Total Hardness Values Research Articles

Isolation and identification of azo dye degrading microbes using 16s r RNA sequencing

The aim of the present study was to isolate and identify azo dye degrading microbes using 16s r RNA sequencing. For this, ten effluent and fifty soil samples were collected from textile industry from a discharge panel of textile industries near Peenya and Magadi road Industrial area, Bengaluru, and dying industries near Kerur, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India. The pH, temperature, BOD, COD, Odor, Total dissolved solid (TDS), Total suspended solids (TSS), Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Biological oxygen demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and Total Hardness values were very high when compared with the values given by the Bureau of Indian Standards. Pure cultures were screened on the basis of colony morphology. Three different types of unique cultures were selected and named as isolates S1, S2 and S3. Outof 6 dyes viz. Corafast blue, Corafast red, Red 3BN, Solophenyl Brown, RemazoleRG , Rubin M2B used, isolate S1 showed degradation on the maximum number of dyes Red 3BN, Corafast blue, Corafast red, in comparison to other isolates (isolates S2 and S3). Thus, isolate S1 was used for the further studies. For this study Red 3BN dye was chosen. The isolated bacterium was gram positive Bacilli. In the biochemical characterization, the isolate was partially confirmed as Bacillus sp. Further, the selected isolate was identified by sequencing the 16S rRNA sequencing. The bacterial isolate was identified as Bacillus species exhibiting 99% similarity, the phylogenic relationship of 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence of the isolated strain and species related to Bacillus species in the gene bank database. Thus, this organism may be used significantly in effluent treatment such as textile, paper, ink and other industries.

Treatment of woolen textile wastewater using membrane bioreactor, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis for reuse in production processes

The reuse opportunities of separate wastewater streams and end-of-pipe composite wastewater were investigated in an integrated woolen textile mill. The main purpose was to reuse either the treated composite wastewater and/or treated/untreated separate streams depending on the water quality demand of different water use points in the production processes. In this context, three separate wastewater streams (tops-fiber, bobbins thread and fabric dyeing-finishing wastewaters) and composite wastewater were analyzed in terms of quality and quantity. Moreover, raw groundwater, softened process water, cationic ion exchangers’ regeneration wastewater, and reverse osmosis (RO) concentrates were also characterized. Wastewater treatability studies were conducted in pilot-scale employing membrane bioreactor (MBR), nanofiltration (NF) and brackish water reverse osmosis (BWRO) processes at different test conditions. In the wastewater characterization studies, peaks and oscillations were found in the separate wastewater streams depending on the production schedules and applied dyeing recipes. Therefore, due to mixing effects of separate streams, it was decided to employ pilot-scale treatability tests on the composite wastewater. In the MBR process, the average chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and color removals were 70, 74, 86, 28, 43, and 62%, respectively. In MBR + NF and MBR + RO tests, the removals of all analyzed parameters were 40–99 and 52–99%, respectively. The pH, conductivity, turbidity, color, and TN concentrations in MBR + RO effluent were 7.6–7.8, 57–65 μS/cm, 0.6–1.2 NTU, 25–44 PtCo, and 14–16 mg/L, respectively. In addition, the COD, BOD5 and total hardness values were found under 1 mg/L. The treated water was finally disinfected with ultraviolet (UV) light to ensure microbial safety before reuse in dyeing process. Treated water samples were tested in different dyeing recipes in lab-scale to determine their impacts on woolen textile product quality. Dry-wet rubbing, water fastness, dry-cleaning and alkali-acid perspiration fastness tests were performed on the fabrics dyed with MBR + UV, MBR + NF + UV and MBR + RO + UV effluents and the results were compared with those dyed with process water (softened groundwater). It was found that especially MBR + NF + UV and MBR + RO + UV effluents did not negatively affect product quality. Surprisingly, the color depth was increased in some shades with MBR + UV effluent, possibly due to the presence of already existing salts. Overall, the product quality tests with reclaimed wastewaters exhibited very promising results. Therefore, capital and operational costs were estimated for a potential full-scale wastewater treatment and reclamation plant in the textile mill.

Direct Formation of Burkeite in the Geothermal Waters at Vranjska Banja, Serbia

There are no available data about direct burkeite formation on the geothermal waters pipelines in Europe. Data about accompanying minerals of burkeite are also scarce. This mineral has been found in the scale on pipelines of VG-2 and VG-3 boreholes at Vranjska Banja, Serbia. Geothermal waters from these boreholes have temperatures in the range of 103 and 105 °C which classifies them to the warmest waters in the continental Europe. Based on physicochemical and geochemical data, VG-2 and VG-3 geothermal waters can be classified as Na–Alk–SO4Cl type of waters. According to their temperatures, total hardness and pH values, these waters belong to hyperthermal, very soft and moderately alkaline. Calculated LSI (0.4 and 1.7) and RSI (6.5 and 4.8) values indicate their scale formation tendency. Results of the spectrometric scale examination from the pipe deposits provide a clear qualitative and quantitative burkeite characterization with its accompanying minerals. FTIR analysis points to the presence of carbonate (1766, 1458, 877 and 705 cm−1) and sulfate bands (1139, 1116 and 617 cm−1). Apart from the qualitative analysis, XRD also shows the burkeite mass part in the scale. VG-2 geothermal water contains about 50% of burkeite, which is associated with trona mineral (40%) and smaller amount of halite of about 10%. Burkeite is a dominant phase (> 60%) in VG-3 water, with the presence of a significant halite quantity (> 35%) and a minor calcite quantity (2%).

Hydrogeology of Abuja FCT-Nigeria: A GIS Evaluation

Groundwater has been recognized as playing a very important role in the development of Abuja FCT Nigeria’s capital, as many private and government establishments depend solely on wells for their water needs. Exploitation of groundwater is delicate due to its potency to contamination and difficulty to remediate aquifers. This study is to evaluate the input of the rock formations to the groundwater solute chemistry and groundwater domestic quality using hydrogeochemical tools and physicochemical parameters: pH, EC, Temperature, TDS, Chloro-alkaline indices, Ionic ratios, Gibbs diagrams, Piper diagrams, Durov diagrams and water quality index. From physicochemical parameters: pH ranged from, 4.8 - 7.9; EC, 13.4 - 1634 μS/cm; Temperature, 26℃ - 36.1℃ and TDS, 17.42 - 1094.78 mg/L. The major ions fell below WHO acceptable limits. The sequences of abundance of major ions were, K > Ca2 > Na > Mg2 for cations and Cl-> HCO3->NO3- >SO42- for anions. Borehole depths range from 19.5 - 34.5 m with static water levels between 3 - 12 m.a.m.s.l. Yields were between 3.2 - 7.2 m3/Hr. Ionic ratios show ninety-five (95%) percent of the groundwater chemistry resulting from chemical weathering of rock-forming minerals through the dissolution of the host rock. The Chloro-alkaline indices: CAI1 87.23% are positive indicating exchange of Na and K from water with Mg and Ca of the rocks and 12.77% are negative, indicating reverse softening of groundwater in rocks by infiltrating rainwater while CAI2 85.11% are positive indicating exchange of Na and K from water with Mg and Ca of the rocks and 14.89% are negative, indicating reverse softening of groundwater in rocks by infiltrating rainwater. Thus chloro-alkaline indices indicate the dominance of alkaline earth elements over alkalis in majority of samples due to direct exchange of Ca2 and Mg2 from the aquifer matrix with Na and K from the groundwater. Gibbs diagram revealed groundwater ionic content was as a result of ion exchange from rock-weathering. Piper diagrams give three water types: 75% are CaHCO3, 21.20% are of MgHCO3 and 3.19% are of Na KHCO3 water types respectively. Piper diagrams also give three hydrogeochemical facies in Abuja FCT: 54.25% are of Ca-Mg-Cl-SO4, 42.56% are of Ca-Mg-HCO3 and 3.19% are of Na-K-Cl-SO4 hydrogeochemical facies respectively. Durov plot shows 20.21% are anion discriminate Ca dominant; mixed water and 63.83% had no dominant ion; simple dissolution. Water quality indices (WQI) values were between ？220 - 180, Total hardness (TH) values were between 0 - 519.12. These WQI and TH values indicate that 69.2% and 47.37% of the groundwater respectively are suitable for domestic purpose. The groundwater in Abuja FCT is acidic to slightly alkaline in nature, soft to moderately hard and of low to high salinity. Major processes controlling the water quality are the weathering of the host rock through mineral dis-solution, cation exchange and inverse cation exchange processes. Ion-exchange, simple dissolution and uncommon dissolution processes determined groundwater character.

Environmental Health Status of Some Aquatic Ecosystems in Badagry Division, Lagos, Nigeria

The status of Agboju, Ajegunle, Topo and Gbaji water bodies in Badagry Division of Lagos State, Nigeria was evaluated between April and November 2018 in order to determine the suitability of the ecosystem to biota and safety of the aquatic resources for human consumption. Some environmental variables such as alkalinity, temperature, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), conductivity, total dissolved solid (TDS), carbon (iv) oxide (CO₂), total hardness, chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, phosphate, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, salinity, sulphate and nitrate, and some heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd and Cr) in water, sediment, aquatic plant (<i>Eichhornia crassipes</i>) and fish (<i>Ethmalosa fimbriata</i>) were measured using standard procedures. The results showed that BOD, COD, total hardness and turbidity values were above the standard permissible limits. Cd in water column of Agboju and Ajegunle, and Pb recorded from Agboju, Ajegunle and Topo, exceeded standard permissible limit. Cu (0.56±0.54), Zn (5.45±0.89), Pb (0.54±0.47) and Cr (0.455±0.375) contents in <i>E. fimbriata</i> (from Ajegunle) was slightly above permissible limits while Cd and Fe contents in the fish across the four stations were above permissible limits. Contamination factor, Index of geochemical accumulation and enrichment factor showed moderate degree of contamination of cadmium and Fe in the sediment. This preliminary study could be concluded that the biota can still survive in the ecosystems despite high contamination of the water bodies with metals. However, human consumption of several of <i>E. fimbriata</i> and water could cause health hazard. Therefore, urgent effort should be made by all users of the ecosystem to decline in discharging untreated waste into these water bodies.

Appraisal of ground water quality in and around Kolar and Malur taluks of south-eastern Karnataka, India

Atotal of 16 bore well samples were collected from Kolar and Malur taluks and analyzed for physico-chemical and irrigation water quality parameters. Electrical conductivity values indicated that 37.5% of the analyzed water samples were under permissible and doubtful categories and were unsuitable for drinking and irrigation purpose. Total hardness values classified 37.5% of the samples as very hard waters while 81.25% of the samples were non-saline (< 1000 mg L−1) in nature based on total dissolved solids (TDS) levels. Among cations, concentration of alkaline earth metals (Ca+Mg) was dominant over alkali metals (Na+K). Among anions, weak acidic anion (HCO2) concentration was dominant over strong acidic anion concentration (Cl+SO4) in 81.25% of the samples. Majority of the samples were suitable for irrigation purpose based on SAR (Sodium Absorption Ratio) and percent sodium values. WQI (Water Quality Index) values ranged from 7.56 to 24.69 (mean: 14.8) in the study area, which demonstrated their suitability for domestic and other utilitarian purposes. Fluoride content was above the BIS standard limit of 1.5 mg L−1 at Dhanamatanahally, Challahally, Garudnahally, Kolar West and Mangasandra places, which is a matter of concern in view of the health hazards of fluoride

Water Quality Monitoring of Tigris River by Using (GIS)-Based Physicochemical ‎Parameters in Baghdad, Iraq

Water quality deterioration has become an essential concern worldwide due to climatic ‎changes and increased pollution. As a result, the available drinking water supply resources‏ ‏will receive its ration of this deterioration. This study was conducted to monitor the water ‎quality of the Tigris River in eight different locations in Baghdad during the period ‎between 2005 and 2013. Water samples were collected and analyzed for fourteen ‎selected physicochemical parameters including alkalinity, total hardness (TH), turbidity, ‎total suspended solids (TSS), temperature, pH, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, electrical ‎conductivity (EC), chloride, calcium, magnesium, and sulfate. To show the spatial and ‎temporal variations of the selected parameters along the study area easily and objectively, ‎Geographical Information System maps (GIS maps) were used. Results showed that the ‎obtained values in winter of alkalinity, turbidity, electrical conductivity, and the ‎concentration of calcium, magnesium, sulfate, nitrite, phosphate, chloride, and total ‎suspended solids were higher as compared with the corresponding values in summer. On ‎the other hand, temperature, total hardness, pH, and nitrate values were higher in summer ‎as compared with the corresponding values in winter. The water quality of Tigris River ‎throughout the study period was within the permissible limits of the Iraqi standards for ‎drinking water.‎

Groundwater Quality and Suitability for Different Uses in the Saloum Area of Senegal

Hydrogeochemical analyses were conducted on groundwater sampled from the Saloum aquifer, in southern Senegal. The objective was to identify the chemical processes that control hydrochemistry and to assess the quality of groundwater for determining its suitability for drinking and agricultural purposes. Water samples were collected from 79 wells during the dry season in May 2012, and were subjected to analysis for chemical characteristics (major ions), pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solid (TDS). The dominant hydrochemical facies observed for the groundwater samples are NaCl and CaHCO3. Gibbs plot depicts predominance of rock water interaction and evaporation processes controlling the water chemistry. Percentage of Na+, Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Total Hardness (TH) and Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) values were calculated. The results were compared with the standard guideline values recommended by the World Health Organization and agricultural water standards. The TDS in groundwater is less than 1200 mg/L and SAR values are less than 10. RSC values overall are less than 1.25 meq/L. Results show that the groundwater in the area has generally a low hardness and is fresh (95%) to brackish. The majority of groundwater samples are appropriate for domestic uses. The indexes for water irrigation compared with standard limits revealed that most of the Saloum groundwater samples fall in the suitable range for irrigation.

Comparison Between some Water Characters of the Lesser Zap with anImpoundment Ground Water Close to it

The current study is a comparative between the quality of water in the river lesser Zap with an impoundment ground water close to it, The two sampling areas are located in the Kirkuk city. In 2011, monthly samples were collected from both sites for a period of six months. Some physical and chemical analyzes were conducted (water and temperature, electrical conductivity and hardness). As well as positive and negative ions). On the biological side, the total number of bacteria was numerated. The results of the present study showed clear variations in the values of these variables in some months of the year. The total hardness values in lesser Zab ranged between (150 – 233) mg/ l compared with their values in an impoundment ground water (1075 – 1820) mg/l. The chloride ion concentration showed clear rise in an impoundment ground water 2749 mg/ l during September month compared with water tributary Zab reaching 80 mg/ l. The positive ions, sodium and potassium, showed a clear increase in an impoundment ground water (1375- 1800) and (4-18) mg / l compared with their concentration in the water lesser Zab (34-87) and (1.6- 2.6) mg / l respectively, while the highest count of bacteria in an impoundment ground water were (30 × 103) cells / ml (11 × 103) cells / ml in lesser Zab.تناولت الدراسة الحالیة مقارنة بین نوعیة میاه نهر الزاب الأسفل مع تجمع لمیاه العین القریبة منه فی ناحیة الزاب الأسفل/ محافظة کرکوک. من عام 2011 تم جمع عینات شهریة من کلا الموقعین ولمدة ستة اشهر وأجریت علیها بعض التحلیلات الفیزیائیة والکیمیائیة وهی (درجة حرارة الماء والهواء وقابلیة التوصیل الکهربائی والعسرة بأنواعها فضلا عن الأیونات السالبة والموجبة) أما من الجانب البیولوجی فقد تم حساب العدد الکلی للبکتیریا. بینت نتائج الدراسة الحالیة حصول تغیرات واضحة فی قیم هذه المتغیرات فی بعض أشهر السنة، إذ تراوحت قیم (1820 – 233 ) ملغم / لتر مقارنة مع قیمها فی تجمع ماء العین ( 1075 – العسرة الکلیة فی نهر الزاب الأسفل بین ( 150 ملغم / لتر، فی حین اظهر ترکیز أیون الکلورید ارتفاعا واضحا فی تجمع ماء العین بلغ ( 2749 ) ملغم /لتر خلال شهر ایلول مقارنة مع میاه الزاب الأسفل إذ وصل إلى ( 80 ) ملغم / لتر. أما الأیونات الموجبة الصودیوم والبوتاسیوم فقد أظهرا ارتفاعا 18 ) ملغم / لتر مقارنة مع ترکیزهما فی میاه الزاب الأسفل - 1800 ) و( 4 - واضحا فی تجمع ماء العین حیث وصل ( 1375 103 ) خلیة × 2.6 ) ملغم / لتر على التوالی فی حین وصل أعلى عد للبکتیریا فی تجمع ماء العین إلى ( 30 – 87- 34 ) و( 1.6 ) 103 ) خلیة / مل فی ماء الزاب الأسفل. × / مل و(

GIS-Based Modelling of Water Quality in Different Hilsha Spawning Grounds and Sanctuaries of Bangladesh

The current study was performed to monitor in situ condition and spatio-temporal modelling of the present status of water quality parameters of different spawning grounds and sanctuaries of Hilsha. The study was conducted in nine sites in lower Padma River (Maowa) to lower Meghna River (Bhola, Patuakhali) from 1 August 2015 to 31 January 2016. This study demonstrates surface water temperature, salinity, conductivity and transparency were ranged from 19.00-33.00°C, 0.10-2.90 ppt, 125.60-4720.00 µS/cm and 6.60-74.00 cm respectively. The values of pH, DO, free CO2, total alkalinity, total hardness and free NH3 were varied from 6.00-9.50, 4.50-11.60 mg/L, 3.46-24.00 mg/L, 33.00-172.50 mg/L, 34.20-1291.00 mg/L and 0.20-1.40 mg/L respectively. Moreover, water quality model reveals that the present status of some water quality parameters (free CO2, free NH3, transparency) deviated from optimum condition suitable for the normal physiological process and spawning of Hilsha.

Structures, intermolecular interactions, and chemical hardness of binary water-organic solvents: a molecular dynamics study.

The evolution of structural properties, thermodynamics and averaged (dynamic) total hardness values as a function of the composition of binary water-organic solvents, was rationalized in view of the intermolecular interactions. The organic solvents considered were ethanol, acetonitrile, and isopropanol at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 mass fractions, and the results were obtained using molecular dynamics simulations. The site-to-site radial distribution functions reveal a well-defined peak for the first coordination shell in all solvents. A characteristic peak of the second coordination shell exists in aqueous mixtures of acetonitrile, whereas in the water-alcohol solvents, a second peak develops with the increase in alcohol content. From the computed coordination numbers, averaged hydrogen bonds and their lifetimes, we found that water mixed with acetonitrile largely preserves its structural features and promotes the acetonitrile structuring. Both the water and alcohol structures in their mixtures are disturbed and form hydrogen bonds between molecules of different kinds. The dynamic hardness values are obtained as the average over the total hardness values of 1200 snapshots per solvent type, extracted from the equilibrium dynamics. The dynamic hardness profile has a non-linear evolution with the liquid compositions, similarly to the thermodynamic properties of these non-ideal solvents. Graphical abstract Computed dynamic total hardness, as a function of the cosolvent mass fraction for water-ethanol (EtOH), water-isopropanol (2PrOH) and water-acetonitrile (AN).

Impact of flash flood recharge on groundwater quality and its suitability in the Wadi Baysh Basin, Western Saudi Arabia: an integrated approach

An integrated approach was used to evaluate the impact of flash flood recharge on groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking, irrigation, livestock and poultry uses in the Wadi Baysh Basin, Western Saudi Arabia. Analyses of 182 groundwater samples, collected from the study area before and after a flash flood (FF) event, show that the average concentrations of TDS, Mg, Na, Cl, NO3 and EC decreased significantly after the event. The major water types (mixed CaMgCl, NaCl and CaCl) indicate that the infiltration of surface water from FF recharge has a great influence on groundwater chemistry. Drinking water suitability maps, created using WHO standards, indicate that wells located in the upstream region are suitable for drinking despite their high TDS and total hardness (TH) values. Groundwater in the coastal region is unsuitable due to its high salinity, high TH and high concentrations of major ions. The suitability of groundwater for irrigational use was assessed using salinity, sodium adsorption ratio, bicarbonate hazard, residual sodium carbonate, Kelly’s ratio, magnesium hazard, sodium percentage and permeability index values, which indicated that groundwater in the study region is suitable for most soils and crops. After FF, groundwater quality is improved by dilution, especially in the downstream region. USSL classification shows that the majority of the water samples are in the C3S1, C4S2, and C3S2 classes and are therefore suitable for the irrigation of salt-tolerant crops. Irrigational suitability maps suggest that wells in the upstream region are suitable for irrigation, whereas wells located near to the coast are unfit for irrigation. This study implies that construction of check dams in the dry valleys (wadies) may improve the groundwater quality in the area.

Preliminary assessment of groundwater hydrogeochemistry within Gilan, a northern province of Iran.

In four basins of Gilan province, groundwater samples were collected from 127 piezometric wells to investigate the hydrogeochemistry of groundwater, and additionally its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. The average concentrations of major cations and anions follow the order of Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+ and [Formula: see text], respectively. Using Piper diagram delineation, CaMgHCO3 was determined as the main hydrogeochemical facies of groundwater. According to Piper diagrams, Gibbs plots, and ionic ratios, silicate weathering and ion exchange are the major processes regulating the groundwater hydrochemistry. Furthermore, saturation indices (SIs) revealed that carbonate precipitation also plays an important role in aquifers. Among the processes, weathering of silicate minerals seems to be the dominant process. Comparing the analyzed major ions and physicochemical parameters with the WHO guideline values indicates that the potability of most groundwater samples is generally acceptable. Electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solid (TDS) measurements along with sodium percentage (SP), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Kelley's index (KI), and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) calculations suggest that groundwater in many areas is suitable for irrigation use. Nonetheless, total hardness (TH) values ranging as high as 650.0mg/l reveal many groundwater samples to be classified as hard and very hard, indicating a requirement for long-term monitoring and further evaluation. The present study shows that the groundwater quality in Lahijan, Astaneh, and to a lesser extent Fouman drainage basins is lower than in Talesh. Therefore, intense monitoring programs towards enhanced water management practices are recommended before poorer quality groundwater is further utilized.

Evaluation of Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater from Selected Areas in Unguwa Uku, Kano Metropolitan, Northwestern Nigeria

Present investigation was carried out on groundwater in Unguwa Uku for water quality parameters during October, 2016. Parameters such as total hardness (TH), alkalinity, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, pH, temperature, chloride, calcium, free CO₂, suspended solids (SS), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolve solids (TDS), colour, and odour were analyzed from five locations. The analysis were carried out using standard analytical methods. The analysis of data reveals that, the value of free CO₂ ranges from 9- 104 mg/L, 36.05- 72.10 mg/L for Calcium, 2-13 NTU for turbidity, 583.59-2065.03mg/L for total hardness 7.1-8.3 for pH, 21.7-23.4°C for temperature, 202-970 mg/L for TDS, 250-305 mg/L for alkalinity, 405-1939µS/cm for conductivities, 5TCU for colour, 111.70-659.51mg/L for suspended solids, 669.03-1255.51mg/L for total suspended solids, 106.57-296.10mg/L for chloride. The results obtained revealed that, the values of alkalinity, TDS, TSS, SS, pH, temperature, colour, odour, free CO₂, and concentrations of Calcium of the water samples analyzed are within the acceptable limits set by World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigerian Standards for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) for the drinking water. The values of electrical conductivity and total hardness are above the maximum permissible limits and may have adverse effects on the human health of the study area. However, not all the values of turbidity and chloride in the samples are within the acceptable limits of WHO and NSDWQ in the drinking water. This paper also recommended that, government and non-governmental agencies should make reasonable effort to control, regulate and educate the people in the study area for proper disposal of domestic effluents.

Assessment of Water Quality Status of Euphrates from Hindiya dam to Mishkab Regulator-Iraq

The present study focus on the assessment of monthly changes in water quality of the Euphrates River from Hindiya Dam to Mishkab regulator Physico-chemical properties of water in Euphrates River were studied throughout six months (January to June)of 2016. The current study included measurements of pH, EC, air and water temperature, total alkalinity, total hardness, Ca, Mg, turbidity, salinity, TDS, TSS, DO, BOD, Na, K, and Chloride in 14 Sites, the Water Quality Index (WQI) was calculated. The results revealed that the averages of pH values of both Sites ranged between (7.39–8.24). Mean while, values of salinity and total hardness were high in Site (8) in which the highest was during January up to 1320 mg/l, whereas, concentrations of other parameters varied during the whole study period. The value of dissolved oxygen, on the other hand, recorded the highest value in Site4 during May reading 12.4 mg/, while the biological oxygen demand recorded the lowest value, 0.3 mg/l., in Site (6) during April. The WQI values obtained were high in February monthcompared to that of other months of the study period. The SAR values varied from 3.2 to 7.4 during study period. The results of percentage sodium in the water body that ranged between (28 to 55) %. Concludes the water quality assessment of Euphrates River shown that the physico-chemical quality of the water was recorded high values in Sites (6, 8, 10). The water quality index determined show that the water of Euphrates River is ‗Unfit‘for drinking and appropriate for irrigation relying on adsorption ratio of sodium and percentage of sodium.

A Study on Water Quality in Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India

Analyses of physical and chemical examinations were undertaken for the river and pond water resources of Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, India. The study has chosen two main rivers and four ponds in the study area mainly because these water sources are used by village people for drinking and bathing purposes. Water quality parameters viz., Turbidity, Total dissolved solids, Electrical conductivity, pH, Total Hardness, Nitrite, Sulphite, Phosphate, Bacteriological examinations, and Faecal Coliform were analysed as per the Bharat Indian Standard. The laboratory results of pH, Nitrate (NO3), Sulphate (SO4) and Faecal Coliform per 100 ml are within the standard permissible limits for all four tap water samples. In Villukuri, the values of Turbidity, Total Harness, Electrical conductivity, Total Hardness, Nitrate, Nitrite and Sulphate have shown the highest among the four stations viz., 6 NTU, 740 mg/L, 1112 micS/cm, 312 mg/L, 022 , 10, and 39 mg/L respectively. The Faecal coliform and the E. coli counts exceeding acceptable limits are indicative of pollution from domestic wastes from several informal settlements located along the riverbank. Water uses in the area were determined and were found to be mainly domestic and recreational. The gross pollution of the river exposes the local people who depend on it for their primary water source to serious health risk.

Hot wastewater recovery by using ceramic membrane ultrafiltration and its reusability in textile industry

Ceramic membrane filtration is a viable option for recovery of hot discharges due to their high mechanical, chemical and thermal durability. Recovery of hot discharges in textile industry with this method has not been studied in detail previously. In this study, the potential recovery of hot textile wastewater discharges was assessed in situ taking into consideration the amount, pollutant content and costs of the water. Samples were selected from potential recovery points according to wastewater amount, temperature and accessibility and were evaluated using laboratory scale ceramic membrane filtration with four different MWCO (300 kDa, 50 kDa, 15 kDa and 3 kDa) membrane sizes. The pollutant size distribution correlated with removal efficiency of the method and the highest pollutant removal efficiency was achieved with the 3 kDa ceramic membrane. However, the mixed hot wastewater and disperse printing washing baths mix permeate from the 3 kDa membrane had high COD and TOC contents and was not optimal for reuse without additional treatment. The printing washing baths hot discharges mix was the most appropriate option for reuse with 67 ± 12 mg COD/L, 21 ± 4 mg TOC/L and 23 ± 7.7 mg CaCO3/L Total Hardness values which could be reused in dense dyeing and printing baths washing after 3 kDa ceramic membrane ultrafiltration. In order to define the fouling mechanism, resistance-in-series model was used and physically removable resistance was the main contributor to overall fouling.With this method, not only the reuse requirements will be met but also 22% of total water consumption may be reused and thus wastewater, energy and water related expenses may be reduced significantly in textile industry.

ON A NEW TECHNOLOGY OF PREPARATION OF HOT DRINKING WATER

The present article contains information concerning the new Cl-anionization technology in the preparation of hot drinking water. In contrast with water softening, that replaces all the hardness salts by sodium cations in the cation exchanger, this new technology makes it possible to replace incrustating HCO3̄ and SO42--anions in a strong-base anion exchanger by Cl⁻-ions. As a result, the incrustation on the surfaces of heating hot water heaters is prevented. Thus, cations of hardness that are valuable for the human body remain in the water, the quality of the latter conforming to drinking water quality. Considering the important role of calcium and magnesium in the human body, in Germany and Turkey the minimum value of hardness cations in drinking water is limited to 2.85 and 7.50 mg-Eqv/l, respectively. According to the World Health Organization, in the composition of drinking water, the concentration of cations of magnesium and calcium is recommended, respectively, within 10–(20–30), and 20–50 mg/l; the minimum value of total hardness is 2–4 mg-Eqv/l. According to the developed technology drinking water is passed consistently in the downward direction through the mechanical and chlorineanionite exchanger filters. In the latter, the main part of HCO3̄ and SO42--water ions are exchanged for Cl-anions of anionite. Then the water is collected in the tank, from where it is pumped to the hot water heater through the ultraviolet disinfection unit. After the depletion of the anionite by HCO3̄ and SO42--anions, it is regenerated by a solution of 8–12 % NaCl. The results of research by the anion exchangers Purolite A200EMBCl and AB-17-8 are plotted. It is noted that when the specific consumption of salt for regeneration is of about 45–55 kg/m³, working exchange capacity of the A200EMBCl occurs to be in the range 300–370 g-Eqv/m³. For anionization of water, the residual concentration of HCO3̄-ions are changed from 0.5 to 3.2 mg-Eqv/l. The average concentration of these anions occurs to be between 1.8 and 2.2 mg-Eqv/l, when their initial value is 4.4 mg-Eqv/l.

Ground water quality evaluation in the lean period of a mining township

Groundwater of mining towns is very much affected due to mining activity. During mining of mineral from underground, huge quantity of ground water is pumped out to make mining possible. Groundwater samples have been collected from the 20 sampling sites of Dhanbad, a mining Township, in the lean period (summer) of the years 2011 and 2014. Four samples have been obtained from open well and 16 from hand pumps. Water quality parameters such as pH, total hardness, Ca hardness, Mg Hardness, chloride, sulphate, total dissolved solids, and heavy metals have been evaluated. The values of pH, total hardness, Ca hardness, Mg hardness, chloride, sulphate, and total dissolved solids have increased in 2014 as compared to 2011 which may be due to increase in mineral content in the lean period and decrease in the rate of recharge of aquifers in 2014. The concentration of heavy metals has decreased in 2014 as compared to 2011 which may be due to less leaching of heavy metals from the ground strata. From the overall study, it has been concluded that most of the water quality parameters of all the 20 groundwater samples in the year 2014 are not exceeding the acceptable concentration level, as mentioned in Indian drinking water specifications. Groundwater in the year 2014 has not shown any significant change in its quality as compared to the year 2011. In the incoming years, quality of groundwater will not show any drastic change unless and until any anthropogenic activity other than mining will affect it.

EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER SUITABILITY FOR DRINKING AND AGRICULTURE USE IN THE AREA BETWEEN EL DABAA AND RAS EL HEKMA, NORTHWESTERN COAST, EGYPT.

Recent industrial and urban activities have led to elevated concentrations of a wide range of contaminants in groundwater, which affect the health of million people worldwide. Groundwater is the major source for drinking and agriculture uses in the Northwestern coast of Egypt. Forty five groundwater samples representing the Pleistocene and the Middle Miocene aquifers were collected from the area between El-Dabaa and Ras El-Hekma. Samples were analyzed for total dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium, sodium and five heavy metals including; aluminum, iron, manganese, copper, and lead, using the standard methods. The results show that, the total dissolved solids; calcium, magnesium and sodium concentrations have mean values of 8426, 264.5, 295.9 and 2390.1 mg/l, respectively. The heavy metals show high concentrations in groundwater of Pleistocene and Middle Miocene aquifers. The concentration of iron recorded the mean of 1.99 mg/l followed by aluminum 0.45 mg/l, while manganese recorded the lowest mean value of 0.09 mg/l. The results show that, the majority of groundwater samples in different aquifers are unsuitable for human drinking due to high concentrations of total salinity, major ions and heavy metal constituents. According to the international standards recommended by the National Academy of science (NAS) and National Academy of Engineering (NAE) the groundwater samples in the study area ranges from an excellent to not acceptable classes for the livestock and poultry uses. Most of the groundwater samples in the Pleistocene aquifer (88%) are unsuitable for domestic and laundry uses as the total hardness values are exceeding 300 mg/l, however; all the Middle Miocene groundwater are unsuitable for domestic and laundry uses. Whereas, 71% of the total samples are unsuitable for irrigation according to total dissolved solids and about 93% of groundwater samples are unsuitable for domestic and laundry uses according to total hardness. The groundwater samples tapping the available aquifers in the study area have to go through treatment and desalination processes using suitable and economical applied methods to enhance the groundwater quality and be considered as suitable for different uses.