NS Values Research Articles

The quantum de Sitter root of quasi de Sitter observables

In inflationary cosmology the quasi de Sitter graceful exit allows us to measure the quantum features of the primordial dS phase, in particular, the lack of scale invariance parametrized by the spectral index ns. In this article we summarize previous work on how the underlying primordial scaling law is implemented in the dS quantum Fisher information of the dS planar ground state (dSQFI). At large scales the dSQFI unequivocally sets, without any qdS input, the value of ns to be 0.9672. This value is independent of the tensor to scalar ratio whose value requires model dependent input. In addition the dSQFI predicts, at large scales, a small running compatible with the current experimental results. Other phenomenological consequences of the dSQFI for small scales, will be discussed in a future publication.

RESEARCH OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE MOVEMENT MECHANISM ON THE RESOURCE OF METAL STRUCTURES OF OVERHEAD CRANES OF SEAPORTS

Overhead cranes are widely used when performing reloading operations on closed ones (fig.1) and open warehouses of sea and river ports. Since they are a link in the technological process, the productivity of Port lines depends on their reliable and continuous operation. Overtime and long term operation of metal structures of overhead cranes in the mode of intensive cyclic loading leads to the formation of fatigue defects and subsequent failure of components and accidents. The main criterion for achieving the maximum condition of metal structures is considered to be the development of its resource, and their technical diagnostics and expert examination remain the method of establishing the real condition of cranes. The paper presents the results of studies of overhead cranes that are operated in closed warehouses of seaports. The 8 bridge cranes of the same type were selected for research, with a load capacity of 10 tons, which are made of ВСтЗсп5 steel, operate in Hook mode and operate in closed warehouses of ports. The crane travel path did not exceed 24 m. To assess the stress-strain state of metal structures of end beams, the method of magnetic (coercimetric) monitoring using a КРМ-Ц-К2М magnetic structuroscope was used. The measurements were carried out over three years, with a frequency of 1 time per year. On the metal structure of the crane, it was necessary to select the area where the force effect on the metal was the least during operation, and the values of the coercive force (a/CM) were measured. The obtained values are comparable to the passport values, the difference did not exceed 10%.. Experimentally, it was found that the most loaded node of the overhead crane is the end beams, since they have the greatest amount of damage. It was found that the greatest stresses occur in the attachment point of the corner axle boxes of the running wheels on the end beams, which are affected by vertical loads and transverse horizontal forces that occur when the crane moves. Two cranes have been found to have emergency cracks, so they need to be repaired or replaced. To obtain objective information, it is necessary to periodically monitor and regularly enter the NS value in the work log, while noting the actual values and intensity of the load.

Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Nucleation Site Density and Heat Transfer During Dropwise Condensation on Thin Hydrophobic Coatings

AbstractDropwise condensation (DWC) has the potential to enhance heat transfer compared to filmwise condensation (FWC). The heat transfer rates achieved by DWC depend on the drop size distribution, which is influenced by nucleation processes of newly formed drops. In DWC modeling, the nucleation site density Ns is used as an input parameter to obtain the drop size distribution of small drops. However, due to the small scale of the condensate nuclei, direct observation is difficult, and experimental data on the nucleation site density are scarce. In the literature, values in the range of 109 m−2 to 1015 m−2 can be found for Ns. In this paper, we report DWC experiments on SiO2 and 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane (PFDTES) thin hydrophobic coatings that show significantly different nucleation site densities. Nucleation site densities are estimated from high-speed imaging of small drops during initial condensation and from model calibration using established DWC theory. We have found the values for Ns to be in the range from 1.1×1010 m−2 to 5.1×1011 m−2 for the SiO2 coating and 1011 m−2 to 1013 m−2 for the PFDTES coating. Our results show that there can be large differences in the nucleation site density under similar conditions depending on the surface properties. This underlines the importance of investigating nucleation site density specifically for each surface and under consideration of the specific process conditions used for DWC.

Machine Learning-Based CO2 Prediction for Office Room: A Pilot Study

Air pollution is increasing profusely in Indian cities as well as throughout the world, and it poses a major threat to climate as well as the health of all living things. Air pollution is the reason behind degraded indoor air quality (IAQ) in urban buildings. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the main contributor to indoor pollution as humans themselves are one of the generating sources of this pollutant. The testing and monitoring of CO2 consume cost and time and require smart sensors. Thus, to solve these limitations, machine learning (ML) has been used to predict the concentration of CO2 inside an office room. This study is based on the data collected through real-time measurements of indoor CO2, number of occupants, area per person, outdoor temperature, outer wind speed, relative humidity, and air quality index used as input parameters. In this study, ten algorithms, namely, artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machine (SVM), decision tree (DT), Gaussian process regression (GPR), linear regression (LR), ensemble learning (EL), optimized GPR, optimized EL, optimized DT, and optimized SVM, were used to predict the concentration of CO2. It has been found that the optimized GPR model performs better than other selected models in terms of prediction accuracy. The result of this study indicated that the optimized GPR model can predict the concentration of CO2 with the highest prediction accuracy having R , RMSE, MAE, NS, and a20-index values of 0.98874, 4.20068 ppm, 3.35098 ppm, 0.9817, and 1, respectively. This study can be utilized by the designers, researchers, healthcare professionals, and smart city developers to analyse the indoor air quality for designing air ventilation systems and monitoring CO2 level inside the buildings.

Modeling Soil Temperature for Different Days Using Novel Quadruplet Loss-Guided LSTM.

Soil temperature (Ts), a key variable in geosciences study, has generated growing interest among researchers. There are many factors affecting the spatiotemporal variation of Ts, which poses immense challenges for the Ts estimation. To enrich processing information on loss function and achieve better performance in estimation, the paper designed a new long short-term memory model using quadruplet loss function as an intelligence tool for data processing (QL-LSTM). The model in this paper combined the traditional squared-error loss function with distance metric learning between the sample features. It can zoom analyze the samples accurately to optimize the estimation accuracy. We applied the meteorological data from Laegern and Fluehli stations at 5, 10, and 15 cm depth on the 1st, 5th, and 15th day separately to verify the performance of the proposed soil temperature estimation model. Meanwhile, this paper inputs the variables into the proposed model including radiation, air temperature, vapor pressure deficit, wind speed, air pressure, and past Ts data. The performance of the model was tested by several error evaluation indices, including root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (NS), Willmott Index of Agreement (WI), and Legates and McCabe index (LMI). As the test results at different soil depths show, our model generally outperformed the four existing advanced estimation models, namely, backpropagation neural networks, extreme learning machines, support vector regression, and LSTM. Furthermore, as experiments show, the proposed model achieved the best performance at the 15 cm depth of soil on the 1st day at Laegern station, which achieved higher WI (0.998), NS (0.995), and LMI (0.938) values, and got lower RMSE (0.312) and MAE (0.239) values. Consequently, the QL-LSTM model is recommended to estimate daily Ts profiles estimation on the 1st, 5th, and 15th days.

STUDIES ON SURFACE RADIO REFRACTIVITY OVER SOME SELECTED CITIES IN NORTH-CENTRAL, NIGERIA

This research investigated the variations of surface radio refractivity and its propagation effects on radio signal over the cities of Abuja and Ilorin, Nigeria. Six years (2015-2020) satellite data of Temperature, Pressure and Humidity both at the surface (12m) and at 100 m AGL, were used for the study. The data retrieved were used to determine the monthly, seasonal and annual surface radio refractivity values for the locations. Results show that the values of surface radio refractivity (Ns) in Abuja was slightly lower than Ilorin with average values of 335.62 and 351.07 N-Units obtained for the six years respectively. Average values of Ns, obtained during the dry season months in Abuja and Ilorin were 299.40 and 321.03(N-units) respectively while average values of 360.24 and 368.21 (N-units) were obtained during the wet season months in Abuja and Ilorin respectively. Higher values of Ns, were recorded generally during wet compared to the dry seasons’ months in all the years and study locations. The implication of this is higher attenuation of radio signal due to Ns during wet compared to the dry seasons’ months and as well as in Ilorin compared to Abuja. Correlation coefficients of -0.53, 0.98 and 0.53 were determined between (Ns) and; temperature, humidity and pressure respectively in Abuja while -0.30, 0.97 and 0.34 were determined between Ns and; temperature, humidity and pressure respectively in Ilorin. The overall findings of this work will be useful to radio engineers for the proper planning of reliable power budget over the study areas.

Diurnal Variation of Surface Radio Refractivity over Sokoto, North-western Nigeria

The knowledge of good refractivity profile is vital for proper planning of terrestrial communication links; surface refractivity profile of a station is particularly required for enhanced planning and prediction of performance of terrestrial radio links especially in tropical regions where International Telecommunication Union Recommendations (ITU-R) has called for such local propagation data. The diurnal surface radio refractivity Ns over Sokoto was investigated for a period of three years (2008-2010). High values of Ns were recorded in the early morning hours while low values were recorded during afternoon hours. The least mean hourly Ns varied between 270-280 N-units in January (a typical dry season month in Sokoto) while the mean maximum was recorded between 345-360 N- units in July (a typical rainy season month). Also, average seasonal variation of Ns was 356-440 N-units in rainy season and 270-285 N-units in dry season. The result of this investigation also showed that relative humidity and temperature have major influence on the variation of surface radio refractivity, while pressure has relatively less influence. The study further showed that coverage of a radio transmitter of 200 m height may have a variation of up to 0.5 km between morning and afternoon hours in Sokoto.

Study of Seasonal Surface Refractivity over North-Central Nigeria

Tropospheric radio wave signals experience loss due to multipath effect, scattering and other forms of attenuation through the atmospheric medium, primarily due to variations in weather conditions with time. The knowledge of surface refractivity profile is important for optimal planning of Very High Frequency/Ultra High Frequency (VHF/UHF) terrestrial radio links in a region. The study of surface refractivity (Ns) over the North-Central Nigeria was carried out using meteorological data from seven locations in North-Central zone of Nigeria. The seasonal variations of Ns were also derived using the monthly summaries of surface data obtained from Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET) over seven stations of Abuja, Lafia, Lokoja, Makurdi, Jos, Minna and Ilorin between 2005 and 2010.The results indicated that the monthly averages of radio refractivity during the rainy season months (April to October) are greater than the Ns values during the dry season months (November to March) for all the locations throughout the years of the study. The computed of mean monthly Ns over all the seven stations in the first 1 km above the ground level is 348 N-units, which gives mean refractivity gradient (dN/dh) of -49 N/k, these shows that the region is characterised by low scale super-refraction. The mean k-factor over the entire region in the first 1 km above the ground level is 1.4; the mean Field Strength Variability (FSV) in first 1 km of height in the region was calculated to be 14 dB. The mean Radio Horizon distance within 1 km height for a transmitter height of 100 m over the stations is 42 km. The results provide useful information needed by radio engineers to set up new terrestrial radio propagation links or to improve on the existing ones especially at VHF, UHF in the North-Central region of Nigeria, as recommended by International Telecommunication Union Recommendations (ITU-R P.453, 2013), which observed the need for local reference data on refractivity and refractivity gradients all over the world.

Improving streamflow and flood simulations in three headwater catchments of the Tarim River based on a coupled glacier-hydrological model

Understanding hydrological changes, especially those of snow and/or glacier melt-induced floods, is vital for early flood warnings in alpine regions. However, there is limited information available regarding warming-induced changes in hydrological and flooding processes in high-mountain regions owing to data scarcity and inadequate considerations within hydrological models. This study aims to improve streamflow and flood simulations in three high-mountain headwater catchments of the Tarim River in northwest China. An improved scheme for calculating glacier melt (GM2) was coupled in the Variable Infiltration Capacity model (named VIC-GM2). Driven by bias-corrected meteorological data, VIC-GM2 exhibited good performance, as evidenced by NS, KGE and PBIAS values between the simulated and observed daily streamflow ranging from 0.69 to 0.79, 0.70 to 0.81 and −2.68% to 19.6%, respectively. In addition, annual contributions of glacier melt and snow melt to total streamflow were greater than 80% and less than 16% among the three catchments, respectively. The flood characteristics were inconsistent among the three catchments, except that flooding mainly occurred in summer. The MAF (mean annual flood) in the Yarkand River was largest, followed by that in the Yurungkax River and the Qaraqash River. The FPOT (frequency of peak over threshold) and FQ99 (frequency of Q99) (times/year) fluctuated within 1 – 1.75 and 0.25 – 1 in the three catchments, respectively. This study provides references for understanding cryosphere hydrological processes and quantifying the contribution of different components (i.e., glacier melt, snow melt and rainfall) to streamflow under a changing climate in the upper Tarim River.

The beneficial impact of a p–p + junction on DC and analog/radio frequency performance of a vertical super‐thin body FET

This article investigates the impact of the p–p+ junction (at the body-substrate interface) on different direct current (DC) and analog/radio frequency (RF) performance parameters of a newly invented structure called vertical super-thin body field effect transistor (VSTB FET) through a well-calibrated TCAD tool. At a fixed body doping, the influence of p–p+ junction was inspected for different substrate doping (Ns); which reveals that Ns has a robust control on the device electrostatics. Interestingly, higher Ns is seen to significantly suppress different short channel effects (SCEs), which in turn helps to improve various DC parameters excellently. An increase in Ns from 1015 to 1018 cm−3 improves off-state leakage current and on-to-off current ratio by three orders of magnitude. Also, such a change in Ns decreases subthreshold swing and drain-induced-barrier-lowering by 8.78 mV/dec and 11.15 mV/V, respectively. The underlying physics behind such improvement at higher Ns is explored through the off-state channel electron density profiles corresponding to different Ns values. Further, different analog/RF parameters such as transconductance, input capacitance, gate-drain capacitance, output conductance, gain-bandwidth-product, and transconductance frequency product (TFP) show slight improvement for increasing Ns. In contrast, TGF, GFP, and GTFP offer large enhancement at higher Ns. This study is expected to demonstrate the significance of Ns on device performance.

A novel perspective with characterized nanoliposomes: Limitation of lipid oxidation in fish oil

Fish oil-loaded brown and green macroalgae-based nanoliposomes (NS: Sargassum boveanum, NP: Padina distromatica, and NC: Caulerpa sertularioides) were successfully obtained. Release profile (<35%), zeta particles size (130.3–266.3 nm), encapsulation efficiency (99.9%) were revealed besides morphological characterizations (NS: 157.55, NP: 129.02, NC: 335.304 nm) of nanoliposomes (p < 0.05). Oxidation tests demonstrated that the use of NS more successfully limited the rapid increase in peroxide value of fish oil stored at 30 °C. FFA value of control group samples reached 6.8 from 3.4% (change: 100%) while NS (change: 12.5%) and NP (change: 12.5%) had better stability during 42 days' storage (p < 0.05). The anisidine values of control group samples were in the range of 8.8 and 22.8. But, NS, NP, and NC samples possessed 11.0, 9.9, and 10.0, respectively. Totox value in the control group fish oil samples reached 85.2. Yet, the highest values for NS, NP, and NC samples were found to be 33.1, 54.5, and 67.3 (p < 0.05). Also, color values in the samples treated with nanoliposomes had higher stability. The use of nanolioposme technique effectively retarded the oxidation in fish oil stored at 30 °C. Thus, this applied novel methodology provided with a nanoliposomal approach can guide further food treatments in the food industry.

A Novel Method to Reduce Specific Contact Resistivity of TiSix/n+-Si Contacts by Employing an In-Situ Steam Generation Oxidation Prior to Ti Silicidation

Due to extremely tight Contacted Poly Pitch (CPP) in sub-10 nm nodes, specific contact resistivity ( ρ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> ) has become the main concern for further improvement of transistor performance. Both the reduction of Schottky barrier heights (SBHs) and the enhancement of surface dopant concentration (N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</sub> ) are considered as the most effective approaches to reduce ρ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> . In this work, a novel in-situ steam generation (ISSG) oxidation process prior to Ti silicidation is proposed to achieve an enhanced N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</sub> value, thanks to the segregation of P at the surface of n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> -Si. Refined Transmission Line Model (RTLM) structures were fabricated to extract the ρ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> accurately and reliably. The dopant redistribution of P was characterized by both secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and spreading resistance probe (SRP). Compared to control samples, the ρ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> value for samples with 4 nm ISSG SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> is reduced from 2.91×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-8</sup> to 1.90×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-8</sup> Ω-cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , and this is attributed to the enhancement of N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</sub> value.

A global pollutant (PVC-polyvinyl chloride) applied as heavy metal binder from aqueous samples: green principles from synthesis to application

ABSTRACT We have developed a clean route for the modification of polyvinylchloride surface (PVC) with 4-amino-5-hydrazino-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol molecule. The modification reaction was investigated through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. According to our findings, S-H groups are responsible to the molecule attachment and nitrogen atoms are directly involved in metal ion coordination. These results are in agreement with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, which infers that chemisorption is the main mechanism for metal removal. Adsorption isotherms of Cd(II), Cu(II) and Pb(II) follow the Langmuir model and the results indicated that Ns values are 0.39, 0.52 and 0.15 mmol g−1, respectively. The calculated Ømax values for Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) were 3.93, 2.95 and 1.13, respectively, indicating that three types of complex are formed depending on the adsorbed species. Therefore, it can be concluded that PVC use as adsorbent is feasible since it requires a simple modification reaction with nontoxic and low-cost solvents.

Adaptability of machine learning methods and hydrological models to discharge simulations in data-sparse glaciated watersheds

The accurate simulation and prediction of runoff in alpine glaciated watersheds is of increasing importance for the comprehensive management and utilization of water resources. In this study, long short-term memory (LSTM), a state-of-the-art artificial neural network algorithm, is applied to simulate the daily discharge of two data-sparse glaciated watersheds in the Tianshan Mountains in Central Asia. Two other classic machine learning methods, namely extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) and support vector regression (SVR), along with a distributed hydrological model (Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and an extended SWAT model (SWAT_Glacier) are also employed for comparison. This paper aims to provide an efficient and reliable method for simulating discharge in glaciated alpine regions that have insufficient observed meteorological data. The two typical basins in this study are the main tributaries (the Kumaric and Toxkan rivers) of the Aksu River in the south Tianshan Mountains, which are dominated by snow and glacier meltwater and precipitation. Our comparative analysis indicates that simulations from the LSTM shows the best agreement with the observations. The performance metrics Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NS) and correlation coefficient (R2) of LSTM are higher than 0.90 in both the training and testing periods in the Kumaric River Basin, and NS and R2 are also higher than 0.70 in the Toxkan River Basin. Compared to classic machine learning algorithms, LSTM shows significant advantages over most evaluating indices. XGBoost also has high NS value in the training period, but is prone to overfitting the discharge. Compared with the widely used hydrological models, LSTM has advantages in predicting accuracy, despite having fewer data inputs. Moreover, LSTM only requires meteorological data rather than physical characteristics of underlying data. As an extension of SWAT, the SWAT_Glacier model shows good adaptability in discharge simulation, outperforming the original SWAT model, but at the cost of increasing the complexity of the model. Compared with the oftentimes complex semi-distributed physical hydrological models, the LSTM method not only eliminates the tedious calibration process of hydrological parameters, but also significantly reduces the calculation time and costs. Overall, LSTM shows immense promise in dealing with scarce meteorological data in glaciated catchments.

Evaluation of gridded meteorological datasets and their potential hydrological application to a humid area with scarce data for Pirapama River basin, northeastern Brazil

This work evaluated the simulation of streamflow using observed and estimated gridded meteorological datasets and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model for a humid area with scarce data in northeastern Brazil. The coefficient of determination (R2), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NS), root mean square error (RMSE), normalized root mean square error (NRMSE), and percent bias (PBIAS) were used to assess the SWAT results yielded by estimated and observed rainfall data. The hydrological modeling data from three streamflow stations were used (2000 to 2006 for calibration and 2007 to 2010 for validation). The results show that at daily scale, the estimated rainfall data show a poor agreement (R2 ranging from 0.22 to 0.04) with the observed rainfall but good agreement at monthly (R2 = 0.85) and annual scales (R2 = 0.80). The results showed that estimated accumulated precipitation overestimated the observed data. The results showed that R2 ranged from 0.51 to 0.55 at monthly scale and 0.44-0.52 at annual scale. However, the global data can represent well the variability of rainfall within the region. The results indicated a good correlation in the seasonal variability (R2 ranged from 0.72 to 0.60). The modeling results using monthly TRMM data and observed rainfall data showed good values of NS and R2 during calibration and validation, but PBIAS was unsatisfactory for the three streamflow gauges. The streamflow estimates from the SWAT model using data from the TRMM satellite showed that such data are capable of generating satisfactory results after calibration, although measured rainfall data presented better results; the data could support areas with scarce rainfall data and be applied to other river basins, for example, to analyze the hydrological potential of other basins in the coastal region of northeastern Brazil. Over the past three decades, considerable advances have been made in remote sensing with environmental satellites, increasing the amount of information available, including rainfall estimates. In this context, the use of TRMM data to estimate rainfall has ultimately been shown to be an interesting alternative for areas with scarce rainfall data.

Systematic studies on a decay half-lives of neptunium isotopes

In the present work, we systematically study the α decay half-lives of neptunium (Z = 93) isotopes within a one-parameter model (OPM). The calculated results are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data. Noticeably, the recently measured α decay half-life value of ns for 222Np [Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 032 502 (2020)] has been fairly reproduced by the OPM as 780 ns within a factor of ≈2. In addition, we extend this model to predict α decay half-lives of neptunium isotopes whose α decay is energetically allowed or observed but not yet quantified in NUBASE2016. Meanwhile, it is found that the half-life between the neutron number N = 126 and N = 128 in Np drop sharply, this result shows that the N = 126 shell closure is still very robust at Z = 93. At last, α particle preformation probability are extracted in two cases with α transition orbital angular momentum l = 0 and l = 1, we find a amazing phenomenon that the are basically the same for α transition with the same orbital angular momentum l.

The Effects of Heart-to-Mobile Phone Distance on the Circulatory System

Objective: The effect of the change in the distance between the mobile phone(MP) and the heart on heart rate variability (HRV) was examined, and the influence of the MP's distance to heart on the circulatory system was investigated. Methods: Healthy volunteers using MPs were included in this study. The distance from the heart to the right ear is about four centimetres greater than its distance to the left ear. Taking advantage of this distance difference, the volunteers were divided into two groups: right-hand dominant and left-hand dominant individuals. A total of 31 right-hand dominant (Group 1) and 32 left-hand dominant (Group 2) volunteers were enrolled. HRV was automatically calculated by a commercially available FDA-approved three-channel Holter monitoring device (Holter ECG Recorder DMS300-4A). Results: The mean tragus to apex distance of the first group was 37.5 cm and the mean of the second group was 33.6 cm. There was no statistically significant difference between standard deviation of N–Ns (SDNN), the standard deviation of the 5-min mean values of N–Ns (SDANN), root mean square successive difference of N–Ns (RMSSD), low-frequency (LF), and high frequency (HF) values and LF/HF ratio between the two groups. The percentage of successive N–N differences that were greater than 50 ms for each 5-min interval (pNN50%) was significantly lower in Group 2 compared to Group 1 (p = 0.014). Conclusions: Our findings show that even a small increase in MPs to heart distance can reduce its negative effects on the cardiovascular system.

Deriving water level and discharge estimation using satellite altimetry for Krishna River, Karnataka

Radar altimetry is the most commonly used approach for monitoring ocean's water level or inland water bodies over ungauged or poorly gauged regions. In this study, a network of three altimetry missions (i.e., Jason 3, Sentinel 3A, and Sentinel 3B) was traced in the Krishna river, Karnataka, India, for 2018 and 2019. The network consists of 13 virtual stations, of which two are of Jason 3, five are of Sentinel 3A, and six are of Sentinel 3B. This paper proposes a method to find river discharge solely using remote sensing derived data. The river depth is calculated using satellite altimetry, and other hydraulic parameters (river width and river bed slope) are used in modified Manning's equation for calculation of discharge. To estimate river width, Google Earth Engine is used to process Sentinel 1 and Sentinel 2 images. All three missions showed excellent results with an average RMSE of 1.43 m, and the best correlation is showed by Sentinel 3B (>0.97). The discharge calculated using this method also provides adequate results, with NS value for station 1 is 0.53, and for station 2 is 0.63. These results show the potential of the proposed approach for monitoring water level and estimation of discharge solely using satellite-derived products.

Aortic isthmus Doppler in normal and small-for-gestational-age fetuses and its association with prediction of adverse perinatal outcome.

To establish reference ranges for aortic isthmus Doppler indices in appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) fetusesand to evaluate its association with perinatal outcome in small-for-gestational-age (SGA) fetuses. Prospective cohort observational study in which 30 pregnant women with SGA fetuses and 60 women with AGA fetuses were recruited from the prenatal clinic of the hospital. The AGA group was eventually followed from 24weeks by 4-weekly Doppler assessment, and the SGA group was examined as per institutional protocol. We analyzed the data using STATA version 14.0 statistical software. Continuous variables were examined for normality assumption using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. To develop a nomogram for appropriate gestational age, we adopted a mixed linear model analysis. For each of the variables Ao pulsatility index (PI), Ao peak systolic velocity (PSV), Ao systolic nadir (Ns), and Ao isthmic systolic index (ISI) mean predicted values, 3rd centile and 97th centile were calculated based on the parameter estimation of mixed model. Observed data for each of the variables in the SGA group were plotted in the nomogram developed for the AGA group to show the trend of SGA data in comparison to AGA data. The total number of observations made on 60 AGA and 30 SGA fetuses were 240 and 67, respectively. Nomograms for the 3rd and 97th centiles were derived for Ao PI, Ao PSV, Ao Ns, and Ao ISI. Mean Ao PI values were significantly higher in SGA group (2.37 vs 2.22; P<.05); mean Ao PSV was significantly lower in the SGA group (67.1 vs 76.3; P<.05), but mean Ao Ns and mean Ao ISI values were significantly higher in the SGA group (-5.24 vs 2.0 and -0.04 vs -0.01; P<.05). Aortic Doppler assessment seems to provide beneficial information for monitoring small fetuses. Ao PI and Ao ISI, which were raised in fetuses with SGA, can be used in prognosis.

Determination of cephalometric parameters, which usually do not change during surgical and orthodontic treatment depending on facial types according to Garson in Ukrainian young men and young women with orthognathic occlusion

Aesthetics is one of the key elements that accompanies modern medicine, in particular, dentistry. The need for treatment not only eliminates the symptoms of the disease but also leads to the restoration or improvement of the aesthetic appearance of the person, and especially the face, gave impetus to the development of new areas of science and technology. An important step in the implementation of such treatments is experimental research to identify the norm for certain categories of the population, primarily according to sex and ethnic group. The aim of the study was to establish the characteristics of cephalometric parameters in Ukrainian young men and young women with orthognathic occlusion, which usually do not change during surgical and orthodontic treatment, depending on sex and facial types. On the basis of the clinic "Vinintermed" teleroentgenography was performed using a dental cone-beam tomograph Veraviewepocs 3D Morita (Japan). Cephalometric examination of lateral teleroentgenograms in 46 young men (aged 17 to 21 years) and 72 young women (aged 16 to 20 years) with orthognathic occlusion was done. The type of face was determined according to the morphological index of Garson. The evaluation of parameters that usually do not change during surgical and orthodontic treatment was performed in the licensed package "Statistica 6.0" using non-parametric methods of evaluation of the results. The percentile ranges of cephalometric parameters, which usually do not change during surgical and orthodontic treatment depending on the facial types of Ukrainian young men and young women with orthognathic occlusion has been established. Pronounced manifestations of sexual dimorphism of cephalometric parameters, which usually do not change during surgical and orthodontic treatment (higher values in young men) are established only for most linear dimensions (values of distances NS, Ar-Go, N-Se, N-CC, P-PTV and S-Ar) in representatives of different types of faces. Both between young men and young women with different face types, there are almost no reliable or tendencies of differences in cephalometric parameters, which usually do not change during surgical and orthodontic treatment.