Sodium Absorption Ratio Values Research Articles

Hydrogeochemical and GIS Analysis of Groundwater Quality for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes in Kuzhithuraiyar Sub-Basin, Kanniyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India

A hydrogeochemical analysis was conducted to find the suitability of the groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes in the Kuzhithuraiyar sub-basin, Kanniyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, India. 48 groundwater samples were collected from the different locations of the study area during both the pre- and postmonsoon periods. This study assesses the groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes based on the analytical results, water quality index, Wilcox plot, and irrigation parameters such as electrical conductance, Kelly’s ratio, sodium absorption ratio values, magnesium hazards, bicarbonate, and the residual sodium carbonate index. The pH values ranged from 8.5 to 6.5, suggesting generally acceptable conditions. TDS concentrations range from 24 to 1277 mg/L, whereas EC values range from 37.50 to 1996 μS/cm. It is observed from the collected samples that the pre-monsoon water samples TDS’ values were exceeded the recommended TDS limits than postmonsoon samples. Water quality indices indicate that 50% of premonsoon samples and 48% of postmonsoon samples are suitable for drinking. In total, 10% of samples are admissible to a doubtful category before and after the monsoon, 6% are good to permissible during the monsoon, and 84% are good to permissible. Kelly’s ratio shows that 56% and 48% of samples collected during the post- and premonsoon are suitable for irrigation, respectively, whereas the remaining samples are not. Due to magnesium hazards, 40% and 44% of pre- and postmonsoon samples are not suitable for irrigation. Overall, the postmonsoon samples exceeded the permissible TDS limit (1000 mg/L) by 10% and the premonsoon samples by 6. 13% of samples obtained after the monsoon and 19% collected before the monsoon have a potential salinity greater than three, indicating that these samples are unacceptable. The sustaining water quality and mitigating possible hazards in the Kuzhithuraiyar sub-basin require continuous monitoring and focused measures.

Spatio-temporal variations in water quality, hydrochemistry and its controlling factors in a perennial river in India

The spatial and temporal variations in the hydrochemistry of the Sutlej river in the Indian Punjab were studied based on water quality parameters analysed during pre- and post-monsoon seasons of the years 2017 and 2018. The grab water samples were collected from the river using stratified random sampling and analysed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), carbonate (CO3−2), bicarbonate (HCO3−), chloride (Cl−), nitrate (NO3−), total hardness, calcium (Ca+2), sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) using standard methods. Spatio-temporal variations in the parameters used to evaluate the water quality for irrigation (electrical conductivity (EC), residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and sodium absorption ratio (SAR)) were also studied. In order to rate the composite influence of all the physicochemical parameters, water quality index (WQI) was computed. Spatial variations in WQI for drinking and irrigation purposes were studied using the inverse distance weighted method in GIS. Results showed that the river water was alkaline in nature, HCO3− and Cl− are the major anions, and Ca2+ and Na+ are the cations in the river water during both seasons. The regression analysis of EC with cations and anions showed that the regression coefficient was mainly significant with Ca2+ and HCO3−, irrespective of the season. The concentration of ions was not significantly affected by season, but it was higher along transboundary of the river. Total alkalinity of water was significantly (p < 0.05) higher during pre-monsoon than post-monsoon season. The EC, SAR and RSC values during different seasons showed that > 85% of the water samples were in good categories for irrigation purposes. According to grades of WQI for drinking purposes, the poor WQI was observed in 3.6%, 3.7% and 5.9% of the samples during pre-2017, pre-2018 and post-monsoon 2018, respectively. The poor water quality index for irrigation purposes was observed in 16.7% and 4.7% of the samples during pre-monsoon 2017 and 2018, respectively. The water quality index values for drinking and irrigation were higher (poor water quality) along transboundary of the river. The ratio of Ca2+/Mg2+, (Na+ + K+)/TZ+ and Ca2+ + Mg2+/(Na+ + K+) indicated both carbonate and silicate lithology contribute to hydrochemistry of the river besides anthropogenic factors. Non-metric multidimensional scaling showed that all the samples are of a similar origin across the river including transboundary, whereas cluster analysis resulted in the two main groups: pH and Cl in the one group, and EC along with the remaining cations and anions in the other group during pre-monsoon, but pH in the one group, and EC along with the remaining cations and anions in the other group during post-monsoon. The high concentration of Cl− is a signature of anthropogenic inputs in addition to the contribution of natural factors. These results suggest that the cultivation of crops on the soils along transboundary may cause the transfer of ions through the food chain to human beings affecting their health. Moreover, drinking of river water by inhabitants living along transboundary may affect their health.

Environmental Assessment of Groundwater Quality for Irrigation Purposes: A Case Study Of Hillah City In Iraq

This study was conducted to evaluate the groundwater quality of wells located around the Hillah city of Iraq, for the purposes of determining its suitability as water for agricultural irrigation, according to the Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI). The number of wells that are being investigated was 24. The spatial distribution of water quality parameters was investigated using ArcGIS software. Ten parameters were established for the dry and wet seasons of 2018 and 2019, which include pH, electric conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), calcium, potassium, magnesium, bicarbonate, sodium, chloride and sulfuric. The results showed that all pH and sodium absorption ratio values were within the allowable limits. About 69%, and 75% electric conductivity, total dissolved solids, values respectively were higher than the allowable limits. Most values of positive and negative ions were higher than the allowable limits. In 2018, the water quality of (4%) of wells number was classified as moderate restriction and approximately 96% was poor quality in dry season, while the IWQI was enhanced in the wet season. In 2019, the quality of water was dropped as most of the water quality was classified as severe restriction and few in the high restriction for the dry season. These values were increased in the wet season due to the freshwater dilution effect. Water quality index show that a large percentage of the wells have poor water quality leads to severe restriction for irrigation requirements and need relatively high permeability soils and salt-resistant plants.

Physicochemical properties of groundwater in parts of Irun Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria

Ten groundwater samples from hand dug wells were collected at Irun Akoko within the basement complex of part of southwestern Nigeria. The aim of the study was to determine the groundwater suitability for both drinking and irrigation purposes. The groundwater samples were analysed for some physical and chemical constituents including pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), turbidity, Na, Ca, Mg, K, Cl, SO4, PO4 and NO3. The pH (7.0 – 7.9) and TDS (12.26 – 19.35 mg/l) of the groundwater indicate that the water is neutral to slightly alkaline and fresh respectively. The order of relative abundance for concentration of cations in the groundwater is K&gt;Ca&gt;Na&gt;Mg, while that of anions is Cl&gt;SO4&gt;NO3&gt;PO4. The concentrations of potassium in about 90% and chloride in about 40 % of the samples were above the World Health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water. Other hydro-geochemical parameters Ca, Mg, Na, SO4, PO4 and NO3 falls within the WHO standards. Values of Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) classified the water as excellent for irrigation purposes. The Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) values classified eighty percent of the water to be of good quality and the remaining samples as fair for irrigation purposes. However, using the Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (55.0 – 68.9 %) the samples may have hazardous effects on the soil. Generally, groundwater in the study area is suitable for both domestic and irrigation uses.

Suitability of groundwater quality for irrigation in and around the main Gadilam river basin on the east coast of southern India

The main intent of this study was to investigate the condition of groundwater quality for irrigation purposes in and around the main Gadilam river basin, the east coast of southern India. A total of fifty groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for various parameters such as electrical conductivity (EC), pH, TDS, major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+) and anions (SO42-, Cl-, HCO3-, and NO3-). Irrigation water quality parameters like the sodium absorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), percentage sodium (%Na), magnesium hazard (MH), permeability index (PI), and Kelly ratio (KR) were computed to assess the irrigation water quality of groundwater. Furthermore, graphical representation diagrams such as USSL, Wilcox, and Doneen have been prepared for irrigation water quality. From the computation of SAR, Na%, RSC, PI, and KR values, it was found that 100% of groundwater samples were found to be suitable for irrigation purposes. Besides, USSL and Doneen diagrams show that the samples are safe for irrigation usage. The Wilcox diagram in the classification of electrical conductivity reveals that most samples fall into the good to permissible class (78%), in doubtful to unsuitable class (20%), and 2% of samples are unsuitable. Magnesium hazards of 82% of the groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation, while the remaining 18% of the samples exceeded the limit and found to be unsuitable for irrigation purposes. The study concludes that higher percentages of groundwater samples were suitable for irrigation purposes in the study area, and the concentration of magnesium influenced groundwater at a few locations.

The effect of hydrothermal treatment on industrial wastewater: Hungary as a case study

AbstractIndustrial wastewater is a growing environmental challenge due to its high concentrations of organics and its limited biological degradability. Up to date, however, no published work discussed industrial wastewater characterization, which is the focus of this study. Moreover, the effect of hydrothermal treatment on the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and the soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) release was investigated in this work. Wastewater samples were collected from different industrial sites and characterized in order to determine their initial properties. It was summarized that the salinity of wastewater estimated by EC was relatively low, and its pH values were in the acceptable range. On the other hand, however, high values of sodium absorption ratio (SAR) were obtained in all samples post to hydrothermal treatment. Nonetheless, our results revealed higher SCOD release post to hydrothermal treatment suggesting better efficiency of COD removal obtained by this treatment technique.

Hydrochemistry and quality assessment of qanat water compared to wells using laboratory studies and literature review (case study of Samalghan plain, North Khorasan, Iran)

The development of civilizations and human societies has been dependent on water. Without the qanats, many human settlements could not be built, and the qanat is still a major source, and in some cases, the only source of agricultural and potable water supply in many parts of world. However, in densely populated areas, the qanat has lost its importance as a valuable source of water and has been replaced by the well. This study set out to compare the utility of using the qanats and deep wells through the library and laboratory studies. A total of 26 samples were collected and analyzed for: pH, Chlorides (Cl−), Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR). Also, 40 soil sample were taken from the farms irrigated with qanat and well water and analyzed for the EC, SAR, pH, lime percentage and soluble sodium and exchangeable sodium. An area outside the study area was selected and surveyed as the control area with the same conditions as the well and qanat tailwater. The samples were transferred to the Atomic Absorption Laboratory of Yazd University of Natural Resources. The results of soil samples showed that the lime percentage in qanat water-irrigated soil sample was higher than well water-irrigated soils, whereas there were no significant differences in other quality indexes between the irrigation with qanat and the deep well water. Finally in the taken water samples the EC, Cl−, SAR values of the qanat water were lower than the well water but the pH values of the qanat water was slightly higher than the well water. With regard to the high amount of water loss in the world, the studies on finding the most optimal way to use this vital agent are very important.

Hazar Gölü Havzasında (Elazığ, Türkiye) Sulama Suyu Kullanımı için Su Kalite Değerlendirmesi

The goal of this work was to research the suitability of water sources for agricultural use in the Lake Hazar Basin For this purpose, samples are taken from 61 locations during the wet period and 60 locations during the dry period in 2015 and analyzed pH, electrical conductivity, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, chloride and sulfate parameters. Based on these analyses sodium percentage (Na%), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), magnesium ratio (MR), permeability index (PI) and Kelly’s ratio (KR) were calculated. Also, the usability of groundwater in agricultural activities is evaluated according to Wilcox and United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL) Diagrams. The EC, SAR, Na%, RSC, PI, KR and MR values revealed that suitability of waters as irrigation water, except for a few locations close to the lake. Similar results were obtained from classifications made according to USLL and Wilcox diagrams. The thematic maps of water quality parameters displayed that the groundwater quality decreases along the flow path from high elevations to lake level.

Groundwater quality evaluation of Shiraz City, Iran using multivariate and geostatistical techniques

Groundwater is vital water resource for domestic, agricultural and industrial purposes in Shiraz City, Iran. Management of groundwater with respect to quality and quantity is decisive subject in order to accomplish the increasing requirements for water. In the present paper, evaluation of groundwater parameters, viz., pH, electrical conductivity (EC), major cations (K+, Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+), major anions (Cl− and HCO3−), NO3−, SO42−, total dissolved solids (TDS), alkalinity, hardness, sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and Na% were done from Shiraz City, Iran. Consequently, 80 groundwater samples were collected from different sites in June 2017. The results of different parameters were compared with the standard guideline prescribed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking and public health purposes. From the results, it was concluded that 62.5% samples exceeded for EC values, 12.5% samples for Na+, 30% samples for Ca2+, 97.5% samples for Mg2+ and TDS, 28.7% samples for Cl−, and 40% samples for SO42− contents as recommended by WHO. The Na% values ranged from 5.25 to 38.59, whereas SAR values varied from 0.21 to 6.64 meq/L. Results of Na% and SAR indicated that groundwater is good for irrigation and domestic purposes. The results of MGI and BEI showed that 83.75% sampling sites showed shallow meteoric percolation type and Na + SO4 type with less than one value respectively. Multivariate statistical analysis (cluster analysis and principal component analysis) and spatial maps showed that both anthropogenic activities such as cement factory, gas power plant, Rishmark factory and vegetable Oil Company, and natural processes like rock weathering are responsible for the contents of groundwater parameters.

Groundwater Evolution, Hydrochemical Facies and Quality Evaluation for Irrigation Use in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

Hydrochemical facies, groundwater evolution, and physicochemical reactions between soil or rock and water are of considerable importance when evaluating or predicting the nature of anthropogenic impacts on groundwater quality. In this respect a total of 67 ground water samples were collected randomly in Akure, southwestern, Nigeria from hand pump/dug wells and analyzed for major cations and anions. The domination of cations and anions was in the order of Ca2+ > K+ > Na+ > Mg2+ and > Cl- > > respectively. The pH and Eh of the water samples show an acidic condition, with low salinity hazard (generally less than 250 μS/cm). The Piper classification for hydrogeochemical facies indicates carbonate hardness (secondary alkalinity) exceeds 50% that is by alkaline earths and weak acids, with Ca2+ + Mg2+ + water-type. This also suggests a meteoric origin of water quality caused by rock-water interaction. The ratio of and Cl- is greater than 1 and implies recharge area or upper water flow course of carbonate rocks (interaction of water with aquifer material). The Na+:Cl- is less than 0.7 signifying loss of Na+ through precipitation of evaporating water; the water is Ca2+ rich and Na+ depleted with Mg2+:Ca2+ less than 0.5 and Na+:K+ less than 15. The Na+:Ca2+ (2+: + for the samples is less than 1.0 suggestive of flow of water through the normal hydrological cycle. The calculated range of values of sodium absorption ratio (1.89 - 26.42), permeability index (42.67 - 170.24), residue sodium carbonate (-1 to 5), magnesium ratio (4 - 53), Kelly ratio (0.04 - 0.84), percent sodium (0.41 - 3.45) suggest good water suitable for irrigation purposes. In addition, the Wilcox plot shows that 98% of the water samples belong to “good to permissible category” for irrigation use.

Appraisal of ground water quality in and around Kolar and Malur taluks of south-eastern Karnataka, India

Atotal of 16 bore well samples were collected from Kolar and Malur taluks and analyzed for physico-chemical and irrigation water quality parameters. Electrical conductivity values indicated that 37.5% of the analyzed water samples were under permissible and doubtful categories and were unsuitable for drinking and irrigation purpose. Total hardness values classified 37.5% of the samples as very hard waters while 81.25% of the samples were non-saline (< 1000 mg L−1) in nature based on total dissolved solids (TDS) levels. Among cations, concentration of alkaline earth metals (Ca+Mg) was dominant over alkali metals (Na+K). Among anions, weak acidic anion (HCO2) concentration was dominant over strong acidic anion concentration (Cl+SO4) in 81.25% of the samples. Majority of the samples were suitable for irrigation purpose based on SAR (Sodium Absorption Ratio) and percent sodium values. WQI (Water Quality Index) values ranged from 7.56 to 24.69 (mean: 14.8) in the study area, which demonstrated their suitability for domestic and other utilitarian purposes. Fluoride content was above the BIS standard limit of 1.5 mg L−1 at Dhanamatanahally, Challahally, Garudnahally, Kolar West and Mangasandra places, which is a matter of concern in view of the health hazards of fluoride

Groundwater chemical indices changed due to water-level decline, Minab Plain, Iran

This study tried to investigate the change in the physical and chemical indices of groundwater in Minab Plain caused by groundwater level decline. In this regard, twelve groundwater samples were drawn from different wells across this plain during 22 November to 22 December 2015. The parameters of acidity, electrical conductivity (EC), and temperature and the major anions and cations were measured in situ and at the regional water laboratory of Hormozgan, respectively. Comparison of the current parameters with EC and chloride Cl−, and the measured parameters during 2006 indicated an increased concentration of EC, Cl−, sodium Na+, bicarbonates HCO3, total dissolved solids TDS, as well as total hardness TH, and a decreased concentration of sulphate SO42− over time. According to the findings in a lower groundwater quality and a higher groundwater salinity, groundwater level and reservoir capacity decreased by 11.3 m and 287.2 million m3, respectively; finally, for quality assessment of the region’s groundwater for agricultural use, values of sodium absorption ratio, sodium percentage (Na%), residual sodium carbonate, and magnesium hazard were computed; comparison of the concentrations of major cations and anions in the regional groundwater showed that the dominant cationic and anionic conditions were Na > Mg > Ca > K and Cl > HCO3 > SO4 > CO3, respectively. Comparison of the measured parameters with Iran’s national standard and the World Health Organization standards showed that the pH and calcium Ca2+ values of all samples were at desirable levels. Results suggested that the regional waters had good, acceptable, and average quality for drinking. In terms of agricultural use, the dominant cations in the regional groundwater were Na+, followed by magnesium Mg2+.

Determining water quality requirements of coal seam gas produced water for sustainable irrigation

Coal seam gas production in Australia generates large volumes of produced water that is generally high in total dissolved solids and has a high sodium absorption ratio (SAR) which may affect soil structure, hydraulic conductivity, and crop production if used untreated for irrigation. By coupling major ion soil chemistry and unsaturated flow and plant water uptake, this study incorporates effects of salt concentrations on soil hydraulic properties and on root water uptake for soils irrigated with produced water featuring different water qualities. Simulations provided detailed results regarding chemical indicators of soil and plant health, i.e. SAR, EC and sodium concentrations. Results from a base scenario indicated that the use of untreated produced water for irrigation would cause SAR and EC values to significantly exceed the soil quality guide values in Australia and New Zealand (ANZECC). The simulations provided further useful insights in the type of coupled processes that might occur, and what the potential impacts could be on soil hydrology and crop growth. Calculations showed that the use of untreated produced water resulted in a decrease in soil hydraulic conductivity due to clay swelling causing water stagnation, additional plant-water stress and a reduction in plant transpiration. In case the produced water was mixed with surface water in a 1:3 ratio prior to irrigation, the calculated soil SAR values were much lower and generally acceptable for sandy to sandy-loam soil. The use of reverse osmosis treated produced water yielded an acceptable salinity profile not exceeding guide values for SAR and EC; the plant water stress was limited as there was no additional salinity stress associated with the low level of salts. Results further illustrated that accounting for coupled geochemical, hydrological and plant water uptake processes resulted in more accurate water balance calculations compared to an approach where such interactions were not implemented. Coupling unsaturated flow modelling with major ion chemistry solute transport using HYDRUS provides quantitative evidence to determine suitable water quality requirements for sustainable irrigation using coal seam gas produced water.

HYDROGEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER DEGRADATION AT THE EASTERN NESTOS RIVER DELTA, N.E. GREECE.

This paper deals with the hydrogeological study of the evolution of groundwater salinisation - degradation at the eastern Nestos River Delta. Relevant field works including in-situ measurements of groundwater level, pH, Specific Electrical Conductivity (SEC) and temperature took place in the years 2008 and 2009. Groundwater samples were also collected for chemical analysis at the Engineering Geology Laboratory of the Department of Civil Engineering of D.U.Th. (July of 2009). Important conclusions regarding the progress of the groundwater degradation at the study area were drawn based on the analysis of all the available data and the elaboration of the designed piezometric maps and the various maps showing the distribution of SEC, Chloride, SAR (Sodium Absorption Ratio) and Revelle coefficient values. Some managerial suggestions for the confrontation of the seawater intrusion regime of the study area are also included.

Major Ions Chemistry of Surface Water in Bhindawas Wetland

Water samples were taken from different locations in Bhindawas wetland during summer season for analysing major ion chemistry of surface water and its suitability for irrigation and domestic purpose. Along with some major ions, other general water quality parameters like temperature, pH, TDS, EC and Total Hardness were also analysed. Irrigation quality parameters Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Kelly’s Ratio(KR) were also investigated. The study was carried out in the month of May, 2016. The results showed that majority of samples were suitable for domestic purpose due to low and medium hardness. The values of pH ranges from 6.5 to 7.4, indicating slightly acidic to alkaline nature of surface water. Total dissolved solids ranges from166 to 344 mg/l. All the sampling locations have SAR value and KR value below 10 and 2 respectively, which indicates excellent water quality of lake for irrigation purposes. Also the values of SSP at each sampling locations is below 50 indicating good water for irrigation. Also RSC value for all the samples range below 2.5 and also suitable for irrigation. According to present study it was found that all the parameters were found within the permissible range and suitable for irrigation and domestic purpose.

KÜTAHYA OVASI’NDAKİ YÜZEY VE YER ALTI SULARININ SULAMA SUYU KALİTESİ AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ, TÜRKİYE

The Kutahya plain is one of the plains in Kutahya/Turkey, where drinking, agricultural and industrial water supplies are highly dependent on groundwater resources. The local population largely depends on water from alluvial shallow aquifer waters and some on the Felent and Porsuk rivers. Appraisal of surface and groundwater quality is extremely important to make sure the sustainable use of it for drinking, agricultural, and industrial purposes. The chemical quality of surface and groundwater of Kutahya plain has been studied in detail in order to have better understanding of potential water quality. A total of 21 groundwater samples and 6 surface water samples were collected in and around the plain. The relative abundance of major ions (meq/l) for most of the water samples were Ca2+ >Mg2+ >(Na++K+) for cations and HCO3- >SO42- >Cl- for anions. Five hydrochemical facies have been identified based on the major ion chemistry of the surface and groundwater of this area. However, based on hydrochemical facies, the type of water that predominates in the study area is Ca-Mg/Mg-Ca-HCO type in both December 2013 and June 2014. There is no significant change in the hydrochemical facies noticed during the two sampling periods. The chemical Index such as Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Sodium Percentage (%Na), Permeability Index (PI), Kelley Index (KI), Magnesium Ratio (MR), Potential Salinity (PS) and Total Hardness (TH) were calculated. The results indicated that SAR, RSC and KI values revealed 100%, %Na value revealed 92.6%, PI and PS values revealed 85.2% and MR value revealed 66.7% of water samples are within the safe limit suitable for irrigation. To sum up, the quality of surface and groundwater of Kutahya plain in general was suitable for irrigation

INVESTIGATION OF IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY OF SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER IN THE KÜTAHYA PLAIN, TURKEY

The Kutahya plain is one of the plains in Kutahya/Turkey, where drinking, agricultural and industrial water supplies are highly dependent on groundwater resources. The local popula- tion largely depends on water from alluvial shallow aquifer waters and some on the Felent and Porsuk rivers. Appraisal of surface and groundwater quality is extremely important to make sure the sustainable use of it for drinking, agricultural, and industrial purposes. The chemical quality of surface and groundwater of Kutahya plain has been studied in detail in order to have better understanding of potential water quality. A total of 21 groundwater samples and 6 surface water samples were collected in and around the plain. The relative abundance of major ions (meq/l) for most of the water samples were Ca2+ ˃Mg2+ ˃(Na++K+) for cations and HCO - ˃SO 2- ˃Cl- for anions. Five hydrochemical facies have been identified based on the major ion chemistry of the surface and groundwater of this area. However, based on hydrochemical facies, the type of water that predominates in the study area is Ca- Mg/Mg-Ca-HCO type during both December 2013 and June 2014. There is no significant change in the hydrochemical facies noticed during the two sampling periods. The chemical Index such as Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), So- dium Percentage (%Na), Permeability Index (PI), Kelley Index (KI), Magnesium Ratio (MR), Potential Salinity (PS) and Total Hardness (TH) were calculated. The results indica- ted that SAR, RSC and KI values revealed 100%, %Na value revealed 92.6%, PI and PS values revealed 85.2% and MR value revealed 66.7% of water samples are within the safe limit suitable for irrigation. To sum up, the quality of surface and groundwater of Kutahya plain in general was suitable for irrigation.

English

Salinity is one of the most important factors limiting growth and development in cultivated species. Kentucky bluegrass was grown in boxes filled with sand (100%), 95% sand: 5% zeolite, 90% sand: 10 % zeolite and 85% sand 15% zeolite (V/V). Poa pratensis plants were irrigated with 0.24, 3.4 and 6.4 dS.m -1 salt water daily for 6 months in greenhouse condition to study the effect of different levels of zeolite on turf quality (TQ) and some physiological growth factors, salt deposition, sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and ion composition in leachate under different levels of salinity. Saline water reduced (PR), transpiration, (SC), (ME), (WUE), maximum assimilation rate (Amax), carboxylation efficiency (g , m) and net assimilation rate (A360) compared to control. Amendment of sand with zeolite increased TQ, PR, transpiration, SC, ME, WUE, (Amax), (g , m) and (A360) during both the 2nd & 3rd months at both salinity levels. Highest effect obtained in highest percent of zeolite. The beneficial effects of zeolite on turf quality and other parameters diminished 3 months after treatments. Amendment of sand with zeolite reduced leaching of Na and K but, increased leaching of Ca and Mg. Using zeolite in medium increased SAR value compared to control. Results indicate that amending with zeolite may buffer soil solution Na concentration in short-term. In the long-term, however, a substantial amount of Na may be retained concurrent with Ca & Mg exchange, thereby increasing sodicity & salinity problems.

Assessment of groundwater quality for irrigation use in Alathur Block, Perambalur District, Tamilnadu, South India

The suitability of groundwater for irrigation uses was assessed in Alathur Block located in Perambalur District of the state of Tamil Nadu. Groundwater samples from ten villages were analyzed in two seasons for major cations, anions and other parameters such as electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, Kelly’s ratio, sodium absorption ratio (SAR), magnesium ratio, % sodium, chloro-alkaline indices, residual sodium carbonate and permeability index to know the suitability of groundwater for irrigation purpose. Piper trilinear diagram interpretations were made to know the suitability of chemical type of the groundwater. It reveals that the subsurface water is alkaline (Na + K) than the alkaline earth (Ca + Mg) type. According to the SAR values plotted in the USSL Staff diagram, most of the groundwater samples belong to class high-salinity hazard and low-sodium hazard (C3−S1) and high-salinity hazard and medium-sodium hazard (C3−S2), which indicate that the groundwater of most stations require a special type of irrigation method.

Evaluation of the groundwater quality feasibility zones for irrigational purposes through GIS in Omalur Taluk, Salem District, South India

The present work is employed in Omalur Taluk (study area 538.10 km(2)), Salem District, Tamil Nadu, India. Eighty-nine groundwater samples were collected during pre-monsoon (May) 2011 and were analyzed for major cations and anions. The irrigational parameters like; EC, Kelley's ratio, sodium absorption ratio (SAR) values, Mg(2+) hazards, HCO3 (-) and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) have been worked out to know the suitability of the groundwater for irrigational purpose. Wilcox diagram indicates that out of 89 samples, 39 samples belong to good permissible category and Doneen diagram revealed that 98.88 % of the groundwater samples fall in Class I. The plotting of SAR values in USSL diagram indicates that all the samples have low SAR value. Out of 89 samples, 44 samples were in C3-S1 field. This implies that no alkali hazard is anticipated to the crops. In 44 locations (49.44 %), samples fall within C3-S1 category. This category is suitable for irrigation purpose. However, the concentration of bicarbonate was in significant amount showing 82 % of sites under "increasing problem" and the 4 % sites under "Severe Problem" zones. Finally, the above-said results are taken into a Geographic Information System (GIS) platform. To understand the spatial distribution of unsuitable zones, ArcGIS was employed. The present work reveals that groundwater in the Omalur Taluk is of good quality and is suitable for all uses including interbrain water transfer in the region.