Power Output Values Research Articles

A new differential protection algorithm for transmission lines connected to large-scale wind farms

The fluctuated output power of the large-scale wind farms (WF) and their fault transient characteristics have an adverse effect on the current differential protection systems of the transmission lines. With increased transmission line length and in the case of weak output power from the WF, the differential current between both line ends increases in normal conditions since the capacitive current is comparable to the load current. This paper proposes a new differential protection algorithm for transmission lines connected to large-scale wind farms. The proposed current differential protection algorithm is developed based on the signs of the phase current samples at both line ends, instead of utilizing directly the current magnitudes. The similarity between the signs of the phase current samples at both line ends is evaluated utilizing the signed correlation criterion, and the fault detection index is calculated to discriminate the internal faults from other events. In addition, a new online technique is introduced to adjust the protection settings considering the different output power levels of the WF. The conducted PSCAD/EMTDC simulation studies confirm the acceptable performance of the proposed protection algorithm for numerous normal and fault scenarios, including different fault resistances and inception angles as well as all fault types. The effect of line length, type of wind turbine generator, and different values of WF output power are also considered.

Improvement and evaluation of daily global solar radiation decomposition models using meteorological parameters: A case study for Turkey

ABSTRACT In this study, some of the commonly used daily global solar radiation decomposition models are improved by considering ambient temperature, relative humidity, and air pressure to estimate hourly global solar irradiance from measured daily global solar radiation in Eskişehir, Turkey. Accordingly, the identified functions of the considered parameters are integrated into the selected daily global solar radiation decomposition models. The accuracy of the improved models is evaluated based on the measured monthly average hourly global solar irradiance values. In addition, the monthly average power values provided by the original and improved models are compared with the measured power output values. The results indicate that the improved models have significantly higher performance in the accuracy of both global solar radiation estimation and power output forecasting in a specific time interval. Therefore, the proposed methodology can be used to improve any global solar radiation decomposition model based on locally measured data for different regions.

Power output and hearing performance in osseointegrated auditory devices

Background and objectiveOsseointegrated auditory devices are hearing gadgets that use the bone conduction of sound to produce hearing improvement. The mechanisms and factors that contribute to this sound transmission have been widely studied, however, there are other aspects that remain unknown, for instance, the influence of the processor power output. The aim of this study was to know if there is any relationship between the power output created by the devices and the hearing improvement that they achieve. Materials y methods44 patients were implanted with a percutaneous Baha® 5 model. Hearing thresholds in pure tone audiometry, free-field audiometry, and speech recognition (in quiet and in noise) were measured pre and postoperatively in each patient. The direct bone conduction thresholds and the power output values from the processors were also obtained. ResultsThe pure tone average threshold in free field was 39.29 dB (SD = 9.15), so that the mean gain was 29.18 dB (SD = 10.13) with the device. This involved an air-bone gap closure in 63.64% of patients. The pure tone average threshold in direct bone conduction was 27.6 dB (SD = 10.91), which was 8.4 dB better than the pure tone average threshold via bone conduction. The mean gain in speech recognition was 39.15% (SD = 23.98) at 40 dB and 36.66% (SD = 26.76) at 60 dB. The mean gain in the signal-to-noise ratio was -5.9 dB (SD = 4.32). On the other hand, the mean power output values were 27.95 dB µN (SD = 6.51) in G40 and 26.22 dB µN (SD = 6.49) in G60. When analysing the relationship between bone conduction thresholds and G40 and G60 values, a correlation from the frequency of 1000 Hz was observed. However, no statistically significant association between power output, functional gain or speech recognition gain was found. ConclusionsThe osseointegrated auditory devices generate hearing improvement in tonal thresholds and speech recognition, even in noise. Most patients closed the air-bone gap with the device. There is a direct relationship between the bone conduction threshold and the power output values from the processor, but only in mid and high frequencies. However, the relationship between power output and gain in speech recognition is weaker. Further investigation of contributing factors is necessary.

Investigation on a Solar Thermal Power Plant With a Packed Bed Heat Storage Unit

Abstract The objective of the present work is to research the dynamic thermal performance of the solar power plant during the phase change material (PCM) capsule heat storage tank discharging process. Therefore, a transient, one-dimensional two-phase model for a packed bed latent heat storage unit and a comprehensive concentrating solar power generation system that combines a CO2 Brayton cycle and organic Rankine cycle were integrated. The influences of the key parameters of the packed bed PCM capsule heat storage tank on the overall power output and thermal efficiency of the system during discharge have been investigated, including the heat transfer fluid (HTF) velocity, the diameter of the PCM capsule, and the height of heat storage tank. The orthogonal analysis method is selected in this article, and the results showed that the maximal transient power output and overall power output of the actual combined cycle mode are decreased about 22% and 25%, respectively, in this research, compared with the idea Carnot cycle mode. That the HTF velocity in the thermal energy storage tank can be used to control the transient power output of the solar thermal power system. Using the small-sized filler capsule is an effective method to increase the thermal performance of the concentrated solar power (CSP) combined cycle system. Moreover, the corresponding discharging time is increased obviously, and the CSP with a high packed bed height can generate a more stable power output value during thermal energy discharging.

Experimental research and artificial neural network prediction of free piston expander-linear generator

For the purpose of better matching the performance of the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system concerning the vehicle engine waste heat recovery, this paper studies the output performance of free piston expander-linear generator (FPE-LG). A test bench of FPE-LG is established for small scale ORC system, and timing and displacement control strategy is proposed. Furthermore, the impact of the intake pressure and the torque on motion characteristics and output performance of FPE-LG are analyzed. According to evaluating different learning rates, number of hidden artificial neural networks and training functions, a prediction model of FPE-LG based on artificial neural network is established. Genetic algorithm is used to optimize the key operating parameters, to maximize the power output of FPE-LG. In consideration of the mean square error and determination coefficient, the artificial neural network model is verified and tested by experimental data. Finally, combining genetic algorithm with artificial neural network model, the maximum power output of FPE-LG is optimized and its performance is predicted. The results show that the maximum value of electric current, voltage and power output are 2.8 A, 14.75 V and 28.5 W, respectively. Based on artificial neural network, this method can provide useful guidance for performance prediction and coordinated optimization, with advantages of minimum deviation and high precision.

Photonic crystal integrated logic gates and circuits.

This paper presents and demonstrates the three logic processing levels based on complementary photonic crystal logic devices through photonic integrated circuit modeling. We accomplished a set of logic circuits including AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, FAN-OUT, HALF ADDER, and FULL ADDER based on photonic crystal slab platforms. Furthermore, we achieved efficient all-optical logic circuits with contrast ratios as high as 5.5 dB, demonstrated in our simulation results, guaranteeing well-defined output power values for logic representations; a clock-rate up to 2 GHz; and an operating wavelength at λ ≈ 1550 nm. Thus, we can now switch up for high computing abstraction levels to build photonic integrated circuits rather than isolated gates or devices.

Physical Demands and Performance Indicators in Male Professional Cyclists During a Grand Tour: WorldTour Versus ProTeam Category.

To compare the physical demands and performance indicators of male professional cyclists of 2 different categories (Union Cycliste Internationale WorldTour [WT] and ProTeam [PT]) during a cycling grand tour. A WT team (n = 8, 31.4 [5.4]y) and a PT team (n = 7, 26.9 [3.3]y) that completed "La Vuelta 2020" volunteered to participate. Participants' power output (PO) was registered, and measures of physical demand and physiological performance (kilojoules spent, training stress score, time spent at different PO bands/zones, and mean maximal PO [MMP] for different exertion durations) were computed. WT achieved a higher final individual position than PT (31 [interquartile range = 33] vs 71 [59], P = .004). WT cyclists showed higher mean PO and kilojoule values than their PT peers and spent more time at high-intensity PO values (>5.25W·kg-1) and zones (91%-120% of individualized functional threshold power) (Ps < .05). Although no differences were found for MMP values in the overall analysis (P > .05), subanalyses revealed that the between-groups gap increased through the race, with WT cyclists reaching higher MMP values for ≥5-minute efforts in the second and third weeks (Ps < .05). Despite the multifactorial nature of cycling performance, WT cyclists spend more time at high intensities and show higher kilojoules and mean PO than their PT referents during a grand tour. Although the highest MMP values attained during the whole race might not differentiate between WT and PT cyclists, the former achieve higher MMP values as the race progresses.

Separate and combined integration of Kalina cycle for waste heat recovery from a cement plant

This article reports on using Kalina cycle for waste heat recovery from a cement plant. Two design alternatives have been investigated using separate and combined waste heat recovery from the kiln, cooler, and preheater. Measurements and analysis have been performed to determine the waste heat from different stages of the cement manufacturing lines. The annual heat losses from the kiln surface, preheater, and the cooler are estimated as 79.23 GWh, 44.32 GWh, and 43.6 GWh at average temperatures of about 314?, 315?, and 254?, respectively. Analysis and optimization of using Kalina cycle for waste heat recovery from the kiln shell, cooler and preheater to produce electricity have been carried out using ASPEN software. Parametric study has been carried out to determine the design parameters for Kalina cycle including turbine inlet pressure, mass-flow rate, and NH3-H2O concentration. The value of net power output using combined waste heat recovery is about 7.35 MW as compared to 6.86 using separate waste heat recovery design with a total cost saving of about 23%.

Effect of Process Techniques on Three Feedstocks Mix on Briquette Performance Properties

Energy availability at domestic level is a challenge across the world and especially in Africa. Firewood is the major source of energy for cooking for households in Kenya and there is need for a friendly sustainable environmental fuel. Carbonized biomass materials (briquettes) are considered a substitute. This study thus evaluated effect of selected briquetting techniques on briquettes’ performance properties. Milled charcoal dusts mixed in a ratio of 1:1:1 (Rice husk, maize cob, and sugarcane bagasse) with molasses binder in the ratio of 6:1 was hence ready for densification and agglomeration. The Water Boiling Test was used in determination of the briquette’s performance characteristics for various parameters. High (screw press); and low (drum agglomerator and hand making) pressure briquetting techniques were distinctly different in ignition time (minutes), time to boil (minutes) burning rate (g/min), specific fuel consumption (g/ml) and power output (kW) values as (4, 3, 3; 14, 12, 11: 0.8, 1.1, 1.3; 0.11, 0.13, 0.15; and 1.8, 1.4, 0.75). Diversified briquetting techniques, number and type of feedstocks are thus factors that influence performance characteristics of briquettes in converting the agricultural and or other wastes for useful energy application. This knowledge should enable users to make choices on techniques for optimum efficiency towards realization of Sustainable Development Goal Number #7 on affordable and clean energy.

35 - Battery Sustainability of Budget Light-Curing Units

Light-emitting-diode budget light-curing units (LCUs) are classified as medical devices in most countries. These LCUs are required almost every day in most dental offices. Budget LCU manufacturers claim to offer high-quality LCUs that are equivalent to more expensive LCUs, but at a much lower cost. This study assessed the battery performance and the power, irradiance, and radiant exposure values from different budget LCUs over one fully charged battery cycle compared to a more expensive LCU from 3 M. Two types of budget LCUs were purchased over the internet; two (LY-A180, NSKI Cordless LCU, China), two (LED Curing Light, BoNew Cordless LCU, China), and compared to a control LCU (Elipar DeepCure-S, 3 M, USA). All LCUs were fully charged, and their power, irradiance, and radiant exposure were measured with a spectrometer [Managing Accurate Resin Curing-Light Collector (MARC-LC), BlueLight Analytics Inc., Canada] over one entire battery life cycle until the battery ran out. The position of each LCU guide tip was standardized over the MARC-LC top sensor at a 0-mm distance. The measurements were collected over a 10 s exposure time with a 30-second interval between each subsequent exposure cycle. The mean values and percent decrease in values were measured. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test (p=0.05). The mean power, irradiance, and radiant exposure values from the budget LCUs showed fluctuating readings and an overall decrease in output throughout the battery life compared to the 3 M LCU. The budget LCUs measurement values in the first cycle measured mean power values from 205-444 mW, mean irradiance from 533-1154 mW/cm2, mean radiant exposure 5.3-11.5 J/cm2. The total number of exposure cycles from the budget LCU ranged from 326-764 cycles. The decrease in mean power, irradiance, and radiant exposure from the budget LCUs ranged from 24-81%. The control 3 M LCU delivered 906.3 mW, 1427.9 mW/cm2, and 14.3 J/cm2 in the first cycle and completed 959 exposures cycles. There was a slight 4.9% increase in mean power, irradiance and no changes in its radiant exposure values. Significant differences in measurements were observed among all the budget units except between one NSKI Cordless and one BoNew Cordless LCU. The light output from the budget LCUs tested from the same and from different manufacturers was inconsistent. These lights were unable to sustain their power, irradiance, and radiant exposure output values. These values were significantly lower than the control LCU.

High-peak-power orthogonally-polarized dual-wavelength Nd:YLF/BaWO&lt;sub&gt;4 &lt;/sub&gt;Raman laser

Orthogonally-polarized dual-wavelength laser has significant practical applications in various fields, such as precision metrology, terahertz radiation generation, differential radar, spectral analysis. The Nd:YLF crystal has two orthogonally-polarized emission peaks with comparable emission cross sections, high-energy storage capability and relatively weak thermal lens effect. Owing to these properties, it has been recognized as a suitable gain medium for generating orthogonally-polarized dual-wavelength laser. In this paper, the Nd:YLF crystal with low doping concentration is employed as a laser gain medium to produce 1047 nm and 1053 nm dual-wavelength fundamental lasers with orthogonal polarizations, and the risk of thermal cracking of Nd:YLF crystal is reduced by appropriately increasing the pump spots. Using the intracavity Raman frequency shift in BaWO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; crystal, orthogonally-polarized dual-wavelength Raman lasers at 1159.9 nm and 1167.1 nm are achieved to have high peak power. Under the total incident pump power of 40 W and a pulse repetition rate of 5 kHz, the maximum dual-wavelength Raman output power is obtained to be 2.67 W. The corresponding total optical conversion efficiency is 6.7%. For 1159.9 nm and 1167.1 nm Raman laser, their maximum average output power values are 1.31 W and 1.36 W, respectively. Their narrowest pulse widths are 1.50 ns and 1.53 ns, and the corresponding peak power values are as high as 174.7 kW and 177.8 kW, respectively. The results show that the problem of thermal cracking of Nd:YLF crystal at high pump power can be solved by reducing the doping concentration and increasing the pump spot. The Nd:YLF/BaWO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; is a promising crystal combination for realizing orthogonally-polarized dual-wavelength Raman laser.

A Novel Approach of Modelling and Predicting Track Cycling Sprint Performance

In cycling, performance models are used to investigate factors that determine performance and to optimise competition results. We present an innovative and easily applicable mathematical model describing time-resolved approaches for both the physical aspects of tractional resistance and the physiological side of propelling force generated by muscular activity and test its validity to reproduce and forecast time trials in track cycling. Six elite track cyclists completed a special preparation and two sprint time trials in an official velodrome under continuous measurement of crank force and cadence. Fatigue-free force-velocity profiles were calculated, and their fatigue-induced changes were determined by non-linear regression analysis using a monoexponential equation at a constant slope. Model parameters were calibrated based on pre-exercise performance testing and the first of the two time-trials and then used to predict the performance of the second sprint. Measured values for power output and cycling velocity were compared to the modelled data. The modelled results were highly correlated to the measured values (R2&gt;0.99) without any difference between runs (p&gt;0.05; d&lt;0.1). Our mathematical model can accurately describe sprint track cycling time trial performance. It is simple enough to be used in practice yet sufficiently accurate to predict highly dynamic maximal sprint performances. It can be employed for the evaluation of completed runs, to forecast expected results with different setups, and to study various contributing factors and quantify their effect on sprint cycling performance.

Performance of a capstone gas turbine based power plant working on high Butane LPG

This paper presents the operational performance results of a 30 kW microturbine generator (MTGs) fed with high butane content liquefied petroleum gas, while subjected to a test procedure involving steady and transient load conditions. To evaluate the performance, measurements of turbine and generator parameters were gathered from its original unit controller, as load changes were applied. For the stand-alone mode detailed graphs of the test results are presented, showing the transparency and robustness of the turbine-generator set to the used fuel, judging by the quality of the output electric parameters. The results from this performance testing provide good insight into the use of high-butane content liquefied petroleum gas as fuel for the tested microturbine. The continuous use of a fuel would need more tests to establish that the life of the critical components of the microturbine are not hampered from what they are on the baseline fuel.&#x0D; The course of selected performance parameters in the microturbine generator is described in this document. The analysis of test results of the microturbine under steady-state and transient operation have been made. Both in steady state and transient conditions, values of output power, speed fluctuation, emissions, noise levels, and exhaust gas temperatures remained under acceptable levels.

Predicting output performance of triboelectric nanogenerators using deep learning model

With the development of artificial intelligence (AI), the use of AI algorithms for processing experimental data concerning engineering and physics has attracted broad attention, so the research of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) field can also adopt AI technology. Sometimes it is difficult and limited to analyze the impacts of structural parameters on output performance in physical experiments. The reason, on the one hand, is that TENGs structure changes in a small range, which makes the control of experiment difficult; on the other hand, is impossible to complete all the experimental parameters for verifying the experimental rules in the experiment. In this research, an AI algorithm model based upon deep neural networks (DNN) for TENGs is introduced for the first time to predict the output performance of TENGs under various structures and various conditions. The results show that the predicted output power values of the grating, disc, and rolling structures of the TENG by DNN model are consistent with the physical experimental data. Subsequently, we use the DNN model to predict the power output of TENG in the parameter range that the experiment has not tested in the grating, disc and rolling structure. Obviously, this will help researchers analyze the law of the data on a wider parameter range scale, so as to get a better experimental law. At the same time, by adopting the DNN model, we also predict the output performance of the sliding mode TENG under various load conditions.

Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) Efficiency Derived from Natural Source

Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) with natural dye from Leunca fruit ( Solanum Nigrym L ) and Jamblang fruit ( Syzygium Cumini L ) extract as sensitizer has been created. This DSSC is composed of ZnO doping TiO 2 using milling tool for 30 minutes which would be used as photoelectrodes. This study used two natural dyes which are Leunca and Jamblang fruit. The characterizations were performed to examine crystal structure of ZnO-TiO 2 with XRD, to measure ZnO-TiO 2 particle size with SEM, to examine optical properties from the dye using UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and to run an electrical test to find the efficiency from DSSC. The results indicate that the use of Jamblang fruit as sensitizer is better than Leunca fruit. This is because Jamblang fruit extract has light absorption area on the range of 250 - 800 nm which is higher absorbance than that of Leunca fruit. In addition, the milling time applied was found to be not long enough to produce semiconductor with smaller crystal size. The electrical test result shows Jamblang fruit based DSSC performance is better than Leunca fruit. The maximum power output values are 4.01 x 10 −8 Watt with the efficiency of 22.57 x 10 −4 % and 2.16 x 10 −7 Watt with efficiency of 6.02 x 10 −4 % when radiated with Halogen lamp and sunlight, respectively. Aside from the fact that the preparation technique is relatively easy, natural dye material can be found abundantly in nature and its price is also cheap, hence this study is very promising. However, several changes are needed to gain better results. The brief of this research is to develop alternative energy from solar energy, so that its use can be maximized as environmentally-friendly energy source.

Performance enhancement of three-stage axial turbine for Clean Organic Rankine Cycle system driven by low-temperature heat source

High performances of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system are widely used in various industrial applications. Axial flow turbine at low temperature heat source is of major importance in some processes. This work focuses on numerical analyses to improve high efficiency of a small Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) axial turbine using n-pentane as a working fluid. Different turbine stages are proposed to ensure maximum performance for the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) application. In order to characterize the hydrodynamic and thermodynamic performances, 3D RANS computations are suggested for five different rotational speeds(1000 rpm, 2000 rpm, 4000 rpm, 8000 rpm, and 16,000 rpm), and four mass flow rates ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 kg/s with inlet temperature of 365 K.The results indicate that the highest turbine efficiency of 87% in the two-stage turbine with rotational speed 16,000 rpm and inlet mass flow rate 0.2 kg/s, where the mass flow rate 0.5 kg/s gives highest power output value of 10,751W.Theturbine efficiency and power output are 88.03% and 12,950 W in the steady state for three-stage turbine configuration. The transient computational process leads to the maximum values of 88% and 12,932Wforturbine efficiency and power output. These results highlight the potential of using micro-three-stage axial turbine of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems for the exchange of low temperature heat sources.

Thermodynamic Performance of a Brayton Pumped Heat Energy Storage System: Influence of Internal and External Irreversibilities.

A model for a pumped thermal energy storage system is presented. It is based on a Brayton cycle working successively as a heat pump and a heat engine. All the main irreversibility sources expected in real plants are considered: external losses arising from the heat transfer between the working fluid and the thermal reservoirs, internal losses coming from pressure decays, and losses in the turbomachinery. Temperatures considered for the numerical analysis are adequate for solid thermal reservoirs, such as a packed bed. Special emphasis is paid to the combination of parameters and variables that lead to physically acceptable configurations. Maximum values of efficiencies, including round-trip efficiency, are obtained and analyzed, and optimal design intervals are provided. Round-trip efficiencies of around 0.4, or even larger, are predicted. The analysis indicates that the physical region, where the coupled system can operate, strongly depends on the irreversibility parameters. In this way, maximum values of power output, efficiency, round-trip efficiency, and pumped heat might lay outside the physical region. In that case, the upper values are considered. The sensitivity analysis of these maxima shows that changes in the expander/turbine and the efficiencies of the compressors affect the most with respect to a selected design point. In the case of the expander, these drops are mostly due to a decrease in the area of the physical operation region.

Enhanced performance and durability of composite membranes containing anatase titanium oxide for fuel cells operating under low relative humidity

In this work, sulfonated diblock copolymers (SDBCs) were prepared by polycondensation of sulfonated poly(ether-ether-ketone) (SPEEK) and hydrophobic oligomer, which were combined with sintered anatase titanium oxide (S-An-TiO2) to create a hybrid membrane for apply in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) operating with low relative humidity (RH). Then, a series of composite membranes (SDBC/S-An-TiO2) were prepared by varying the wt% of S-An-TiO2 blended with SDBC. The results showed that appropriate quantity (ie, 15 wt%) of S-An-TiO2 can significantly improve the proton conductivity and physiochemical properties of prepared composite membrane, as well as the PEMFC performance and durability under 20% RH. The 1.5 wt% of SDBC/S-An-TiO2 offers high current output, power output, and durability values at 60°C under 20% RH, which are 0.207 A cm−2, 0.074 W cm−2 and over 90 hours, respectively. These results can be attributed to the good interfacial compatibility between S-An-TiO2 and SDBC.

Maximizing the power output and net present value of organic Rankine cycle: Application to aluminium industry

This study presents an integrated design and optimization of an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) for the recovery of waste heat from aluminium production. Non-Linear Programming (NLP) models were developed, with the objectives of maximizing electricity production and the Net Present Value (NPV) of the system. The models account for optimizing the operating conditions and changes in thermodynamic features of the system. The developed models are applied to a case study of Slovenian aluminium company where the performance of three different working fluids (R245fa, R1234yf and R1234ze) are compared. The optimization is performed considering different temperatures and prices of produced hot water and electricity, minimum approach temperature (ΔTmin), concentration of CO2 in flue gas and temperature and flowrate of flue gas. Results show that the selected working fluids for the proposed waste heat-based ORC system have the potential to substitute up to about 830 kW of electricity in a sustainable and economic manner. Out of the three working fluids considered, R245fa showed up to 7.9% efficiency of the ORC cycle and was identified as the best performing working fluid considering both economic viability and the amount of electricity produced by the system, however the refrigerant inherently has higher GHG footprint.

Microbial fuel cells a state-of-the-art technology for wastewater treatment and bioelectricity generation

Wastewater treatment and electricity generation have been the major concerns for the last few years. The scarcity of fossil fuels has led to the development of unconventional energy resources that are pollution-free. Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an environmental and eco-friendly technology that harvests energy through the oxidation of organic substrates and transform into the electric current with the aid of microorganisms as catalysts. This review presents power output and colour removal values by designing various configurations of MFCs and highlights the importance of materials for the fabrication of anode and cathode electrodes playing vital roles in the formation of biofilm and redox reactions taking place in both chambers. The electron transfer mechanism from microbes towards the electrode surface and the generation of electric current are also highlighted. The effect of various parameters affecting the cell performance such as type and amount of substrate, pH and temperature maintained within the chambers have also been discussed. Although this technology presents many advantages, it still needs to be used in combination with other processes to enhance power output.