish are discussed in relation to acute stress syndrome.

Effects of drag reducing polymer

In order to determine the effect of drag reducing polymers on the occurrence of atherosclerosis, the Guinea pigs were used as the experimental animals. The inhibitory effect of a drag reducing polymer (polyacrylamide) on atherosclerosis in the aortas of Guinea pigs on a high cholesterol diet (2%) was investigated over a period of 6 months. The aortas, livers, kidneys and lungs of the animals, which were separated into four experimental groups (control, polymer, cholesterol and cholesterol + polymer) were also investigated both macroscopically and light microscopically. The selected physiological parameters such as, plasma cholesterol levels, plasma hemoglobin, hematocrit and total lipid values were determined at regular intervals for each group. The results indicate that the atherosclerosis in aorta of the animals receiving the polymer injection is suppressed significantly and the drag reducing water soluble polymers may be effectively applied against atherosclerosis.

Gas Chromatographic Procedure for Measuring Total Lipid in Breast Milk

In summary, direct transesterification of breast milk followed by gas chromatographic analysis provides a useful micromethod for analysis of total lipid in breast milk. In addition to the total lipid value, the concentrations of the major fatty acids can be obtained with this method

Temporal changes of total lipids in salted salmon roes during storage.

Salted salmon roes (“Sujiko” in Japanese) were stored at 5 °C for 4 weeks, -3°C for 8 weeks and -18°C for 16 weeks. Then, temporal changes of chemical properties, lipid composition and fatty acid composition of total lipids extracted from various samples were investigated. The results may be summarised as follows total lipids contents in salted salmon roes showed scarcely any changes. However temporal increases of acid value, peroxide value and carbonyl value of total lipids were observed at each storage temperature, while iodine value decreased during storage. Particularly, the above changes in case of storage at -18°C were the smallest in this study, In brief, storage at -18 °C was effective to control for lipid deterioration. Regarding the temporal changes of various lipid contents (g/100g samples) in total lipids, compound lipid fraction content decreased during storage at each temperature, while neutral lipid fraction content increased. Further-more, the temporal decreases of triacylglycerol (major lipid of neutral lipid fraction) content and phosphatidylcholine (major lipid of compound lipid fraction) content were observed during storage, while free fatty acid content clearly increased. The smallest changes were observed at -18°C storage. Regarding the temporal changes of major fatty acid composition of total lipids, neutral and compound lipid fractions, the decrease of highly unsaturated acid contents (wt%) such as 20 : 5, 22 : 6 acids and the increases of saturated acid contents such as 16 : 0, 18 : 0 acids were observed at each storage temperature. And the temporal changes of major fatty acid composition of compound lipid fraction were greater than those of other lipid fractions. Furthermore, these tendencies were the least conspicuous in case of storage at -18°C.

The estimation of total serum lipids by a completely enzymatic ‘summation’ method

Expressing serum organic toxicant concentrations per weight of total lipid rather than by volume of serum is often advantageous, but it requires a reliable and convenient method for determining the total serum lipids. We compared a completely enzymatic ‘summation’ method for estimating serum total lipids with a traditional gravimetric analysis. Serum total cholesterol (TC), nonesterified cholesterol (FC), triglycerides (TG), and phospholipids (PL) were assayed by automated, enzymatic methods and total lipids (TL) were calculated from the expression TL = 1.677 ∗( TC - FC) + FC + TG + PL . Examining three reference serum pools by both summation and gravimetric methods yielded results that agreed within 1–3%. The evaluation of thirty serum samples resulted in similar mean total lipid values (697 mg/dl gravimetric; 675 mg/dl summation) with excellent correlation between the two methods ( r 2 = 0.978). We conclude that the enzymatic summation procedure is a useful method for routinely estimating serum total lipid content.

Influence of feeding level on growth rate of Tilapia aureus (Steindachner) reared in a closed circulated system

Abstract. Four populations of 42 specimens (mean initial b.wt 64·02–65·29g) of Tilapia aureus (Steindachner), were reared for 15 weeks in 600-1-capacily cylindrical plastic tunks, from a closed circulated system, al four feeding levels (1,2,3 and 4% of b.wt daily). A feeding level of 2% of b.wt daily seems to be the best, taking into consideration biological (specific growth rale, food conversion rate, protein efficiency ratio, values of total plasma lipids, cholesterol and triglyceridcs. haematocrit, proximate carcass analyses, body weight-length relationships) and economical (feed cost) criteria. Also, it is concluded that for T. aureus the use of closed or semiclosed circulated systems could he us satisfactory as other forms of intensive production systems.

Lipid composition of four species of amphistomes (Trematoda) from the rumen of cattle

Awharitoma A.O., Opute F.I., ali S.N. and obiamiwe B.A. 1988. Lipid composition of four species of amphistomes (Trematoda) from the rumen of cattle. International Journal for Parasitology 18: 441–444. Lipids of four amphistome species Carmyerius minutus, Ceylonocotyle dicranocoelium, Cotylophoron cotylophorum and Paramphistomum microbothrium from the rumen of cattle were investigated by the combined techniques of column, thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography. Total lipid values (% wet weight) obtained were for C. minutus 2.72%, C. dicranocoelium 3.23%, C. cotylophorum 4.42% and P. microbothrium 3.49%. Neutral lipids accounted for 20–34% and phospholipids 64–79% of total lipids. The major neutral lipid component of the four parasites was cholesterol. Among the phospholipids phosphatidyl choline and phosphalidyl ethanolamine predominated. The four amphistomes showed similar fatty acid profiles, with chain length varying from 12 carbon atoms to 20 carbon atoms. The level of Unsaturation in the fatty acids of the four parasites was over 50%. Lipid classes and fatty acids from the host rumen tissue and rumen content were qualitatively similar to those of the parasites, thus emphasizing nutritional dependence of the parasites on their host.

Static and dynamic components of renal cortical brush border and basolateral membrane fluidity: role of cholesterol.

Static polarization and differential polarized phase fluorimetry studies on rat renal cortical brush border (BBM) and basolateral membranes (BLM) were undertaken to determine the membrane components responsible for differences in BBM and BLM fluidity, whether these differences were due to the order or dynamic components of membrane fluidity and if a fluidity gradient existed within the bilayer. Surface membrane proteins rigidified both BBM and BLM fluidity. Neutral lipid extraction, on the other hand, caused a larger decrease in BBM than BLM fluorescence polarization (0.104 vs. 0.60, P less than 0.01) using diphenyl hexatriene (DPH). Cholesterol addition to phospholipid fractions restored membrane fluidity to total lipid values in both BBM and BLM phospholipids. The response to cholesterol in the BBM was biphasic, while the BLM response was linear. Lateral mobility, quantitated using dipyrenylpropane, was similar in both BBM and BLM fractions at 35 degrees C. BBM and BLM differed primarily in the order component of membrane fluidity as DPH-limiting anisotropy (r infinity) (0.212 vs. 0.154, P less than 0.01) differed markedly between the two membrane fractions. The two membrane components also differed with respect to 2 and 12-anthroyloxy stearate (2-AS, 12-AS) probes, indicating a difference in the dynamic component of membrane fluidity may also be present. DPH and 12-AS probes were also used to quantitate inner core membrane fluidity and showed the BBM was less fluid than the BLM for intact membranes, total lipid extracts and phospholipids.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)