Values Of Relaxation Time Research Articles

On the mechanics of conducting micropolar fluids with magnetic particles: Vorticity–microrotation difference

In this paper, mechanisms that differentiate microrotation (i.e., particles' internal rotation) and vorticity in magnetohydrodynamic micropolar flows with magnetic particles are examined. Micropolar fluids are characterized by the asynchronization of the microrotation and the vorticity of the liquid carrier. When the microrotation is equal to the fluid's vorticity, the flow is purely Newtonian. In this context, two classical examples of micropolar magnetohydrodynamic fluids with magnetic particles are used, namely, blood and ferrofluid. The effect of all dimensionless parameters associated with the mathematical model is examined in terms of differentiating microrotation and vorticity. These dimensionless parameters are specifically calculated using the physical properties of the ferrofluid and blood. It was shown that higher values of the rotational viscosity (which are associated with smaller values of the spin relaxation time), higher values of channel's height, and higher values of the microrotation wall parameter tend to equalize microrotation and vorticity. On the other hand, the spin viscosity and the micromagnetorotation (magnetic torque) are mechanisms that differentiate microrotation and vorticity. Lorentz force does not seem to have any noticeable effect on the microrotation–vorticity difference. It is anticipated that this study will reveal the cases where a magnetohydrodynamic micropolar fluid with magnetic particles, such as blood and ferrofluid, can be simplified to a Newtonian one, which brings many benefits associated with a simplified mathematical flow model (such as smaller computational cost and less time).

Simulation and experimental analysis of dynamic thermal rise relaxation characteristics for dry-type distribution transformer

Abstract The temperature distribution characteristics of dry-type distribution transformers reflect their overall performance and quality. Distribution transformer daily load changes dramatically, its temperature fluctuates within a certain range. However, most of the research results on transformer temperature rise focus on the steady-state temperature characteristics of transformers, and lack of research related to dynamic temperature rise characteristics. This paper carries out a multi-physics coupling simulation and experimental verification of the dynamic temperature rise relaxation characteristics. The simulation uses the “electromagnetic-flow-thermal” multi-physics coupling analysis method to simulate the steady-state temperature rise characteristics and dynamic temperature rise relaxation characteristics of windings under different load rates. Then, this paper also explores the correlation between the dynamic temperature rise relaxation characteristics and load rate at the typical positions of high-voltage windings and low-voltage windings. The results show that the temperature rise of the winding shows the law of increasing the saturation index function with the increase of the load application time at any load rate. A quantitative characterization model of dynamic temperature rise relaxation behavior at different positions of transformer windings is constructed. It is found that the steady-state temperature rise value of different parts of the winding increases regularly as a power function with the increase of load rate, while the constant value of dynamic temperature rise relaxation time in different parts of the winding decreases as a power function with the increase of load rate. The verification results of the quantitative characterization model of dynamic temperature rise relaxation behavior show that the maximum error of the measured and theoretical steady-state temperature rise value is only 1.56 K, and the maximum error of the constant value of dynamic temperature rise relaxation time is only 0.082 h. These findings provide valuable insights into the performance and quality of dry-type distribution transformers, and can help improve their design and operation for better efficiency and safety.

Age and sex-related differences in T1 and T2 mapping. 1.5 magnetic resonance referent values

Introduction: Parametric mapping is a non-invasive method to quantify tissue changes in the myocardium by measuring T1, T2 and T2* relaxation times and extracellular volume, requiring a pre-established range of normal values. Purpose: To establish reference values for native T1 and T2 myocardial relaxation times in healthy subjects on 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging and to assess changes in their values according to left ventricular segments, age, sex, heart rate, and myocardial thickness. Material and Methods: A prospective 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging study was performed with the voluntary participation of 50 healthy individuals in different age groups. Image analysis was performed by a radiologist with 5 years of experience in the field of CMRT and further coordinated with a radiologist with more than 20 years of expe-rience in the field. Siemens ARGUS integrated software was used to calculate the volumes and function of both cameras. Global and segmental T1 and T2 values were measured in the shortaxis midlevel section by manually delineating the region of interest. Myocardial thickness of the mid septum was measured for each patient. Results: The distribution of volunteers was 25 men and 25 women. Significantly higher global T1 values were observed in women (1027.7 ± 25.4 ms) compared to men (992.9 ± 24.4 ms), at p < 0.001. The same correlation was observed in individual segments, with a significant difference between genders. Examination of the correlation between T1 and other parameters demonstrated a negative linear relationship only with myocardial thickness. Global T2 in women (48.6 ± 2.49 ms) was also significantly higher than in men (44.6 ± 2.06 ms), with an observed difference of 3.95, p < 0.001. Global T2 showed a very strong negative correlation with myocardial thickness (r = -0.769; p < 0.001). There was no sig-nificant correlation between T2 times and heart rate and age of patients. Conclusion: A statistically significant difference in native T1 and T2 values by sex was demonstrated. The use of sex-specific reference values to distinguish healthy from pathologically affected myocardium is recommended.

Age-related differences in human cortical microstructure depend on the distance to the nearest vein

Abstract Age-related differences in cortical microstructure are used to understand the neuronal mechanisms that underlie human brain ageing. The cerebral vasculature contributes to cortical ageing, but its precise interaction with cortical microstructure is poorly understood. In a cross-sectional study, we combine venous imaging with vessel distance mapping to investigate the interaction between venous distances and age-related differences in the microstructural architecture of the primary somatosensory cortex, the primary motor cortex and additional areas in the frontal cortex as non-sensorimotor control regions. We scanned 18 younger adults and 17 older adults using 7 Tesla MRI to measure age-related changes in longitudinal relaxation time (T1) and quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) values at 0.5 mm isotropic resolution. We modelled different cortical depths using an equi-volume approach and assessed the distance of each voxel to its nearest vein using vessel distance mapping. Our data reveal a dependence of cortical quantitative T1 values and positive QSM values on venous distance. In addition, there is an interaction between venous distance and age on quantitative T1 values, driven by lower quantitative T1 values in older compared to younger adults in voxels that are closer to a vein. Together, our data show that the local venous architecture explains a significant amount of variance in standard measures of cortical microstructure and should be considered in neurobiological models of human brain organisation and cortical ageing.

Fabrication of free standing nano-SiO2 incorporated solid polymer electrolytes based on poly(vinyl) chloride

AbstractFree standing nanocomposite polymer electrolytes (NCPEs) based on the polymer host poly(vinyl) chloride (PVC) were successfully prepared using the solution casting technique. Lithium nitrate (LiNO3) and nano-sized silica (SiO2) (< 100 nm) were employed as the electrolyte and filler, respectively. Impedance studies revealed a maximum ionic conductivity value of 1.226 × 10−4 S/cm at room temperature for the PVC/LiNO3 with 5 wt.% nano-SiO2. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis verified the sample’s amorphous nature. Dielectric permittivity and relaxation time values were consistent with impedance results. Additionally, parameters such as diffusion coefficient, mobile concentration, and mobility were evaluated for the prepared samples. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies confirmed a change in glass transition temperature (Tg) of PVC/LiNO3/SiO2 sample. The scanning electron micrograph (SEM) images revealed a honeycomb morphology, indicating ease of Li+ ion transportation.

Fetal epicardial fat thickness and modified myocardial performance index in late-onset fetal growth restriction.

In our study, we aimed to investigate the value of fetal epicardial fat thickness (EFT) and modified myocardial performance index (mod-MPI) in fetal growth restriction (FGR) that develops after the 32nd week of gestation. Fifty-six pregnant women who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the study and were divided into two groups: pregnancies diagnosed with FGR after the 32nd week of gestation (FGR group) and those without (control group). Demographic and obstetric histories, ultrasonographic and clinical characteristics, fetal EFT and mod-MPI values, and neonatal outcomes of the groups were recorded, and comparisons were made between the groups. Additionally, the diagnostic performance of fetal EFT value in late FGR was investigated. The FGR group had fetal EFT that was statistically significantly lower (1.11 ± 0.21 vs. 1.34 ± 0.23, p = 0.001). The FGR group had a significantly lower isovolumetric contraction time (ICT) (31.04 ± 6.88 vs. 35.14 ± 7.58, p = 0.048). The two groups' isovolumetric relaxation time (IRT), ejection time (ET), and mod-MPI values (p values 0.871, 0.55, and 0.750, respectively) were comparable. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis at a cutoff of 1.2 revealed 76.1% sensitivity and 74.2% specificity, respectively, for the diagnostic performance of the fetal EFT value in late-onset FGR. There was a positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of 64.0% and 83.8%, respectively. We found that fetal EFT was significantly lower in FGR and may be useful in diagnosing FGR. However, we observed that mode-MPI did not change in FGR.

Characterization of acute effects of football competition on hamstring muscles by muscle functional MRI techniques.

Muscle functional MRI identifies changes in metabolic activity in each muscle and provides a quantitative index of muscle activation and damage. No previous studies have analyzed the hamstrings activation over a football match. This study aimed at detecting different patterns of hamstring muscles activation after a football game, and to examine inter- and intramuscular differences (proximal-middle-distal) in hamstring muscles activation using transverse relaxation time (T2)-weighted magnetic resonance images. Eleven healthy football players were recruited for this study. T2 relaxation time mapping-MRI was performed before (2 hours) and immediately after a match (on average 13 min). The T2 values of each hamstring muscle at the distal, middle, and proximal portions were measured. The primary outcome measure was the increase in T2 relaxation time value after a match. Linear mixed models were used to detect differences pre and postmatch. MRI examination showed that there was no obvious abnormality in the shape and the conventional T2 weighted signal of the hamstring muscles after a match. On the other hand, muscle functional MRI T2 analysis revealed that T2 relaxation time significantly increased at distal and middle portions of the semitendinosus muscle (p = 0.0003 in both cases). By employing T2 relaxation time mapping, we have identified alterations within the hamstring muscles being the semitendinosus as the most engaged muscle, particularly within its middle and distal thirds. This investigation underscores the utility of T2 relaxation time mapping in evaluating muscle activation patterns during football matches, facilitating the detection of anomalous activation patterns that may warrant injury reduction interventions.

Complex conductivity as a tool to investigate the electrical behavior between graphene oxide and reduced graphene in supercapacitors: Correlation between the electrical properties

The storage mechanisms of solid-solid supercapacitors based on graphene oxide (rGO/GO/rGO) were explored by Zhang Q et al. (Zhang et al., 2014) [1], using Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) to elucidate the unusual capacitive behavior of GO sandwich films. Their study revealed alternating charged layers without diffusion zones. Analysis of complex impedance (Z*) data, ranging from 10−3 to 3.106 Hz, was conducted using an equivalent circuit, though this was limited to Nyquist plot data.To further investigate charge storage mechanisms, the current study delved deeper into complex impedance (Z*) and conductivity (σ*). A theoretical approach identified relaxation processes in the imaginary parts of (Z″) and (σ'') across frequencies. Extrapolation up to 3.10^9 Hz and deconvolution confirmed three distinct relaxation processes in Z* and σ*, similar to Cole-Cole relaxation, which describes Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars (MWS) relaxation. This reflects local electrical interactions between active sites on molecular chains and counterions, creating induced dipolar moments or diffusion processes.The identified relaxations at low, medium, and high frequencies correspond well with DFT results, attributed to specific regions: graphene oxide (GO), the (rGO/GO) interface, and reduced graphene (rGO). Key parameters extracted from each relaxation, such as relaxation time, ionic strength, and conductivity values at different frequencies, showed good correlation. This approach, based on deep conductivity (σ*) analysis, effectively highlighted the charge conduction and storage mechanisms in rGO/GO/rGO supercapacitor films.

Cashew tree gum exudate as a biopolymer electrolyte: The influence of glycerol plasticization

AbstractGel polymer electrolytes were produced using cashew tree gum exudate dissolved in water with varying glycerol proportions and cast as films with different degrees of plasticization. The films' electrical, dielectric, and ion transport properties were measured using electrochemical impedance spectra. The films exhibited non‐Debye character manifesting a distribution of relaxation times. The conductivity of the films increased up to 10−6 Scm−1 at 10% glycerol content. The relaxation time and diffusion coefficient values varied from 6.48 × 10−3 to 3.9110−5 s and 9.89 × 10−8 to 1.81 × 10−3 cm2s−1, respectively. The ion mobility ranged from 3.79 × 10−13 to 6.98 × 10−9 cm2v−1 s−1, and the number density ranged from 1.74 × 1021 to 1.60 × 1023 cm−3. Energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) analysis revealed the presence of several elements, primarily Ca, Ba, Na, and K. The constitution and morphology of the films were further examined using FTIR, and XRD, techniques.

Pretreatment with nano-silver extends the post-harvest longevity of gladiolus cut flowers by reducing free water mobility

The water content of cut flowers is a significant factor in their post-harvest quality. In this study, we examine the efficacy of silver nanoparticles (NS) on the longevity of cut gladiolus, with a focus on water state and distribution. We used Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) technology to identify three water fractions with different transverse relaxation times (T2) values: bound water T21 (<10 ms), intermediate immobilized water T22 (10–100 ms), and the slowest component free water T23 (>10 ms). During the opening process, T23 increased at stages 2 and 3 and then decreased, T22 decreased slowly, and T21 remained unchanged. Free water values were consistently higher than bound water and immobilized water and reached their maximum from stage 2 until stage 4, when the petals were extended and began to wilt. The vascular bundles responsible for transporting water had higher water content, as detected by proton density-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Bound water and free water with NS pretreatments in bracts were initially lower but then two days later the signal amplitude of each water state exceeded those of the control, indicating that the treatment enhanced the water-holding capacity over time. Furthermore, NS pretreatments reduced the free water mobility of the cut flowers and inhibited stem decay. Additionally, we found that NS can enter the stem and are primarily transported upward along the xylem with water using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) technology. Overall, our findings indicate that NS pretreatment reduces free water in gladiolus cut flowers, enhancing their water retention and prolonging their vase life.

Synthetic magnetic resonance-based relaxometry and brain volume: cutoff values for predicting neurocognitive outcomes in very preterm infants

BackgroundEarly neurorehabilitation can enhance neurocognitive outcomes in very preterm infants (<32 weeks), and conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is commonly used to assess neonatal brain injury; however, the predictive value for neurodevelopmental delay is limited. Timely predictive quantitative biomarkers are needed to improve early identification and management of infants at risk of neurodevelopmental delay.ObjectiveTo evaluate the potential of quantitative synthetic MRI measurements at term-equivalent age as predictive biomarkers of neurodevelopmental impairment and establish practical cutoff values to guide clinical decision-making.Materials and methodsThis retrospective study included 93 very preterm infants who underwent synthetic MRI at term-equivalent age between January 2017 and September 2020. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the Bayley-III scale of infant development (mean age 2.1 years). The predictive value for impaired development was analyzed using receiver operating characteristic curves for synthetic MRI-based volumetry and T1 and T2 relaxation measurements.ResultsThe T1 relaxation time in the posterior limb of the internal capsule was a potent predictor of severe (sensitivity, 92%; specificity, 80%; area under the curve (AUC), 0.91) and mild or severe (AUC, 0.75) developmental impairment. T2 relaxation time in the posterior limb of the internal capsule was a significant predictor of severe impairment (AUC, 0.76), whereas the brain parenchymal volume was a significant predictor of severe (AUC, 0.72) and mild or severe impairment (AUC, 0.71) outperforming the reported qualitative MRI scores (AUC, 0.66).ConclusionThe proposed cutoff values for T1 relaxation time in the posterior limb of the internal capsule and for total brain volume measurements, derived from synthetic MRI, show promise as predictors of both mild and severe neurodevelopmental impairment in very preterm infants.Graphical

Dynamic insights of volumetric and viscometric exploration of Surfactant-QAs behavior in aqueous medium at varied temperatures; molecular docking and antimicrobial perspectives“

Using density (ρ), sound speed (u), viscosity (η), molecular docking and antimicrobial study analyses, this work examined the intermolecular interactions that occur between Quaternary ammonium salts (QAs) (0.005, 0.010, 0.015 molkg−1) and cationic surfactant CTAB (Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) in aqueous solutions at 298.15 K to 313.15 K at an interval of 5 K. The Quaternary ammonium salts taken are: Tetraethylammonium bromide (TEAB), Tetra propylammonium bromide (TPAB), and Tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB). To comprehend and deduce the interactions, apparent molar volumes (Vϕ), apparent molar isentropic value (κS,ϕ), isentropic compressibility (κS), and acoustical parameters (Lf),(RA),(Z) and ([U]) values have been computed using the measured (ρ) and (u) data whereas relative viscosity (ηr) and viscous relaxation time (τ) values have been deduced from viscosity data. These parameters collectively provide a comprehensive understanding of the structural rearrangement of amphiphilic molecules at the interface and the relative contributions of hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions between the surfactant and aqueous solutions of QAs. Additionally, both molecular docking and antimicrobial investigations have also been performed; molecular docking facilitated the examination of interactions between ligands and proteins. Whereas, antimicrobial studies help to evaluate the impact of gram-negative bacteria (S. typhi, P. aeruginosa) and gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus, B. cereus) on CTAB in the presence of aqueous solutions containing TBAB.

Exact solution of Maxwell–Cattaneo–Vernotte model: Diffusion versus second sound

In this work we study the Maxwell–Cattaneo–Vernotte model for heat transport by conduction. We present a methodology to find the exact solution of the model without decoupling the system, so we do not need the restriction (∂T/∂t)(x,0)=0. Furthermore, we found a critical value for the thermal relaxation time depending on the physical constants of the system, which allows us to classify heat transport as diffusion or second sound. Finally, we conducted computer simulations and demonstrated that the relaxation time may not be as small as expected for certain initial conditions.

Characterization of quasiparticle relaxation times in microstrips of NbReN for perspective applications for superconducting single-photon detectors

The study of the flux-flow instability in superconducting materials has recently gained renewed attention due to its potential implications for the use of the analyzed materials as micrometer-sized superconducting detectors for single photons. The values of the quasiparticle relaxation time (τE) measured for these detectors are affected by pinning properties. Here, we report electric transport properties of NbReN microstrips of different quality. For the strip characterized by high resistivity, and large critical currents and pinning, we estimate a value of τE that is almost two orders of magnitude larger compared to that of another strip with a smaller value for the critical current, for which we measure τE∼12 ps. This low value is comparable to those reported in the literature for microstrips made of other highly-disordered superconductors. Our results suggest that NbReN microstrips have great potential for the realization of superconducting single-photon detectors, depending on further optimization of their fabrication process and the superconducting properties affected by it.

Optimization of an innovative hybrid approach ZnO-Doped PVP nanofibers for electrical devices applications

The solid solution of pure ZnO nanoparticles and doped Polyvinylepyrrolidone (PVP) green hybrid nanomaterial’s synthesized by using the electro spinning method. The synthetic polymer matrix nonwoven fibrous mats containing innovative properties are shown to shrink and encapsulated the zinc oxide materials to change the surface morphology when the concentration of PVP is increased from 1 % to 2 % dopants. The crystalline nature and morphological studies were examined by using x-ray diffraction and a scanning electron microscope. The average crystallite sizes of easily formed ZnO nanoparticles and nanorods that are 21 nm and 62 nm respectively. Moreover, the electrical and optical properties of the fibrous mesh were determined by using electrical impedance analyzer. The electrical conductivity values were measured in the pure ZnO nanoparticles in contrast to the doped ZnO/PVP. The tangent loss, dielectric constant, capacitance and relaxation time values are revealed in this study. All the characterization has been carried out at room temperature. The relaxation time for 1 %, and 2 % ZnO/PVP is (0.8 ns) and (0.79 ns) respectively which is suitable for the application of trigger using devices. The overall findings of this study implemented in a wide range of technologies i.e. photonics, electronics and super capacitor devices etc.

Self and hetero-association in Benzaldehyde/Quinoline − Formamide solutions: Time Domain Reflectometry studies

The complex permittivity spectra of binary solutions of Benzaldehyde (PhCHO)/Quinoline (QUI) with Formamide (FMD) have been obtained at different mole fractions of FMD in the frequency range from 10 MHz to 30 GHz using the Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) technique. The complex permittivity spectra have been fitted with Debye function. Dielectric relaxation time values have been interpreted in terms of the nature and size of the self and hetero associates of the binary solutions. The effective Kirkwood correlation factor (geff) has been correlated with closed and open associates of the solutions. The geff∼0.51 is the characteristic value of closed dimers. It appears that geff∼0.75 signifies the presence of both closed and open dimers. The Excess static dielectric constant (εE) shows negative deviation. The corrective Kirkwood correlation factor (gf) and Bruggeman factor (fB) have been used to investigate the strength of the H-bond interactions. The Geometry optimization has been carried out using Density Functional Theory (DFT) with B3LYP/6–311++G (d, p) basis set. Population analysis on the optimized geometries shows that PhCHO has 53.61 and 46.39 % closed and open geometries, respectively, while FMD has 17.11 % open dimers and remaining are closed dimers.

Effect of Microwave Radiation on Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Using VSWR Method

The values of dielectric constant (ε'p), dielectric loss (ε"p), relaxation time ( p) and conductivity ( p) of the sample were measured for different packing densities at 9.85 GHz microwave frequency and different temperature (200C, 35°C and 500C). Complex permittivity of Tobacco leaves has been measured over the 9.85 GHz single High frequency range using X - band microwave bench. To measure the dielectric parameter by using Sample holder for pulverized sample. We have designed and fabricated the sample holder at Microwave Research Laboratory, NES, Science College, Nanded. The experimental and calculated values for dielectric constant ( ) and dielectric loss ( ) are found to be same at relative packing fractions δr = 1. The above fact indicates that there is a fair agreement between calculated values of dielectric parameters and measured values of solid bulk. The co-relation formulae of Bottcher can be used to provide accurate estimates of ( ) and ( ) of powder materials at known bulk densities. The values of ( p) obtained suggest that the dielectric loss factor ( p) increases with the increase of bulk density of the material. The increase in conductivity with increase of packing fraction suggests that, at higher compaction the particles are more packed, and no micro-cracks developed in the samples. As packing fractions (δr) and temperature increases the moisture content of sample decreases linearly. The variations of ( p), ( p), tanδ, and σp with relative packing fraction (δr), and temperature clearly indicates that, effect of density and temperature on the dielectric parameters. The result shows that large cohesion in the particles of Tobacco leaves powder under investigations.

Assessing acellular scaffold viability with T2-weighted relaxation time value imaging: imaging variables and early clinical associations at 6 months following patellofemoral cartilage repair

ObjectiveThis study aims to describe novel MRI imaging characteristics using T2-weighted relaxation time values (T2RVs) for evaluating acellular graft status following cartilage repair, addressing the limitations identified in current imaging techniques. Materials and MethodsNine patients (11 lesions) underwent cartilage repair procedures for patellofemoral cartilage lesions. Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) for pain and Tegner scores for function were the primary clinical outcomes measures, with clinical failure defined as nil improvement of either score at follow-up. Radiological outcomes were MRI variables centered around evaluating two main domains – Graft Viability and Integration, with individual imaging characteristics being identified based on these two domains. ResultsAt six postoperative months, clinical success was observed in 89% (8) of the patients. On average, VAS decreased by 2.6 and Tegner improved by 1.9 points respectively, with just one patient experiencing no pain relief or functional improvement at follow-up. To evaluate the viability and integration of the implanted grafts, several pertinent MR variables were utilized, namely T2RV distribution and range, graft surface, matrix and edge characteristics, as well as subchondral bone characteristics. The singular graft failure identified on MRI displayed unique characteristics not identified on the other grafts - that of heterogeneously high T2RV signals within the graft with a discontinuous matrix. ConclusionsT2RV imaging offers a non-invasive method for evaluating cartilage graft viability and integration, potentially improving postoperative monitoring and patient outcomes. Despite promising results, limitations such as sample size and lack of long-term follow-up data need to be addressed in future studies.

Transport Coefficients of Relativistic Matter: A Detailed Formalism with a Gross Knowledge of Their Magnitude

The present review article has attempted a compact formalism description of transport coefficient calculations for relativistic fluid, which is expected in heavy ion collision experiments. Here, we first address the macroscopic description of relativistic fluid dynamics and then its microscopic description based on the kinetic theory framework. We also address different relaxation time approximation-based models in Boltzmann transport equations, which make a sandwich between Macro and Micro frameworks of relativistic fluid dynamics and finally provide different microscopic expressions of transport coefficients like the fluid’s shear viscosity and bulk viscosity. In the numeric part of this review article, we put stress on the two gross components of transport coefficient expressions: relaxation time and thermodynamic phase-space part. Then, we try to tune the relaxation time component to cover earlier theoretical estimations and experimental data-driven estimations for RHIC and LHC matter. By this way of numerical understanding, we provide the final comments on the values of transport coefficients and relaxation time in the context of the (nearly) perfect fluid nature of the RHIC or LHC matter.

Effects of high hydrostatic pressure on the functional properties of soy protein isolate

AbstractIn this study, functional properties of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP)‐treated soy protein isolate (SPI) samples including protein solubility, emulsification activity (EA), and water holding capacity (WHC) were studied. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), viscosity, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry experiments were performed. Three pressure (300, 400, and 500 MPa), two pH (5.0 and 7.0), and two temperature levels (25 and 40°C) were used to prepare SPI samples. Solubility of SPI was more pH‐dependent than HHP‐dependent, whereas WHC was more sensitive to pressure. Samples processed at 300 MPa, pH 5.0, and 40°C demonstrated higher EA (p &lt; .05) than the untreated samples. Pressure application significantly reduced the viscosity of SPI dispersions (p &lt; .05). Samples processed at 300 MPa, pH 5.0, and 40°C and at 400 MPa, pH 5.0, and 40°C attained the longest transverse relaxation time (T2) values reflecting their low solubility profiles. Thus, results indicated that HHP was able to modify the functional properties of SPI at different temperature and pH conditions.Practical ApplicationsHigh hydrostatic pressure (HHP) is an emerging technology with its diverse range of applications in food industry. Modification of functional properties of food ingredients is one of the latest applications of HHP treatment. This study demonstrated that HHP treatment was able to modify some functional properties of soy protein isolate (SPI) samples including water holding capacity, solubility, and emulsification activity. Pressure level, pH, and temperature affected the functional properties of SPI samples. The parameter type/range and results of this study could be used in model HHP studies to improve some functional properties of SPI for different purposes.