Saturation Magnetization Value Research Articles

Recapitulation of the magnetic and magnetodielectric properties of (1-x)LiNbO3 - (x)La0.9Na0.1MnO3 (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) composites

The present study provides structural, ferroelectric, magnetic, magnetodielectric and the optical properties of the composite (1-x)LiNbO3-(x)La 0.9Na 0.1MnO3 with different values of x (where x = 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3) at room temperature. Ferroelectric phase LiNbO3(LNB) and magnetic phase La 0.9Na 0.1MnO3(LNMO) were synthesized by conventional solid state reaction method. Rietveld X-ray diffraction pattern reveals the structural purity of the synthesized samples. The ferroic and antiferroic nature of the composites were investigated from M-H hysteresis loop, at x = 0.3 shows highest value of saturation magnetization. The reduced ferroelectric nature of the prepared samples was revealed through P-E hysteresis loop measurement with sample x = 0.1 shows highest value of remnant polarization room temperature. Magnetoelectric coupling nature of the composite sample was confirmed through magnetodielectric measurement. Among the studied composites highest value of magnetodielectric percentage (MD%) at 1 kHz is obtained for sample with x = 0.3. Enhanced magnetodielectric coupling coefficient value of 5.5 is achieved for the sample with x = 0.3. Optical properties were examined from UV absorbance analysis technique. On increasing LNMO content, there was a slight decrease in the band gap energy. The enhanced magnetoelectric coupling property of the present synthesized composite paves the way for more room temperature multifunctional materials.

Deformation behavior and magnetic properties of equiatomic FeNi single crystals

An equiatomic Fe–Ni alloy in its disordered A1 structure is a soft magnetic alloy. On ordering to the L10 ordered phase, it shows significant magneto-crystalline anisotropy and a strong permanent magnet behavior and is of interest as a rare earth-free permanent magnet. However, synthesis of an L10 phase in a bulk form remains a challenge due to its low critical ordering temperature Tc and consequent extremely slow ordering kinetics. This phase is present in asteroids, and how it was formed remains unclear. The likely mechanism is enhanced diffusion kinetics due to extreme dislocation densities and vacancy concentrations produced by deformation during asteroid collisions and the presence of S. Prior to examining extreme deformation in an FeNi alloy comparable to that in asteroid collisions, low strain rate deformation behavior, magnetic properties, and the structure of undoped and S-doped [100]-oriented FeNi single crystals were carried out. Controlled deformation at a strain rate of 1 × 10−5/s showed the yield point to be 89 MPa, and the critical resolved shear stress was 25.7 MPa. The dislocation densities obtained were ∼1017/m2. The saturation magnetization value was ∼147–151 emu/g both before and after deformation, comparable to NdFeB magnets. Coercivity increased slightly from ∼0.04–0.4 to ∼5 Oe after deformation due to an increase in dislocation density. The x-ray diffraction scan of S-doped and deformed single crystals after annealing at 300 °C, just below Tc, showed no evidence of L10 order. These data serve as a baseline for extreme strain rate deformation where much higher dislocation densities and vacancy concentrations can be obtained to facilitate L10 order.

Synthesis and characterization of NiFe2 O4 nanoparticles by tartaric acid assisted sol-gel auto-combustion method

Nickel ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized by modified sol-gel auto-combustion method. The final product obtained was annealed at 600 °C. The thermal, structural, morphological, vibrational, optical and magnetic properties were studied using TGA, XRD, SEM, FTIR, UV-DRS and VSM techniques, respectively. The thermo gravimetric analysis shows three step decomposition of residual nitrate and tartrate complexes with a total weight loss of 6.69% below 600 °C. Further, there was no significant weight loss above 600 °C. XRD confirmed the spinel cubic phase with Fd3m space group. The average crystallite size was 14 nm. An agglomerated random morphology with porous flake like microstructure was observed. The vibrational analysis confirmed the presence of Ni-O, Fe-O stretching vibrational modes in the wave number range 400-600 cm−1. Tetrahedral site (kTd) and octahedral site (kOh) force constant values were 2.20×105 and 1.31×105 dynes/cm, respectively. From UV-DRS spectra, the Kubelka-Munk function was used to calculate the optical band gap and it was 1.71 eV. The magnetic saturation, retentivity and coercive field values: Ms = 22.35 emu/gm, Mr = 5.20 emu/gm, Hc = 165 Gauss were obtained from VSM analysis. The calculated magnetic moment value was 1.115 μB. The law of approach to saturation was employed to analyze the VSM data in saturation region. The calculated magneto-crystalline anisotropy constant, K1 value was 0.857×105 erg/cc.

Phase formation and dielectric properties of MgFe2O4 nanoparticles synthesized by hydrothermal technique

In the recent development of energy storage devices, the scientific study has demonstrated a significant interest in the applications of the magnesium iron oxide (MgFe2O4) nanoparticles. In this work, we present synthesized novel MgFe2O4 nanoparticles at different molarities (0.1–0.5 M), via hydrothermal technique. An X-ray Diffractometer was used to study the phase analysis of the prepared samples at different molarities. A pure cubic phase of the MgFe2O4 is observed at molar concentrations of 0.3 M and 0.4 M. However, the mixed phases consisting of (MgFe2O4 + γ-Fe2O3) were also observed at 0.1 M, 0.2 M, and 0.5 M. The pure cubic MgFe2O4 nanoparticles depict the large value of crystallite size, 19.5 nm, and the lowest dislocation density and strain. The vibrating Sample Magnetometer shows the ferromagnetic nature of the pure MgFe2O4 with a high saturation magnetization. The value of saturation magnetization surged from 36.88 emu/g to 55.2 emu/g at 0.4 M concentration. The dielectric response of the materials as a function of applied frequency was studied thoroughly by using an Impedance Analyzer. The highest value of dielectric constant and low tangent loss was also reported at 0.4 M. Cole-Cole plots are the affirmation of the contribution of both grains and grain boundaries in the charge mechanism. These distinctive features make the synthesized material an excellent choice for future spintronics and energy storage devices.

Fabrication of a magnetic nanocomposite based on natural hydrogel: Pectin, tragacanth gum, silk fibroin, and integrated graphitic carbon nitride for hyperthermia and biological features

The current study aimed to design and synthesize a new magnetic nanobiocomposite and assess its potential for biological applications and hyperthermia. For this purpose, in the first step, the Pectin (PC) and Tragacanth gum (TG) polymer was synthesized using CaCl2 as a cross-linking agent (PC-TG hydrogel). In the second step, natural Silk fibroin (SF) protein and graphitic carbon nitride (CN) were added to the hydrogel to upgrade the nanobiocomposite's strength and due to CN's pharmacology applications, respectively. Finally, for an enhanced hyperthermia application, PC-TG hydrogel/SF/CN was in situ magnetized with Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), and PC-TG hydrogel/SF/CN/Fe3O4 nanobiocomposite was synthesized. By using a vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM), Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), the structural features and properties of the PC-TG hydrogel/SF/CN/Fe3O4 nanobiocomposite were determined. This magnetic nanobiocomposite's saturation magnetization value was 14.84 emu g-1. The hemolytic assay of this new nanobiocomposite demonstrated that the hemolysis percentage was 1.07 %, around 99.0 % of cells were able to survive, and the MTT assay was used to assess the anticancer activity against breast cancer cell lines (BT549). Additionally, 62.51 (W g-1) in 200.0 kHz was found to be the greatest specific absorption rate (SAR). These findings suggest that the recently created magnetic nanobiocomposite might function admirably in hyperthermia treatment when exposed to an alternating magnetic field.

Exploring Dielectric and Magnetic Properties of Ni and Co Ferrites through Biopolymer Composite Films

This study explores the synthesis and characterization of chitosan/gelatine films incorporating nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) and cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles. The magnetic nanoparticles exhibit superparamagnetic behaviour, making them attractive for various applications, including biomedical uses. The X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the successful synthesis of NiFe2O4 and CoFe2O4 nanoparticles, and the scanning electron micrographs illustrated well-dispersed ferrite nanoparticles within the biopolymer network, despite the formation of some aggregates attributed to magnetic interactions. Magnetization loops revealed lower saturation magnetization values for the composites, attributed to the chitosan/gelatine coating and the dielectric studies, indicating increased dielectric losses in the presence of ferrites, particularly pronounced in the case of NiFe2O4, suggesting interactions at the interface region between the polymer and ferrite particles. The AC conductivity shows almost linear frequency dependence, associated with proton polarization and conduction processes, more significant at higher temperatures for samples with ferrite particles.

Ultrafast and highly efficient Cd(II) and Pb(II) removal by magnetic adsorbents derived from gypsum and corncob: Performances and mechanisms

The utilization of gypsum and biomass in environmental remediation has become a novel approach to promote waste recycling. Generally, raw waste materials exhibit limited adsorption capacity for heavy metal ions (HMIs) and often result in poor solid–liquid separation. In this study, through co-pyrolysis with corncob waste, titanium gypsum (TiG) was transformed into magnetic adsorbents (GCx, where x denotes the proportion of corncob in the gypsum–corncob mixture) for the removal of Cd(II) and Pb(II). GC10, the optimal adsorbent, which was composed primarily of anhydrite, calcium sulfide, and magnetic Fe3O4, exhibited significantly faster adsorption kinetics (rate constant k1 was 218 times and 9 times of raw TiG for Cd(II) and Pb(II)) and higher adsorption capacity (Qe exceeded 200 mg/g for Cd(II) and 400 mg/g for Pb(II)) than raw TiG and previous adsorbents. Cd(II) removal was more profoundly inhibited in a Cd(II) + Pb(II) binary system, suggesting that GC10 showed better selectivity for Pb(II). Moreover, GC10 could be easily separated from purified water for further recovery, due to its high saturation magnetization value (6.3 emu/g). The superior removal capabilities of GC10 were due to adsorption and surface precipitation of metal sulfides and metal sulfates on the adsorbent surface. Overall, these waste-derived magnetic adsorbents provide a novel and sustainable approach to waste recycling and the deep purification of multiple HMIs.

Pioneering electrochemical detection unveils erdafitinib: a breakthrough in anticancer agent determination

The successful fabrication is reported of highly crystalline Co nanoparticles interconnected with zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-12) -based amorphous porous carbon using the molten-salt-assisted approach utilizing NaCl. Single crystal diffractometers (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses confirm the codoped amorphous carbon structure. Crystallite size was calculated by Scherrer (34 nm) and Williamson-Hall models (42 nm). The magnetic properties of NPCS (N-doped porous carbon sheet) were studied using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The NPCS has a magnetic saturation (Ms) value of 1.85 emu/g. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses show that Co/Co3O4 nanoparticles are homogeneously distributed in the carbon matrix. While a low melting point eutectic salt acts as an ionic liquid solvent, ZIF-12, at high temperature, leading cobalt nanoparticles with a trace amount of Co3O4 interconnected by conductive amorphous carbon. In addition, the surface area (89.04 m2/g) and pore architectures of amorphous carbon embedded with Co nanoparticles are created using the molten salt approach. Thanks to this inexpensive and effective method, the optimal composite porous carbon structures were obtained with the strategy using NaCl salt and showed distinct electrochemical performance on electrochemical methodology revealing the analytical profile of Erdatifinib (ERD) as a sensor modifier. The linear response spanned from 0.01 to 7.38 μM, featuring a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.36 nM and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 11.2 nM. The developed sensor was examined in terms of selectivity, repeatability, and reproducibility. The fabricated electrode was utilized for the quantification of Erdafitinib in urine samples and pharmaceutical dosage forms. This research provides a fresh outlook on the advancements in electrochemical sensor technology concerning the development and detection of anticancer drugs within the realms of medicine and pharmacology.Graphical

Investigation of Structural, Dielectric, Magnetic and Impedance Spectroscopy of MgO/CuFe2O4 Nanocomposites

This study investigates the properties of (MgO)x/(CuFe2O4)1-x x= 10–50 wt.% nanocomposites (NCPs) prepared by physical mixing of both materials. The crystal structure, phase identification and morphology were analyzed by x-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The investigation revealed the formation of required phases which are in nanometer dimension (22–54 nm) computed by Debye-Sherrer’s formula. Both the real and imaginary parts of dielectric constant (ε/ & ε//), a.c. conductivity (σac), and impedance were measured in the frequency range of 1kHz to 2MHz by LCR meter. The ε/ and ε// revealed a decreasing trend with frequency, while MgO weight fractions in NCPs enhance the permittivity values. The real and imaginary parts of impedance (Z/ & Z//) demonstrate a decreasing trend with frequency which is ascribed to increase in σac. The complex impedance spectroscopy (CIS) analysis shows semicircular arcs at higher frequency, which are due to electrical transport properties of conducting grains. The effect of MgO contents on magnetic properties were analyzed by measuring M-H loops at room temperature through vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Both the saturation magnetization (Ms) and coercivity (Hc) values show a decreasing profile with MgO fractions, which are due to increase in nonmagnetic contents and decrease in surface anisotropy respectively.

Preparation of magnetic Fe3O4/PAM composite microspheres by inverse emulsion polymerization

The stable micro-aqueous groups (MAGs) were prepared by using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sorbitan fatty acid ester (Span80) as emulsifiers. Fe3O4/PAM composite microspheres (CMPs) were obtained by inverse emulsion polymerization in MAGs. The experimental results showed that the size of the spherical Fe3O4/PAM CMPs was about 135-420nm and the saturation magnetization value of them was about 23.3emu/g. In the Fe3O4/PAM CMPs, the mass fraction of PAM was about 76.5%. The viscosity of the emulsion containing Fe3O4/PAM CMPs increased with the increase of current and decreased with the increase of shear rate

Electrochemical-assisted synthesis of molecularly imprinted graphene oxide/magnetite for highly selective enantiomer separation

Enantiomeric compounds have been reported to exhibit different biological and pharmacological activities. MIP-GO/Fe3O4 has been synthesized with L-glutamic acid (L-Glu) as template molecules and developed to separate amino acids enantiomeric compounds (AAs) especially for DL-glutamic acid (DL-Glu). The MIP-GO/Fe3O4 adsorbent material was synthesized in several stages, namely electrochemically synthesizing GO, co-precipitation for GO/Fe3O4, and surface imprinting polymerization to obtain MIP-GO/Fe3O4. The characterization results of MIP-GO/Fe3O4 show that the composite system has been successfully created with saturation magnetization (Ms) values of 49.37 emu/g. Adsorption tests are carried out on the racemic mixture of DL-Glu and show that the material worked effectively and selectively to separate D- and L-Glu with a %ee value of 97.86 % and an adsorption capacity for L of 9.9 mg g−1 on optimum conditions. In addition, the adsorbent developed shows good reusability values with a decreasing performance of no more than 2.0 % after 10-time use cycles and is easily separated in less than 15 s. This research contributes to developing advanced materials with extraordinary selectivity and efficiency, paving the way for advances in enantiomer separation technology.

The structural, magnetic and electrical properties of zinc-doped orthorhombic calcium ferrite nanoparticles: Memory device and high-frequency applications

Calcium ferrite nanoparticles (NPs), doped with Zinc in the range of 10–50[Formula: see text]mol%, were synthesized through a solution combustion method using citrus Limon extract as a reducing agent, followed by calcination at 500∘C. The synthesized samples are characterized with different techniques. Bragg reflections confirmed the formation of orthorhombic crystal structure. The shifting of the peak toward higher angle side is observed with increase in the dopant concentration. The surface exhibited irregular shapes and sized NPs with pores and voids in their morphology. The direct energy band gap increases from 2.91 to 2.97[Formula: see text]eV with increase in Zinc concentration. Further, magnetic and dielectric properties were carried out to know their importance in the high-frequency devices. Magnetic parameters, such as saturation magnetization (Ms), remanence (Mr), and coercivity (Hc) values, are discussed. Ms, Mr and Hc increase with increase in dopant concentration upto 30[Formula: see text]mol% and thereafter decreases. The dielectric studies revealed a decreasing dielectric constant from 2.98 to 1.84 as the dopant concentration increased. These findings suggest the potential use of these samples in memory devices and high-frequency applications.

High Magnetic Property and Toxicity of Particulate Matter Generated during Welding and Cutting Processes.

Magnetic particulate matter (PM) has raised increasing concern due to its abundant presence in ambient air and negative health impact. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive understanding of their emission sources and toxicities. We here report the observation of high magnetic property and toxicity of PM generated during typical welding and cutting processes. Magnetite, formed during high-temperature operation with less oxygen pressure, was revealed to be the major magnetic contributor. The averaged saturation magnetization and magnetic susceptibility values of fine PM (PM2.5) from welding processes are 1.4-4.2 times greater than those of PM emitted from other unintended emission sources, including iron and steel plants and brake wear, while they are 2.0-5.7 times greater for the cutting processes. Furthermore, PM2.5 from welding and cutting processes are nearly 3.5-4.5 times more neurovirulent and 2.1-7.0 times more likely to induce oxidative stress than those from other magnetic sources in the nerve cells lines. Moreover, all of these magnetic PM2.5 exhibit greater negative health effects than typical atmospheric PM2.5 collected in Shanghai urban regions. These new findings suggest that appropriate occupational protection measures should be implemented for the welding and cutting process to reduce adverse health impacts.

Synthesis of lithium doped magnesium ferrites and their vibrational and magnetic properties: Correlation of experimental and density functional theory

Recently, there has been an increased focus on investigating the possible use of ferrite nanoparticles as magnetic memory devices. In this study, we report on the structural, microstructural, Raman, density functional theory and magnetic characteristics of Mg1-xLixFe2O4 (x = 0, 0.15, 0.3, 0.45, 0.5 and 0.75). Samples were synthesized by solution combustion synthesis method. Samples were subjected to characterize X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman Spectra. XRD reveals that all synthesized samples show a single phase formation and unit cell volume, crystallite size varied with an increase in Lithium-ion concentration. SEM micrographs confirmed the porous nature increases with the rise of Li concentration. Particles are agglomeration and spherical type of nature was confirmed by TEM images. Further, Raman Spectra confirms the spinel cubic structure of MgFe2O4 nanoparticles belongs to the Fd3m space group. Despite the fact that the full unit cell has 56 atoms (Z = 8), the smallest Bravais cell consists of only 14 atoms (Z = 2). Consequently, in order to understand this effect, the electronic structure of pure and doped models was investigated through the Band Structure and Density of States (D.O.S.) profiles. First the crystalline structure of pure and Li-doped MgFe2O4 was analyzed based on the optimized lattice parameters and M − O (M = Mg, Li and Fe) bond distances. The band-gap was computed to be 2.54 eV being a direct transition between two points, in an excellent agreement with the experimental measurements. To investigate the temperature dependent magnetic properties, the M − H loops of Li doped MgFe2O4 nanoparticles traced at below and above room temperature over the applied magnetic field ±60 kOe. The M − H loops recorded at above and below room temperature demonstrated that the ferromagnetic nature of the sample. Further, the magnetic properties was investigated using temperature dependent FC and ZFC magnetization measurements. Above room temperature, the ZFC and FC curves show irreversibility and split at certain temperatures, as well as a broad maximum in ZFC curves at blocking temperature (TB). Saturation magnetization (Ms) values are higher at 15 K compared to 300 K, attributed to reduced thermal fluctuation. Our results suggest that synthesized materials are useful for room temperature magnetic memory device application.

Effect of Alloying Elements on the Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Mechanically Alloyed AlNiCo‐Based High‐Entropy Alloys

Herein, the effect of addition of Cu, Fe, and CuFe on microstructure and magnetic properties of equiatomic ternary AlNiCo alloy is reported. This addition of Cu, Fe, and CuFe to AlNiCo results in L12, B2, and mixed α + B2 phases, respectively, during the mechanical alloying (MA) and subsequent annealing process. The low‐temperature magnetic properties show that the addition of nonmagnetic Cu to AlNiCo enhances the coercivity, while Fe enhances the saturation magnetization value. Further from the study of magnetic properties, it is suggested that the phase segregation effects are minimum in MA process compared to melt process. It is also shown that the disorder plays a significant role in controlling the magnetic properties. The observed anomalous magnetic behavior is discussed in terms of modifications in exchange interactions between constituent elements due to chemical and structural disorder.

Fabrication of MoS2 restrained magnetic chitosan polysaccharide composite for the photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes

Chitosan (CS) polysaccharide is expected to exhibit greater ionic conductivity, which can be attributed to its increased amino group content when it is blended with different semiconducting materials. Herein, the work used this conducting ability of chitosan and prepared a heterogeneous MoS2-induced magnetic chitosan (MF@CS) composite via the co-precipitation method, which was used to scrutinize the catalytic performance with Methylene Blue (MB) and Malachite Green (MG) dyes by visible light irradiation. The saturation magnetization value of the MF@CS composite is found to be 7.8 emu/g, which is less when compared to that of pristine Fe3O4 (55.7 emu/g) particles. The bandgap of the MF@CS composite is ∼ 2.17eV, which exceeds the bandgap (Eg) of bare MoS2 of 1.80 eV. The maximum color removal of 96.3 % and 93.4 % for MB and MG dyestuffs is recognized in the exposure of the visible spectrum, respectively. At a starting dye dosage of 30 mg/L, 0.1 g/L of MF@CS, a pH level of 8−11, and 70 min of contact with direct light. The photocatalyst provides extremely good durability for a maximum of five phases. Hence, the MF@CS matrix is a viable and appropriate substance for the efficient treatment of effluents containing dye molecules.

Multifunctional Ce+3 doped nickel-cobalt mixed ferrites via co-precipitation method for photocatalytic and antibacterial activity

The overuse of industrial dyes and anti-bacterial drugs are destroying fresh water reservoirs and making bacteria more resistant, respectively. To sort out these problems, we have synthesized Cerium doped Nickel-Cobalt mixed ferrites (Ce-@NCMF) with chemical composition [Ni0.4Co0.6CexFe2-xO4 (where x = 0.00, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25)] via co-precipitation method. Influence of cerium doping on the structural, optical, electrical, magnetic, photocatalytic and anti-bacterial properties of Ce-@NCMF studied. Powder x-ray diffraction analysis (PXRD) confirmed the synthesis of Ce-@NCMF. Decrease of crystallite size from 29.71 to 24.95 nm was observed with increase in dopant concentration. Tauc’s plot indicated the decrease of energy bandgap from 2.10 to 1.89 eV with increase in dopant concentration, which revealed the absorption of light in visible region to generate electron–hole pairs for photocatalytic applications. FTIR spectra indicated the presence of M-O bonds as major functional group present in Ce-@NCMF. Electrical properties demonstrated the prominent increase of electrical conductivity with increase of Ce-doping. VSM analysis was performed to analyse the magnetic properties of materials and showed prominent decrease in saturation magnetization value from 84.66 to 19.85 emu g−1. Owing to optical bandgap in the visible region, all the synthesized samples were evaluated for their photocatalytic potential for the degradation of methylene blue. Ce-@NCMF at x = 25% dopant value showed maximum degradation efficiency (95%) under sunlight irradiation of 90 min. Kinetic studies of dye degradation followed pseudo-1st order kinetics with maximum rate constant (k) value of 2.78×10−2 min−1. Antibacterial activity results showed the bioactive nature of Ce-@NCMF against all strains of bacteria in consistent with the crystallite size of samples. Smallest crystallite size Ce-@NCMF were found most active against gram-negative bacterial strains.

Silver-and-Sulphur-Codoped Fe3O4/TiO2 as a Magnetically Separable Photocatalyst for Methylene Blue Degradation under Visible Light

This research aimed to investigate how the addition of silver and sulphur dopants modified the TiO2 photocatalyst to enhance its responsiveness to visible light and improve its photocatalytic activity for methylene blue degradation. In addition, Fe3O4 was also added as a core to add magnetic properties to the photocatalyst material. The Fe3O4/TiO2-Ag/S materials were prepared using FeCl3.6H2O and FeSO4.7H2O as the magnetite precursors, titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) as the TiO2 precursor, while AgNO3 and CH4N2S were used as the sources for silver and sulphur dopants, respectively. The synthesized materials were next characterized using FT-IR, XRD, UV-Vis spectrophotometer, SEM-EDX, TEM, and VSM. The activity of the photocatalyst was then assessed through methylene blue degradation in a closed reactor involving various contained Ag:S ratios and reusability examination. The evaluation of photocatalytic degradation results was performed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Afterwards, the research findings indicate that the Fe3O4/TiO2-Ag/S was successfully synthesized and exhibited magnetic properties with a saturation magnetization value of 5.33 emu/g. The highest photocatalytic activity (98.21%) was observed in Fe3O4/TiO2-Ag/S (1:1) with a band gap energy value of 2.64 eV under visible light exposure at pH 10, 120 min, 10 mg mass of the photocatalyst, and methylene blue concentration of 5 mgL-1. Furthermore, the Fe3O4/TiO2-Ag/S photocatalyst was known to perform good stability through four reuse cycles.
 
 Keywords: Dopants, Fe3O4/TiO2-Ag/S, methylene blue, photocatalytic degradation

Facile green fabrication of magnetite nanoparticles using an aqueous flower extract of Murraya paniculata (L) Jack for an efficient removal of organic dye pollutant, antibacterial activities

This article reports, the plant-mediated synthesis of Magnetite nanoparticles achieved by utilising an aqueous flower extract of Murraya paniculata (L) Jack (FMPM NPs). The active compounds are phenols, alkaloids, flavones and terpenoids in the aqueous flower extract of Murraya paniculata act as ligating agents to synthesize novel green superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles by the coprecipitation method. As prepared FMPM NPs have been characterized by a range of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. All spectroscopic and microscopic results confirmed the occurrence of pure FMPM NPs. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) shows the presence of a Fe-O bond and the band gap was found to be 2.57 eV for FMPM NPs. The surface area of the synthesized nanoparticles was 70.31 m2/g evaluated by BET analysis. The elemental analysis has been performed by the XPS technique. The XRD pattern revealed the crystal size of 14.12 nm of FMPM NPs. TEM images show the spherical shaped FMPM NPs with an average particle size of 11.58 nm. SEM results clearly show spherically shaped FMPM NPs. The superparamagnetic character of FMPM NPs is revealed by the VSM curve and saturation magnetization (Ms) value of 58 emu/g. FMPM NPs used for photocatalytic activity, tested against gram positive, gram negative and antifungal bacteria. As prepared FMPM NPs. showed 93 % removal efficiency of Fast sulphon black-F dye pollutant. Moreover, FMPM NPs efficiently inhibit the growth of Enterococcus faecalis and Penicillium chrysogenum. The current research is for the fabrication of magnetite nanoparticles utilising novel green source and examining their applications.

Physical characterization, magnetic interactions and DC electrical resistivity properties of La3+ substituted NiZnCd nano ferrites

In this article, we substituted La3+ ions to explore the structural, magnetic, and DC electrical resistivity properties of Ni0.5Zn0.4Cd0.1Fe2-xLaxO4 (x = 0.0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, and 0.08) nano-structured spinel ferrites. We employed X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) with Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), and electrical measurements to characterize the studied samples, which were synthesized using the sol–gel auto-combustion process. XRD analysis confirmed that the prepared materials formed a single-phase nanostructure. Using Debye-Scherer's formula, we calculated the average crystallite size, which ranged from 29.01 to 21.52 nm. FESEM images demonstrated that each sample exhibited spherical nanocrystalline behavior. The variations of the prepared samples were confirmed constitutionally by EDX. The FTIR data revealed two absorption bands for all synthesized materials at υ1 = 562.18 to 590.51 cm−1 and υ2 = 410.18 to 430.51 cm−1, corresponding to the tetrahedral and octahedral sites of the spinel structure, respectively. Vibrant sample magnetometry spectra were utilized to investigate how La3+-doping affects the magnetic characteristics of NiZnCd ferrite. Due to enhanced La3+-doping, saturation magnetization, and coercivity values decreased. The La3+ doping of NiZnCd nano ferrites resulted in changes in saturation magnetization (from 83.66 to 69.57 emu/g), coercivity (from 33.75 to 60.51 Oe), and remanence magnetization (from 29.62 to 33.12 emu/g). These variations suggest the potential utility of the samples for magnetic recording and memory applications. The semiconducting behavior has been confirmed by the DC electrical resistivity measured values using a two-probe method. Data on DC electrical resistivity were also utilized to determine carrier concentration and activation energy, establishing a connection with La3+ replacement.