Threat Value Research Articles

Effect of Pain Reprocessing Therapy vs Placebo and Usual Care for Patients With Chronic Back Pain

Chronic back pain (CBP) is a leading cause of disability, and treatment is often ineffective. Approximately 85% of cases are primary CBP, for which peripheral etiology cannot be identified, and maintenance factors include fear, avoidance, and beliefs that pain indicates injury. To test whether a psychological treatment (pain reprocessing therapy [PRT]) aiming to shift patients' beliefs about the causes and threat value of pain provides substantial and durable pain relief from primary CBP and to investigate treatment mechanisms. This randomized clinical trial with longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and 1-year follow-up assessment was conducted in a university research setting from November 2017 to August 2018, with 1-year follow-up completed by November 2019. Clinical and fMRI data were analyzed from January 2019 to August 2020. The study compared PRT with an open-label placebo treatment and with usual care in a community sample. Participants randomized to PRT participated in 1 telehealth session with a physician and 8 psychological treatment sessions over 4 weeks. Treatment aimed to help patients reconceptualize their pain as due to nondangerous brain activity rather than peripheral tissue injury, using a combination of cognitive, somatic, and exposure-based techniques. Participants randomized to placebo received an open-label subcutaneous saline injection in the back; participants randomized to usual care continued their routine, ongoing care. One-week mean back pain intensity score (0 to 10) at posttreatment, pain beliefs, and fMRI measures of evoked pain and resting connectivity. At baseline, 151 adults (54% female; mean [SD] age, 41.1 [15.6] years) reported mean (SD) pain of low to moderate severity (mean [SD] pain intensity, 4.10 [1.26] of 10; mean [SD] disability, 23.34 [10.12] of 100) and mean (SD) pain duration of 10.0 (8.9) years. Large group differences in pain were observed at posttreatment, with a mean (SD) pain score of 1.18 (1.24) in the PRT group, 2.84 (1.64) in the placebo group, and 3.13 (1.45) in the usual care group. Hedges g was -1.14 for PRT vs placebo and -1.74 for PRT vs usual care (P < .001). Of 151 total participants, 33 of 50 participants (66%) randomized to PRT were pain-free or nearly pain-free at posttreatment (reporting a pain intensity score of 0 or 1 of 10), compared with 10 of 51 participants (20%) randomized to placebo and 5 of 50 participants (10%) randomized to usual care. Treatment effects were maintained at 1-year follow-up, with a mean (SD) pain score of 1.51 (1.59) in the PRT group, 2.79 (1.78) in the placebo group, and 3.00 (1.77) in the usual care group. Hedges g was -0.70 for PRT vs placebo (P = .001) and -1.05 for PRT vs usual care (P < .001) at 1-year follow-up. Longitudinal fMRI showed (1) reduced responses to evoked back pain in the anterior midcingulate and the anterior prefrontal cortex for PRT vs placebo; (2) reduced responses in the anterior insula for PRT vs usual care; (3) increased resting connectivity from the anterior prefrontal cortex and the anterior insula to the primary somatosensory cortex for PRT vs both control groups; and (4) increased connectivity from the anterior midcingulate to the precuneus for PRT vs usual care. Psychological treatment centered on changing patients' beliefs about the causes and threat value of pain may provide substantial and durable pain relief for people with CBP. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03294148.

Risk Assessment under Conditions of Uncertainty for Profit in the Banking Sphere: The PAO Sberbank Case

Subject. The article considers the economic relationship between the banking sector and the population. Objectives. We focus on theoretical and empirical analysis of the activities of PAO Sberbank, identifying threats and measures to minimize any damage to the banking organization. Methods. The study rests on the analysis of data provided by PAO Sberbank on its official website. Our calculation of indicators bases on these data. The main methods employed are expert assessments, the method of threshold values of the main threats to economic security. Results. We performed a horizontal and vertical analysis of the financial statements of PAO Sberbank, considered the structure of income and expenses and the bank's loan portfolio by sector of economy. Using the threshold value method, we unveiled the threats inherent in PAO Sberbank and developed a strategy to minimize the identified threats. The findings may be useful for analyzing the bank’s activities and identifying the threats to the banking sector in a socially oriented market economy. Conclusions. The study reveales that this bank is inherent in such threats as low short-term liquidity and loan impairment risk. We offer a strategy that affects the policy of PAO Sberbank. It includes long-term measures to increase the share of mortgage loans, which, as a result, will enable the development of the construction sector and have a positive effect on society as a whole.

Strategi Pemasaran Pada Rumah Susun BP Batam

One of the government agencies that builds and manages flats is BP Batam. BP Batam has flats located in 5 industrial areas in Batam, namely Batu Ampar, Sekupang, Muka Kuning, Tanjung Uncang and Kabil. However, there are still many people who are not interested in living in BP Batam flats. Although the facilities provided are quite complete. The purpose of this study is to provide a marketing strategy for BP Batam in marketing their flats. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative by using the Forum Group Discussion (FGD) in collecting data. The results of this study indicate that the IFAS Matrix is 2.48 and the EFAS Matrix is 2.76, so that the IE Matrix is in cell 5. Then the marketing strategy should be the SO (Strength-Opportunity) Strategy. The SO (Strength-Opportunity) strategy was chosen because the strength value (1.825) in the IFAS Matrix is greater than the weakness value (0.6625). In addition, the opportunity value (1.717948718) on the EFAS Matrix is also greater than the threat value (1.051282051). The SO (Strength-Opportunity) strategy consists of (1) increasing the offer of temporary housing contracts to industrial workers outside Batam, (2) construct development with evenly distributed facilities/infrastructure, and (3) construct developments that are located spread across Batam . Keywords : External Condition Factors, IE Matrix, Internal Condition Factors, Proposed Marketing Strategy, and TOWS Matrix

The disruptive effects of pain on the early allocation of attentional resources: An attentional blink study

Recent evidence suggests that pain dampens attentional processes. However, much of this work has been based on higher-order attentional tasks that involve only spatial attention. Other aspects of the process through which pain engages and holds attention are relatively understudied, in particular, temporal attention. The present set of studies explored how naturally occurring pain (i.e. acute headache) and pain-valenced stimuli affect the ability to recall the second of two targets presented in rapid succession. Across both experiments participants were required to indicate the presence of a predefined probe (T2) and, in the dual task, identify a target (T1). The probe (T2) was placed in three different temporal proximities (ranging from 70 to 1000ms) following presentation of the target (T1). In Experiment 1, 36 participants completed a task that comprised a rapid stream of letters. Experiment 2 manipulated the threat value, and the complexity, of the stimuli by replacing letters with words. In the dual task condition, T1 was a word from one of four valence categories (neutral, positive, negative, pain). Being in acute pain reduced the accuracy of identification. This reduction in performance occurred regardless of the temporal positioning of the probe, consistent with previous work that suggests pain has an overall dampening effect. Furthermore, when the valence category of the word was pain-related, T2 accuracy performance was negatively affected. These findings add to the previous evidence that pain has a general dampening effect on attention and that pain-related stimuli are difficult to disengage from. Pain captures attention to allow cognate resources to be directed appropriately in response. However, the temporal effects of this attentional capture are poorly understood. Findings indicate that acute headache pain has a negative impact on participants' performance when identifying the second of two targets presented in close temporal proximity, and that pain-valenced stimuli exacerbate this effect. These findings demonstrate how pain affects early attention and highlights the potential role of disengagement, rather than orientation, of attention in the pain experience.

Audit Performance Measurement Accurate Menggunakan ITIL Version 3 pada Domain Service Operation

The Accurate system in a company as data bookkeeping aims to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the data recording process, the performance of the Accurate system to avoid losing company data. The method used in this research is IT-IL Version 3 Domain Service Operation, this study uses SWOT analysis within the company and it can be concluded that the value of all the factors can be specified for each item Strength: 2.32, Weakness: 0.71, Opportunity: 2 , 14, and Threat: 0.64. So it is known that the Strenght value above the Weakness value is the difference (+) 1.64 while the difference between the Opportunity and Threat values is 1.5. This research shows that the maturity level is at level 3 (Defined) with an average of 3,4. This shows that the resulting standard process is feasible..

Perceptions of Masalembu Island Communites on Importance and Threat Values of Small Island Resources

Small islands have the nature of remoteness and vulnerability and commonly occupied by multi-ethnic communities that cause differences in the way they perceive natural resources. This study aimed to find out the communities perceptions on the importance and threat values of resources. This study was conducted through a survey method in Masalembu island, Sumenep Regency, East Java, Indonesia. The data were analyzed using descriptive frequency analysis method. The study shows the resources perceived very important are the sea, mosques and 4 resources with the same score (schools, madrasah, public health centers, and markets). Meanwhile, the top 3 resources that highly threatened are the sea, breakwater, and sand mining. There exists a paradox for marine resources because they are perceived very important and contrastively very threatened at the same time. Comprehensive regulations, programs, and policies are needed in the development related to the sea. In this case, social development, education, health, and economic cannot be ignored. Rehabilitation of mangrove vegetation should be encouraged in ex-mining and abrasion areas, taking roles asbreakwateras well as a means to increase the wealth of marine and coastal resources.

Entrepreneurial Marketing Strategy of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Pandemic Covid-19 Era

Purpose: The Indonesian economy's core strength comes from micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs). However, the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic causes problems for MSMEs, for example, decreased sales, difficulties in financial aspects, slow distribution of products, and raw materials shortage. The problems of MSME during the Covid-19 pandemic require entrepreneurs' readiness to survive and sustain their business. Entrepreneurial marketing is a suitable paradigm to be implemented by MSME entrepreneurs during the Covid-19 pandemic. The research objective is to determine the entrepreneurial marketing strategy plan for MSMEs during the Covid-19 pandemic. Research Methods: The research informants were government officials of Industry and Trade, MSME, and academicians. The data analysis model used a SWOT analysis based on IFAS and EFAS assessments. The strategic plan was positioned on the SWOT matrix with the values of strength, weakness, opportunity, and threats. Findings: The results show that the SWOT matrix's entrepreneurial marketing strategy plan is in the position of Quadrant one. The entrepreneurial marketing strategy that should be applied in the quadrant is to support an aggressive growth policy. Practical Implications: This aggressive growth strategy focuses on using the company's strengths to take advantage of various business opportunities during the Covid -19 pandemic. Originality value: This study contributes to the survivability of MSMEs in Indonesia, especially during the Covid-19, and shows practitioners to harness the inner strength of their businesses and pursue proactive marketing policy.

Motor action changes pain perception: a sensory attenuation paradigm in the context of pain

A large body of evidence indicates how pain affects motor control, yet the way the motor system influences pain perception remains unclear. We present 2 experiments that investigated sensory attenuation of pain implementing a 2-alternative forced choice paradigm. Particularly, healthy participants received painful stimuli on a moving and nonmoving hand during the execution or the preparation of reaching motor actions. At the end of each trial, they indicated on which hand they perceived the stimulus stronger. The point of subjective equality was obtained to measure sensory attenuation. The intensity (experiment 1) and the threat value (experiment 2) of the pain stimuli were manipulated between-subjects to examine their impact on sensory attenuation. Results of experiment 1 (N = 68) revealed that executing a motor action attenuates pain processing in the moving hand. Sensory attenuation during motor preparation alone occurred with stronger stimulus intensities. Sensory attenuation was not affected by the intensity of the pain stimuli. Results of experiment 2 (N = 79) replicated the phenomenon of sensory attenuation of pain during motor action execution. However, sensory attenuation was not affected by the threat value of pain. Together these findings indicate that executing, but not preparing, a motor action affects pain processing in that body part. No significant associations were found between sensory attenuation indices and inhibitory control abilities or pain catastrophizing, vigilance and rumination. These results provide insight into the inhibitory effects of motor actions on pain processing, suggesting that pain perception is a dynamic experience susceptible to individuals' actions in the environment.

A large scale analysis of threats to the nesting sites of Podocnemis species and the effectiveness of the coverage of these areas by the Brazilian Action Plan for Amazon Turtle Conservation

We evaluated the vulnerability of nesting sites (sandbanks) available to Podocnemis expansa, P. unifilis and P. sextuberculata to human threats and the coverage of these areas by a public policy created to conserve turtles. Species distribution models were used to identify potential nesting areas in the Brazilian Amazon, where sandbanks were mapped through satellite imagery. Values of threats (deforestation, mining, dams and density of human communities) were normalized from 0 to 1 and summed in each 100 km2 pixel. We calculated the mean value of threats and sandbanks area for each basin. Basins with the greatest values for those variables were considered as the most vulnerable. We calculated the coverage of turtle nesting sites that have conservation actions in relation to the sandbanks available and if they are located in the most vulnerable basins. The areas of greatest gaps in conservation actions and vulnerability are located in the Tocantins-Araguaia basins and in rivers such as: Branco, Guaporé, Amazonas, Solimões, Madeira, Tapajós and Xingu. Nesting sites included by the public policy covered 15.17 % of the number of basins and about 21 % of total sandbank areas, encompassing 11 % of the most vulnerable basins and 43 % of their sandbanks. We suggest the prioritization of conservation actions in areas of greatest gaps in conservation activities and vulnerability. In addition, we propose the articulation among institutions and the increase of initiatives of community-based conservation management to increase the geographical coverage of the greatest impacted regions.

Implementation of Risk Management in Property Projects

Abilitythe company's organization to manage risk is very dependent on the characteristics of the project and must take into account vulnerabilities during risk identification and assessment. In the property development process, vulnerability is a system characteristic that will create the possibility of damage, danger and failure. Vulnerability is a system that functions as a control and manageability. Risk is a function of threat values, consequences, and vulnerability. Risk is a function of threat values, consequences, and vulnerability. The purpose of risk management is to create a level of protection that alleviates vulnerability to threats and potential consequences, thereby reducing risk to an acceptable level. The implementation of risk management must be an integral part of the implementation of the company's management system. The risk management process is one step that can be taken to create continuous improvement. The stages carried out in this study include: identification of the source of risk, the stage of identification of risk factors, the stage of identification of the level of hazard, the stage of identification of the level of vulnerability, the stage of identification of the level of capacity, the stage of risk analysis, and the determination of priority risks. Conceptually, the method proposed in this study refers to the key steps of risk management which include identification, qualitative risk analysis in the property development process. Data collection was carried out through interviews and filling out questionnaires by resource persons involved in property development in the tourism area of Nusa Dua Resort ITDC Bali Province. Risk factors that are given priority for ongoing mitigation and monitoring are: interest rate risk and inflation, risk of development cost analysis, risk of final design, risk of land maturation and risk of development financing targets. It can be concluded that overall the level of risk in developing the Nusa Dua resort area is acceptable (IPR &lt;0.24) and the development of the Nusa Dua Resort area is indeed feasible to be developed or built.

Ethnic Majority Attitudes toward Jewish and Non-Jewish Migrants in Israel: The Role of Perceptions of Threat, Collective Vulnerability, and Human Values

We investigate whether the attitudes of the Israeli majority toward migrants reflect the double standard embedded in Israel’s immigration regime, differentiating Jewish from non-Jewish migrants. We compare attitudes toward ethnic migrants (Jews), non-ethnic migrants (non-Jews), and asylum seekers, considering three explanations: values, collective vulnerability, and perceived threat. Our findings show that perceived vulnerability increases threat due to immigration. Values play an important role in predicting opposition to both Jewish and non-ethnic immigrants. Perceptions of threat are more relevant for the explanation of opposition to non-ethnic immigrants than to that of Jewish immigrants. We discuss our findings in light of existing theories.

A Decision Architecture for Safety Computations.

Accurately estimating safety is critical to pursuing nondefensive survival behaviors. However, little attention has been paid to how the human brain computes safety. We conceptualize a model that consists of two components: (i) threat-oriented evaluations that focus on threat value, imminence, and predictability; and (ii) self-oriented evaluations that focus on the agent's experience, strategies, and ability to control the situation. Our model points to the dynamic interaction between these two components as a mechanism of safety estimation. Based on a growing body of human literature, we hypothesize that distinct regions of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) respond to threat and safety to facilitate survival decisions. We suggest safety is not an inverse of danger, but reflects independent computations that mediate defensive circuits and behaviors.

Simulation optimization in security screening systems subject to budget and waiting time constraints

AbstractMotivated by the NEXUS program between the US‐Canada border, we consider a security screening process where travelers such as cars and trucks are assigned to a selectee or nonselectee lane depending on whether their threat values exceed a threshold level. The goal is to design a two‐tier system to maximize the probability of detecting a threat subject to the waiting time and operating cost constraints. We formulate the problem as an optimization program, in which the objective function and some variables can be estimated only by simulation. We then develop algorithms to compute the global optimum, within a proposed bounding region, for the Markovian and non‐Markovian systems, respectively. The convergence analysis and extensive numerical results are provided to demonstrate the algorithms' promising performance.

Ethnic Majority Attitudes toward Jewish and Non-Jewish Migrants in Israel: The Role of Perceptions of Threat, Collective Vulnerability, and Human Values

We investigate whether the attitudes of the Israeli majority toward migrants reflect the double standard embedded in Israel’s immigration regime, differentiating Jewish from non-Jewish migrants. We compare attitudes toward ethnic migrants (Jews), non-ethnic migrants (non-Jews), and asylum seekers, considering three explanations: values, collective vulnerability, and perceived threat. Our findings show that perceived vulnerability increases threat due to immigration. Values play an important role in predicting opposition to both Jewish and non-ethnic immigrants. Perceptions of threat are more relevant for the explanation of opposition to non-ethnic immigrants than to that of Jewish immigrants. We discuss our findings in light of existing theories.

Area Development Strategy to Overcome the Slumps in RW 3 and RW 5, Polehan Village, Blimbing, Malang, Using IFAS and EFAS Matrix Analysis

The purpose of this study is determining significant factors to overcome slum areas using IFAS and EFAS matrix. IFAS (Internal Factor Analysis Summary) matrix was used to analyze internal factors, including strengths and weaknesses, and EFAS (External Factor Analysis Summary) matrix was used to analyze external factors in the research area. The methodological approach in this study was qualitative which is descriptive redundant. The research was conducted at slum area of RW III and RW V, Polehan Village, Blimbing District, Malang City. The data were collected by field observations, in-depth interviews, documentation and data triangulation. The results of the analysis showed that there was a reduction in the strength and weakness values which are -1.883 (negative) and the opportunity and threat values are 0.333 (positive). These values are in quadrant II of room D in the form of selective maintenance strategy. The formulated strategy is to improve the quality of human resources (HR) in handcrafting sector by increasing the intensity of training and adding home industries, joint fund management, savings and loans as capital for households to develop Small and Medium Enterprises and increase community participation in supporting planning activities as well as institutional activities.

A game theory approach for risk analysis and security force deployment against multiple coordinated attacks

The proposed model determines the allocation of security forces in response to terrorist events with a series of coordinated attacks such as the Paris terror attacks in 2015. Two games are constructed, representing the two stages needed for the rapid deployment of security forces. The first stage applies a firearms assault game to analyze the interaction behaviors between the response agent (or security force commander) and the attackers in each response district. The terrorist threat value (TV) during a firearms assault event can then be derived from the mixed strategy Nash equilibrium. The TVs are input to the second stage for computing the Shapley value for each event, in terms of the majority of TVs of all firearms assaults. The Shapley values are then used to create a set for reallocation of the limited security forces to respond to the multiple firearms assaults. The experimental results show the proposed division to fairer than the proportional division for allocating security forces.

Assumptions of Self-Worth with a Different Attitudes to Personal Security Threats

The present research featured the relationship between assumptions about self-worth as a characteristic of identity and the attitude to threats as part of general attitude to personal security. The study was based on R. Janoff-Bulman’s theory of basic assumptions and related methodology. Attitudes to personal security were assessed according to an authentic methodology as scores given to various threats. Assumptions of self-worth appeared to determine the values of threats in certain combinations with assumptions about the environment. For instance, respondents with high anxiety expressed a world-is-badbut-I-am-good kind of attitude, while those with lower anxiety possessed a world-is-bad-but-I-am-lucky attitude. However, identity as the relationship between ideas about one’s self and the environment needs further research. In addition, studies on identity as the key source of personal security attitudes is a promising research topic.

Attend Less, Fear More: Elevated Distress to Social Threat in Toddlers With Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Differential emotional reactivity to social and nonsocial stimuli has been hypothesized but rarely examined empirically in ASD despite its potential importance for development of social motivation, cognition, and comorbid psychopathology. This study examined emotional reactivity, regulation, and attention to social and nonsocial threat in toddlers with ASD (n= 42, Mage : 22 months) and typically developing (TD) toddlers (n= 22, Mage : 23 months), and their mutual associations with autism symptom severity. Participants were exposed to social (stranger), nonsocial (mechanical objects), and ambiguous (masks) threats, and their intensity of distress (iDistress), attention to threat (Attention), and presence of emotion regulation (ER) strategies were measured. Autism symptom severity was quantified using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2. In response to social threat, toddlers with ASD exhibited elevated iDistress (P< 0.038) but lower Attention (P< 0.002) and a wider variety of ER strategies (P< 0.040) compared to TD controls, though their ER strategies were less likely to be social. However, nonsocial and ambiguous threat elicited lower iDistress in ASD than in TD toddlers (P= 0.012 and P= 0.034, respectively), but comparable Attention and ER strategy use. Autism severity was not associated with iDistress. The study demonstrates elevated emotional salience but diminished attentional salience of social threat in ASD. A failure to attend adequately to social threats may restrict opportunities to appraise their threat value and engender often observed in ASD negative emotional responses to novel social situations. Early atypical emotional reactivity may independently contribute to the shaping of complex autism phenotypes and may be linked with later emerging affective and behavioral symptoms. LAY SUMMARY: Compared to typically developing toddlers, toddlers with ASD show diminished attention yet enhanced distress in response to social threat. Poor attention to potential social threat may limit opportunities to assess its threat value and thus contribute to often observed negative emotional responses to novel social situations. Identifying the precursors of atypical emotional reactivity in infancy and its links with later psychopathology will inform about novel treatment targets and mechanisms of change in the early stages of ASD. Autism Res 2021, 14: 1025-1036. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, LLC.

Computing Efficient Trajectories for Unmanned Air Vehicles (Dept.E)

Rapidly developments in the design and implementation of autonomous Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs) make the use of them in combat missions a real fact in the near future. One of the challenging problems yet to be solved is the real time planning of the optimal trajectory. Techniques used for robot motion planning are implemented for UAV e.g. cell decomposition, road maps and virtual forces. In these techniques a cost function consists of the threat cost and the length cost with priority factors and weighting quantities for both. The optimal trajectory (or timed path) is that producing the minimum cost function. Although this cost functional is composed of the two cost elements (length and threat) it conceals a source of error that produces optimal paths with high threat values i.e. not actually optimal and not safe. These results return to: a) the length cost dominates the effect on the cost function even with large weighting and priority for the threat cost. b) radar threats or probabilities of being detected by adverse radars are only considered, while threats of Surface to Air Missiles (SAMs) are not included in the threat function. c) weighting quantities given may be suitable for costs of some path edges and not suitable for other edges of the same path and other paths. In this paper a proposed algorithm to compute the real efficient path depending upon a proposed fitness function. The function gives a balanced domination for both length fitness and threat fitness. Besides, the threat on it consists of the two components: radars and SAMs. The algorithm autonomously computes the proper values of the weighting quantities that guide the fitness function towards the higher priority cost element in case of time constraint. It also gives the vehicle a necessary flexibility to adjust the pre-given priority factors in order to compute other optimal paths that fulfills a rendezvous time with the other team members.

Application of attentional bias modification training to modulate hyperactive error-monitoring in OCD

Because obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a highly impairing and often chronic psychiatric disorder, there is high interest in novel add-on or alternative intervention approaches. The error-related negativity (ERN), a response-related ERP occurring shortly after incorrect responses, might provide a promising target for novel interventions. Increases in the ERN have been reliably shown in OCD and are viewed as an important biomarker for the disorder. The ERN has been functionally associated with a heightened response to errors as negative, potentially harmful events. Attention Bias Modification (ABM) may be one promising strategy to reduce the ERN. Thus, in the current study, we used ABM training with the aim to reduce the threat value of errors and thus the ERN in OCD. Participants with OCD (n = 23) and healthy participants (n = 24) performed a 20-minute probe detection task in a condition that trained to attend to neutral and away from negative stimuli, while another group of healthy participants (n = 24) performed a sham version of the training. Results indicated a significant reduction of initially increased ERN amplitudes in the OCD group after the training, whereas in both healthy subgroups no significant changes in ERN were observed, resulting in non-significant group differences after ABM. These results indicate that ABM training may be a viable intervention to reduce ERN in participants with increased error-signaling, as in OCD. The current study serves as a clinical pilot investigation for future studies needed to elucidate underlying mechanisms, clinical effects and long-term outcome.