Maximum Intensity Value Research Articles

Application of the FDTD Method to Analyze the Influence of Brick Complexity on Electromagnetic Wave Propagation

This article presents a numerical analysis of the effects related to the propagation of electromagnetic waves in an area containing a non-ideal, non-uniform, and absorbing dielectric. The analysis concerns the influence of electrical parameters, the structure of the building material, and the layering of the wall on the values of the electric field intensity. A multivariate analysis was carried out with different conductivity values. Homogeneous materials (e.g., solid brick) can be analyzed using the analytical method. In the case of complex materials containing, e.g., hollows (brick with hollows, hollow block), it is necessary to use the numerical method. The FDTD (finite difference time domain) method was used to assess the dependence of the electric field intensity on the layering, the length of hollows in bricks, and the material loss. In order to check the correctness of the adopted numerical assumptions, a series of tests related to the discretization of the model was carried out. The article also presents the influence of changing the length of hollows in bricks on the values of the electric field intensity at a frequency of 2.4 GHz. The instantaneous field distributions and maximum values of the electric field intensity are presented. In the model with a two-layer wall, regardless of the conductivity, the field values were the same for the two models, where the difference in the percentage of ceramic mass in the brick was 8%. A 12% decrease in the percentage of ceramic mass in the brick resulted in a 15% increase in the value of the area between a single-layer and a double-layer wall made of clinker bricks. At a conductivity of 0.04 S/m for a single-layer wall, the field values were similar for all brick variants.

Numerical Simulation Study of an Artificial Percolation Riverbed and Its Hydraulic Characteristics under Different Reynolds Numbers

The direct extraction of clear water from a sandy river is a difficult task and can only be achieved through specific engineering measures. This paper proposes an artificial percolation riverbed structure for extracting clean water from sandy rivers, using a numerical simulation to study the flow field distribution characteristics of the structure under clean water conditions. The main conclusions are as follows: When the percolation vortex tube opening rate is 1.4%, the vortex tube with or without opening the percolation hole has little influence on the distribution characteristics of the flow field in the artificial riverbed, and the purpose of water extraction can be achieved while constructing a helical flow field. The axial flow velocity and circumferential flow velocity of the vortex tube cross-section under different Reynolds numbers show the distribution of a low-flow velocity close to the center of the vortex tube, and a high-flow velocity close to the vortex tube side-wall area. The average axial flow velocity and average circumferential flow velocity of the vortex tube show a trend of increasing and then decreasing distribution along the axial axis of the vortex tube in the direction of the sediment transport flume. The mean axial flow velocity of the vortex tube along the axis of the vortex tube toward the sediment transport flume and the mean circumferential flow velocity both show a distribution trend of increasing and then decreasing. At the junction of the vortex tube and the sediment transport flume, there are obvious pressure changes, and the pressure changes drastically under the same horizontal line. Along the direction of the bottom line of the vortex tube, the pressure at the vortex tube is obviously greater than that at the sediment transport flume. The vortex of the artificial percolation riverbed is mainly concentrated in the vicinity of the vortex tube, and the maximum value of the vortex intensity generally occurs at the junction of the vortex tube and the sediment transport flume. With the increase in the Reynolds number, the vortex intensity has an overall increasing trend, and the distribution of the vortex is more complex. This study helps to elucidate the distribution characteristics of the flow field in the artificial percolation riverbed, and it provides a reference basis for the future study of the flow field of artificial percolation riverbeds of sandy rivers.

Unveiling the Mechanisms of the 1819 M 7.7 Kachchh Earthquake, India: Integrating Physics‐Based Simulation and Strong Ground Motion Estimates

AbstractThis study provided a comprehensive understanding of the source process of the 1819 M 7.7 Kachchh Indian earthquake using physics‐based dynamic rupture modeling and strong ground motion simulations. We successfully simulated the spontaneous dynamic rupture along a curved non‐planar fault using the 3‐D curved‐grid finite‐difference method (CGFDM). The estimated earthquake magnitude is around 7.6, consistent with previous estimations. Our simulations accurately replicated macroscopic rupture patterns and surface deformation, showing agreement with observed data along the Allah Bund fault (ABF) with a maximum displacement ∼5.5 m at the Earth's surface. The maximum modeled coseismic slip on the fault was approximately 7.5 m. Notably, the ABF exhibited characteristics of a weak barrier (leaky barrier) at the bending part, allowing the rupture to propagate further. Despite limitations in surface deformation calculations, the modeled values aligned with the trend of surface fault slip, with a slight deviation in the epicenter toward the east compared to earlier studies. We observed a homogeneous principal stress oriented N25°E, consistent with the present day Indian plate motion. The estimated horizontal peak ground velocities (PGVh) and the maximum value of Intensity X+ aligns well with observations. Furthermore, conducting thorough case studies on significant earthquakes and potential seismic scenarios in stable continental regions is crucial. Such studies play a vital role in validating and improving dynamic rupture models. When combined with statistical methods, this research holds great promise for advancing seismic hazard assessments, earthquake engineering, and strategies for disaster management.

Characterisation of extreme precipitation changes in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, China

ABSTRACT The paper analyses the spatial and temporal characteristics of extreme precipitation in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River through extreme precipitation indicators based on the trend method, the Mann–Kendall trend test, and the rescaled extreme deviation extreme deviation using daily precipitation data from 1961 to 2021. The following conclusions were obtained: The overall precipitation in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River is reduced, and the number of rainy days is reduced. The frequency of extreme precipitation is generally reduced, but the spatial difference in the intensity of extreme precipitation is greater, which makes the occurrence of extreme precipitation more concentrated and more destructive. Extreme precipitation indicators showed relatively large fluctuations after 2000, especially in terms of extreme precipitation intensity. The frequency of extreme precipitation in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River is the highest in the main stream of the Yangtze River Basin and the Wujiang River Basin, the intensity of extreme precipitation is in the Jialing River and the Wujiang River Basin, and the accumulation of extreme precipitation is the highest in the Jialing River and the Wujiang River Basin, whereas the maximum value of the station extreme precipitation intensity and frequency is in the Minjiang River Basin.

Assessment of [18F]PI-2620 Tau-PET Quantification via Non-Invasive Automatized Image Derived Input Function

Purpose[18F]PI-2620 positron emission tomography (PET) detects misfolded tau in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We questioned the feasibility and value of absolute [18F]PI-2620 PET quantification for assessing tau by regional distribution volumes (VT). Here, arterial input functions (AIF) represent the gold standard, but cannot be applied in routine clinical practice, whereas image-derived input functions (IDIF) represent a non-invasive alternative. We aimed to validate IDIF against AIF and we evaluated the potential to discriminate patients with PSP and AD from healthy controls by non-invasive quantification of [18F] PET.MethodsIn the first part of the study, we validated AIF derived from radial artery whole blood against IDIF by investigating 20 subjects (ten controls and ten patients). IDIF were generated by manual extraction of the carotid artery using the average and the five highest (max5) voxel intensity values and by automated extraction of the carotid artery using the average and the maximum voxel intensity value. In the second part of the study, IDIF quantification using the IDIF with the closest match to the AIF was transferred to group comparison of a large independent cohort of 40 subjects (15 healthy controls, 15 PSP patients and 10 AD patients). We compared VT and VT ratios, both calculated by Logan plots, with distribution volume (DV) ratios using simplified reference tissue modelling and standardized uptake value (SUV) ratios.ResultsAIF and IDIF showed highly correlated input curves for all applied IDIF extraction methods (0.78 < r < 0.83, all p < 0.0001; area under the curves (AUC): 0.73 < r ≤ 0.82, all p ≤ 0.0003). Regarding the VT values, correlations were mainly found between those generated by the AIF and by the IDIF methods using the maximum voxel intensity values. Lowest relative differences (RD) were observed by applying the manual method using the five highest voxel intensity values (max5) (AIF vs. IDIF manual, avg: RD = -82%; AIF vs. IDIF automated, avg: RD = -86%; AIF vs. IDIF manual, max5: RD = -6%; AIF vs. IDIF automated, max: RD = -26%). Regional VT values revealed considerable variance at group level, which was strongly reduced upon scaling by the inferior cerebellum. The resulting VT ratio values were adequate to detect group differences between patients with PSP or AD and healthy controls (HC) (PSP target region (globus pallidus): HC vs. PSP vs. AD: 1.18 vs. 1.32 vs. 1.16; AD target region (Braak region I): HC vs. PSP vs. AD: 1.00 vs. 1.00 vs. 1.22). VT ratios and DV ratios outperformed SUV ratios and VT in detecting differences between PSP and healthy controls, whereas all quantification approaches performed similarly in comparing AD and healthy controls.ConclusionBlood-free IDIF is a promising approach for quantification of [18F]PI-2620 PET, serving as correlating surrogate for invasive continuous arterial blood sampling. Regional [18F]PI-2620 VT show large variance, in contrast to regional [18F]PI-2620 VT ratios scaled with the inferior cerebellum, which are appropriate for discriminating PSP, AD and healthy controls. DV ratios obtained by simplified reference tissue modeling are similarly suitable for this purpose.

Structural, Mechanical, and Optoelectronic Properties of CH3NH3PbI3 as a Photoactive Layer in Perovskite Solar Cell

The structural, electronic, mechanical, and optical properties of pseudo-cubic CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite have been studied within the framework of density functional theory, in line with solar cell applications. The computed values of lattice and elastic constants concurred with the available theoretical and experimental data. This compound has a semi-conducting behavior, with a direct band gap of about 1.49 eV. Note that the solar radiation spectrum has a maximum energy intensity value of approximately 1.50 eV. Thus, semiconductors with such gaps are preferred for photovoltaic applications. Its elastic parameters reveal that it is a ductile material that is mechanically stable. Optical descriptors such as refractive index, reflectivity, extinction, energy loss, and absorption have been explored with the aim of establishing the optical features of the material. Our findings demonstrate that this perovskite is suitable for solar cell applications based on the size and nature of the band gap, as also supported by the obtained upper limit value of simulated power conversion efficiency via the spectroscopic limited maximum efficiency mathematical model.

A New Algorithm for Detecting GPN Protein Expression and Overexpression of IDC and ILC Her2+ Subtypes on Polyacrylamide Gels Associated with Breast Cancer

Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) is used to identify protein presence, absence, or overexpression and usually, their interpretation is visual. Some published methods can localize the position of proteins using image analysis on images of SDS-PAGE gels. However, they cannot automatically determine a particular protein band’s concentration or molecular weight. In this article, a new methodology to identify the number of samples present in an SDS-PAGE gel and the molecular weight of the recombinant protein is developed. SDS-PAGE images of different concentrations of pure GPN protein were created to produce homogeneous gels. Then, these images were analyzed using the developed methodology called Image Profile Based on Binarized Image Segmentation (IPBBIS). It is based on detecting the maximum intensity values of the analyzed bands and produces the segmentation of images filtered by a binary mask. The IPBBIS was developed to identify the number of samples in an SDS-PAGE gel and the molecular weight of the recombinant protein of interest, with a margin of error of 3.35%. An accuracy of 0.9850521 was achieved for homogeneous gels and 0.91736 for heterogeneous gels of low quality.

Dynamical and kinematical X-ray diffraction in a bent crystal

Numerical modeling of kinematical and dynamical X-ray diffraction in a bent crystal was performed on the basis of two approaches to integrating the Takagi–Taupin equations, and using two-dimensional recurrence relations. Within the framework of kinematical diffraction, a new equation is obtained that describes the distribution of diffracted intensity inside a bent crystal. The time taken for numerical calculations based on this equation is significantly reduced in comparison with the use of algorithms of the dynamical diffraction theory. The simulation shows for the first time that, for strongly bent crystals, the maximum value of the diffraction intensity is formed inside the deformed structure and not on its surface. In the case of strong bending of the crystal structure, the deviation of the X-ray beam from the Bragg angle does not change the diffraction pattern but shifts it along the lateral direction. The results of calculations of diffraction in a strongly bent crystal based on the equations of dynamical and kinematical diffraction coincide, while the computations for weakly bent crystals differ. The possibility of estimating the primary extinction length of a bent crystal as a function of the bending radius is shown. In the case of kinematical diffraction in bent crystalline microsystems, a new method has been developed to calculate X-ray reciprocal-space mapping.

Дневная и сезонная динамика интенсивности транспирации вереска обыкновенного (Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hill) на юге ареала в Зауралье

The Trans-Ural region is the southern point of the common heather (C. vulgaris) range. Field ecophysiological&#x0D; study of C. vulgaris plants transpiration intensity (IT) was carried out in connection with the problem of marginal populations adaptation to arid climate. The research was carried out in the forest-steppe of the Trans-Ural region (Kurgan&#x0D; region), where an abundant population of heather grows. The dailyvariation of IT was studied taking into account a set&#x0D; of recorded ecoclimate limiting factors (wind speed, illumination, dynamics of air temperature and humidity, soil temperature) during one growing season (from April to September 2016) under the canopy of a pine forest and in the adjacent&#x0D; clearing. To study IT, annual apical shoots of plants 4 cm long were used in triplicate for each time period. The total&#x0D; sample size on one day of measurements ranged from 30-35 shoots. The transpiration rate was determined by the rapid&#x0D; weighing method, which takes into account the water lost by the shoot over a certain time period. When processing the&#x0D; data, we used correlation analysis (Pearson's correlation coefficient r), which made it possible to clarify the strength and&#x0D; direction of two continuous (metric) variables interaction. Differences in IT daily changes were revealed in plants growing&#x0D; under the forest canopy and in the open areas. Under conditions of long-term atmospheric and soil drought, which is&#x0D; common for the region, in 2016 a sharp decrease in heather water content was observed, starting from 10 a.m. throughout&#x0D; the entire growing season, with the exception of April, when the moisture deficit in the soil and heather tissues was still&#x0D; minimal. In May, maximum IT values in the clearing were noted at 14:00 (8.5 mg/h×10 –4) whereas under the canopy of&#x0D; the tree stand, peak IT values begin at 10 a.m. (12.7 mg/h×10 –4). Daytime summer transpiration in common heather (C.&#x0D; vulgaris) is even less intense than spring transpiration ((3–5 mg/h×10–4).It was revealed that meteorological factors play&#x0D; a decisive role in IT in various types of forest. In open felled areas, the determining factor is PAR (0.81, p &lt; 0.05) and, to&#x0D; a lesser extent, atmospheric temperature (0.69, p &lt; 0.05), and under the canopy - only PAR (0.96, p &lt;0.05). A decrease&#x0D; in IT and, accordingly, photosynthesis leads to a decrease in the population’s vitality and non-ripening of seeds, which is&#x0D; an ecophysiological factor of the heather absence south of Kurgan city.

Two new methods for the estimation and interpretation of the range of feasible profiles in multivariate curve resolution and their implications to analytical chemistry

AbstractTwo new models have been recently introduced for studying the remaining rotational ambiguity in the bilinear decomposition of matrix data. One of the models is N‐BANDS, which yields two extreme profiles per sample component, corresponding to maximum or minimum signal contribution function or relative component area under its concentration profile. It is highly useful for computing the relative root mean square error due to rotational ambiguity in estimated analyte concentrations (RMSERA), which numerically quantifies the impact of the phenomenon in terms of prediction uncertainty. Since N‐BANDS successfully consider the presence of instrumental noise in the data, it is extremely useful for the analysis of real data sets. The other model is SW‐N‐BANDS, which is similar to N‐BANDS, but is applied in a sensor wise manner, that is, computing the maximum and minimum intensity value at each sensor. It provides the boundaries of the full set of feasible profiles, and helps to better understand the behavior of a given component under the application of several constraints. Both models are described in light of both simulations and experimental data, illustrating their main characteristics of importance to analytical chemistry studies.

The Carbon Emission Intensity of Rainwater Bioretention Facilities

To investigate the quantitative relationship between the volume capture of rainfall and carbon emissions from bioretention facilities, this study introduces the concept of the carbon intensity of volume capture of rainfall. The influence of four key factors—climatic conditions, aquifer height, permeability coefficient, and facility area—was investigated using a residential neighborhood in Tianshui, China, as an example. The results reveal that the carbon intensity value is influenced not only by external environmental changes but also by the inherent attributes of bioretention facilities, such as aquifer height, permeability coefficient, and facility area. The maximum carbon intensity value for the volume capture of rainfall was −0.0005 kg CO2/m3, while the minimum was −0.0852 kg CO2/m3, representing a substantial difference of approximately 169 times. Orthogonal experiments identified the facility area as the most significant influencing factor on carbon intensity, with a correlation coefficient of 0.0520. The area of bioretention facilities can be prioritized to meet deployment requirements, taking into account volume capture reduction effects and carbon emissions. For facilities with a high carbon intensity, an emphasis should be placed on enhancing carbon reduction benefits, and various initiatives can be implemented to achieve this goal.

The effect of geomagnetic storms on aircraft accidents between the years 1919–2023 in civil aviation

Detailed research on the effect of geomagnetic storms (GSs) on air crash investigations, which is a very important space weather event and could be the main reason for most aircraft accidents, especially unexplained accidents, has not been done by this time. In this study, we investigated the effect of GSs depending on seasonal changes, solar activity, and geomagnetic activity (GA) over 115 years of aircraft accidents from the decreasing phase of the Solar Cycle (SC) 15 to the increasing phase of SC 25. In our analysis, the accident rates of 1959 air crash events correspond to 68 %, 22 %, 8 %, and 2 % due to mechanical and pilotage reasons, unknown reasons, bad weather conditions, and turbulence that might be related to GSs are obtained for latitudes between ± 10⁰ ≤ φ ≤ ±90⁰ in the northern and southern hemispheres. The MATLAB R2018a Programming Language is used to determine and draw all data in our statistical analyses. Nevertheless, we reconstructed the GA indices such as Dst, Kp, Ap, aa, and am for 1919–2023 by using the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) Forecasting Model for years without observations and therefore missing data. The first important result is that the number of aircraft accidents increased in the decreasing phases of solar activity cycles (SACs) depending on the effective structure of the coronal holes rather than increasing phases. The second important result is that the highest number of accidents occurred in the equinoxes in March and September (and mostly at the beginning of October) while the lower number of accidents was seen in the solstices such as June and December. The third important result is that the rate of accidents depends on how many storms were seen in the decreasing phase of SACs. The SC maximum intensity value that reaches the higher number, or even the duration of the SC will not affect aircraft accidents directly. The GA indices do not follow a regular pattern according to the SC shows that we should look at the geomagnetic structure of the intensity of three elements of a magnetic field of Earth as D (Declination), H (Horizontal), and z (Vertical), and therefore their intensities.

Restoration of the orientation distribution function for materials with low lattice and sample symmetry using the harmonic method

A lot of the properties polycrystalline materials depend on their crystallographic texture. The most complete information about the texture can be obtained from the orientation distribution function (ODF). We present the results of recovering ODF using series expansion technique for materials with low crystal and sample symmetry. The technique of ODF restoration is based on its Fourier series expansion with symmetrical spherical harmonic functions. Real spherical harmonics which are linear combinations of general spherical harmonics were used. The model single-component texture as well as the real texture of magnesium alloy sample subjected to equal-channel angular pressing have been studied. Textures are characterized by hexagonal crystal symmetry and triclinic sample symmetry. In both cases RP-factors and ODF calculation errors that were used as reliability criteria of ODF reconstruction showed good agreement between the calculated and experimental data. It was also revealed that the ODF of a magnesium alloy sample subjected to equal-channel angular pressing contains two texture components (1216)[1211] and (1216)[1211] with maximum intensity values of 13.81 and 2.23, respectively. The results obtained can be used for texture studies of ceramics, rocks and other non-metallic materials characterized by a lower symmetry.

Formation of the Injection Function of Solar Energetic Particles in Gradual Events

We present a model for solar energetic particle injection into interplanetary space in gradual events, in which particle acceleration occurs in a limited region of the solar atmosphere. The distribution function of particles accelerated by the diffusion mechanism is calculated. The flux of injected solar energetic particles is determined as a function of time and energy. We provide an explanation of the characteristic properties of the injection function and their dependence on the particle energy. Comparing the calculation results with ground-based measurements in the 2001 April 15 event shows a rough agreement with the particle density as a function of time and good agreement with the spectrum of maximum intensity values.

Annealing and intensity dependent femtosecond nonlinear optical studies of sodium zinc borate oxide glasses incorporated with gold nanoparticles

Herein, we explored the annealing and intensity–dependent femtosecond (fs) nonlinear optical (NLO) studies on sodium zinc borate (NZB) glasses embedded with gold nanoparticles (NPs). The glasses were prepared by the melt–quench process and subjected for thermal treatment at 450 °C at different schedules in a normal atmosphere. It was identified that the glass annealed for 12 hr (i.e., the NZBAu12 glass) had the maximum saturation intensity and negative nonlinear refraction values. Therefore, the intensity–sensitive NLO investigations then conducted on that glass to understand the influence of intensity of laser radiation on NLO proeprties on gold NPs embedded glasses. The saturable absorption observed at lower intensity was switched to reverse saturable absorption (two–photon absorption) during the exposure with high fluence laser pulses. However, the nonlinear refraction sign was unchanged with increase of intensity of laser radiation. The strategy explored in this work might pave the way for achieving the strong nonlinear traits in borate–based glasses routed with gold NPs. The study outcomes endorse the benefits of NZBAu12 glass for optical switching functionalities under low–intensity pulse excitation, as well as for optical limiting applications under high–intensity pulse excitation.

Influence of attapulgite on biogas production and the evolution of dissolved organic matter during anaerobic digestion

In this study, attapulgite was used as an additive for exploring the effects on biogas production during anaerobic co-digestion of rice straw and cattle dung. Spectroscopic techniques were applied to investigate the structural characteristics, components and evolution of dissolved organic matter (DOM). The results indicated that substrate yielded totals with the addition of attapulgite (A1 −A4) were higher that these without the addition of attapulgite (E1 − E4), about 10.205 − 15.553 L biogas for the A1 −A4 substrates, and 6.142 − 10.163 L of biogas for the E1-E4 substrates. Biogas yields of volatile solid (VS) were 210.0, 272.7, 303.4 and 254.6 mL/g for A1-A4, and 166.5, 129.0, 216.5, and 187.4 mL/g for E1-E4, respectively. Six components could be obtained by parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis, including three protein-like and two fulvic-like substances and one humic-like substance. The maximum fluorescence intensity (Fmax) values were notably lower in E1-E4 than in A1-A4. These fluorescent DOM components played an extremely important role in the conversion of organic matter during anaerobic digestion, especially protein-like components. The results of two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) analysis indicated that the preferential sequence of change in fluorescent components and functional groups can greatly affect the biogas production and the degradation and utilization of organic matter in the presence or absence of attapulgite. Various trace elements (Fe3+, Al3+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) and large specific surface area in attapulgite promote the growth of methanogenic bacteria and accelerate the progress of methane generation, which is conducive to the conversion of DOM, thereby increasing the production of biogas and methane.

Functional activity of the monocyte immune link in gastric adenocarcinoma

Stomach cancer is in the top ten in terms of prevalence and ranks 4th in terms of causes of death worldwide. The most common and most aggressive variant of gastric cancer is adenocarcinoma. The monocytic link of immunity provides the main line of the body's fight against malignant cells, while in patients with adenocarcinoma it is insufficiently studied. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the functional activity of monocytes in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma at different stages of the disease.Individuals (n = 164) were examined, among whom 85 were diagnosed with stage I-IV stomach adenocarcinoma. The study also involved 79 apparently healthy donors. The functional activity and oxygen-dependent phagocytosis of monocytes were assessed by the chemiluminescent method. Luminol was used as a chemiluminescence inducer. The respiratory burst was activated with opsonized zymosan.In patients with stomach adenocarcinoma, at rest (spontaneous chemiluminescence), an increase in the time the curve reached the maximum intensity of chemiluminescence (Tmax = 7957 s), the area under the chemiluminescence curve (Squr = 0.2 x 106), the activation index (1.89 c. u.) and a decrease in the maximum value of chemiluminescence intensity (Imax = 424 c. u.) relative to the control group (Tmax = 5533 s, Squr = 0.011 x 106, activation index = 0.88 c. u., Imax = 424 c. u., p &lt; 0.05) were seen. When chemiluminescence is induced in patients with stomach adenocarcinoma, a statistically significant predominance of Squr is fixed (0.46 x 106, in the control group Squr = 0.031 x 106). Also, in the group of patients with stomach adenocarcinoma, monocytic phagocytosis was reduced by more than 2 times (29% vs 84% in the control group, p &lt; 0.05). When analyzing the studied parameters, depending on the stage of the disease, it was found that the violation of the chemiluminescent reaction in patients with stomach adenocarcinoma is fixed already at an early stage. At the same time, in patients with stage IV stomach adenocarcinoma, the indicators of spontaneous and induced chemiluminescence are more than 2 times different from those in the control group and patients at stage I of the disease. The identified features indicate a decrease in the effectiveness of immune reactions of the monocytic link in stomach adenocarcinoma already in the early stages of the disease and can be used to detect early signs of immune disorders and optimize therapeutic approaches in this disease.

Effects of Channel Width Variations on Turbulent Flow Structures in the Presence of Three-Dimensional Pool-Riffle

Changes in the width of channels or rivers that have three-dimensional pool-riffle can affect the key parameters of river engineering and flow resistance. Understanding the effect of width changes on flow structures helps to control erosion and sedimentation in coarse-bed rivers and better design ecological restoration projects. The present study investigates the effect of the sequential pool-riffle and its interaction with the bank narrowness on the turbulent flow characteristics. For this purpose, an experimental study was conducted in variable and fixed width flume with an aspect ratio greater than five. The results showed that when the flow decelerates (entrance of the pool), the negative and low longitudinal velocities expand as the flow depth increases. From both sides of the central axis, longitudinal velocities decreased when entering the middle part of the pool and reduced the flow width. The changes in the maximum turbulence intensity values, from the central axis towards the channel bank, in the variable and fixed width modes had an increasing trend. In all three longitudinal directions along the flume, the maximum turbulence intensity and the maximum Reynolds shear stress in the variable width mode were larger than those in fixed one. Knowledge of the flow pattern along a variable width stream and better understanding of velocity and Reynolds stress distribution will help engineers to better estimate the controlling parameters in river restoration and improve hydraulic models’ performance.

Identification and Analysis of Territorial Spatial Utilization Conflicts in Yibin Based on Multidimensional Perspective

The measurement of territorial spatial conflict degrees and the identification of conflict areas are important issues in the field of regional development planning. The scientific and comprehensive recognition and measurement of territorial spatial utilization conflicts, from a multidimensional perspective, are significant for the optimization of reasonable land use and the realization of sustainable spatial development in various regions. In this study, the territorial spatial development and utilization conflicts in Yibin were measured and analyzed in terms of the development intensity, landscape pattern index, and spatial suitability from a multidimensional perspective of the “upper limit-structure-bottom line” perspective of territorial spaces. Certain corresponding development strategies were proposed, and some major conclusions could be drawn: (1) In terms of the development intensity, the developable intensity value for most townships in Yibin is lower than the minimum developable intensity value, indicating their fine development potential in the future. However, the current development intensity of a few townships is higher than the maximum developable intensity value. These townships can be divided into topographic restricted zones, urban concentrated zones, and natural reserves. (2) In terms of landscape conflict, areas with mild, moderate, and severe conflict in the southern region of Yibin decreased significantly from 1990 to 2018, and severe conflict areas in the middle and northern regions decreased; however, moderate and mild conflict areas increased. Potential ecological conflict risks to the landscape cannot be ignored. (3) For spatial suitability, urban spatial conflict areas, agricultural spatial conflict areas, urban–ecological spatial conflict areas, and agricultural–ecological spatial conflict areas were recognized according to a comparison of the utilization status and suitability assessment results. (4) According to estimation results of three types of conflicts, townships in Yibin were divided into eight types of conflicts: (1) conflict caused by improper urban planning to squeeze ecological spaces and replace agricultural spaces; (2) conflict caused by extensive and disordered agricultural development; (3) conflict controlled by the squeezing of ecological spaces; (4) conflict controlled by the encroachment of ecological spaces; (5) conflict caused by backward urbanization; (6) conflict caused by low-level agricultural development; (7) conflict caused by overall development hysteresis; and (8) conflict caused by a shortage of development space. This study has some theoretical and practical implications for a comprehensive understanding of territorial spatial development patterns and their degrees, the scientific recognition and trade-off of multidimensional territorial spatial utilization conflicts, and realizing sustainable development in certain regions.

Research on the Two-dimensional Electric Field on the Conductor Surface of 750 kV Transformer Substation under Different Structures

During the process of the design of the 750 kV transformer substation, the intensity of the electric field on the conductor surface is something very important. In this study, adopting a software of Finite Element Simulation, the authors respectively established simulation models of the distribution of two-dimensional electric field, calculated the maximum values of electric field intensity in different scenarios, and researched the distribution rules of electric field intensity on conductor surface in different wires, different division quantities, and different separation distances. As a result, the authors figured out the composition of wires which are applicable to the 750 kV transformer substation.