Lean Body Mass Values Research Articles

Erratum to: Reference Values of Total Lean Mass, Appendicular Lean Mass, and Fat Mass Measured with Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry in a Healthy Mexican Population.

The aim of this study was to develop age- and gender-specific reference values of total lean body mass (LBM), appendicular lean body mass (ALBM), and fat mass (FM) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) data in a healthy Mexican population. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 9518 healthy subjects 7–89 years of age participating in the baseline measurement of the Health Workers Cohort Study. Using DXA, LBM, ALBM, and FM were measured. Using these data, LBM index (LBMI), ALBM index (ALBMI), and fat mass index (FMI) were calculated. LMI, ALMI, and FMI were calculated as the LBM, ALBM, and FM kg divided by the height in meters squared. Males and females were analyzed separately; sex-specific means and standard deviations for LBM, ALBM, FM, LBMI, ALBMI, and FMI were calculated. A total of 2829 males and 6694 females were included in the final analysis. Strong sex gaps were observed after 12 years in LBM, ALBM, LBMI, and ALBMI (P < 0.01). LBM and ALBM values continue to increase for males up to age 20; females plateaued approximately after age 15. Significant sex differences were also observed for FM and FMI. Significant sex- and age-related differences exist in LBM, ALBM, and FM in the Mexican population. In addition, given the null data available in this area, these reference values may be useful in the evaluation of a variety of childhood and adult abnormalities involving lean body mass deficits, mainly in the assessment of muscle wasting, with important medical and epidemiological uses.

Interaction of Beta-Hydroxy-Beta-Methylbutyrate Free Acid and Adenosine Triphosphate on Muscle Mass, Strength, and Power in Resistance-Trained Individuals

To The Editor: We have recently become aware of the article by Lowery et al. in J Strength Cond Res 30(7): 1843–1854, 2016 entitled “Interaction of Beta-Hydroxy-Beta-Methylbutyrate Free Acid and Adenosine Triphosphate on Muscle Mass, Strength, and Power in Resistance-Trained Individuals.” We have some thoughts regarding the Methods and Results sections of the article for the readership of JSCR to consider. Methodological Questions Minimal difference values were not provided for body composition variables determined by DXA. Could the authors provide ICC's, along with the SD values for lean body mass (LBM) and fat mass (FM) so that minimal difference can be determined? The authors fail to provide any citation for location of ultrasonography for assessment of skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Were records kept for total training volume completed during the intervention for each group? Was volume and load equated across groups? Results Comments We realize that one earlier study demonstrated similar findings as that of this study; however, the Kraemer et al. (1) study used less-trained subjects, as well as a multiingredient supplement containing HMB-Ca. This study also found significant elevations in postexercise testosterone levels, whereas this study did not. Could the authors expand on the potential mechanisms responsible for muscle growth (highlighting the form and dose of HMB used in this study compared with previous studies)? We are curious about the increase in LBM (8.5 kg) and significant decrease in FM observed in the resistance-trained population used. The increase in LBM is somewhat shocking, especially when compared with previous literature using HMB in athletic populations (2–4). Further explanation as to how or why these robust changes occurred would certainly benefit the reader. If no sound explanation can be made, could there have been possible errors with the DXA machine or how the data were analyzed/reported? This might help to explain why—for the most part—these authors are the only ones who have found such significant improvements in body composition after HMB and ATP supplementation (5,6). Conclusion Owing to inconsistencies in findings between this study and that of data previously published from other laboratories, we strongly encourage researchers to replicate this study in an attempt to discover comparable findings. Furthermore, the authors mention an increase in blood flow and/or an increase in training volume as possible mechanisms for muscle growth, but blood flow was not measured and training volume was not reported. We suggest future research aim to measure or track these variables to provide possible explanations for improvements in strength and body composition after HMB + ATP supplementation. In addition, we recommend measuring growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor to determine possible underlying mechanisms for the significant increases in LBM.

Inclusion of Regional Body Composition Parameters Improves Bone Mineral Density Cross-Calibration Between GE Lunar Prodigy and iDXA Densitometers

Since 1989, the Kuopio Osteoporosis Risk Factor and Prevention (OSTPRE, n = 14220) Study has followed long-term changes of bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition in women with GE Lunar devices. During the course of OSTPRE, the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry device had to be replaced by a newer model. Then, it was essential to determine whether systematic measurement differences in BMD and body composition will occur. As a part of the OSTPRE study, BMD was measured in 54 women, whereas body composition was determined in 55 women, aged 27–71, by using both the GE Healthcare Lunar Prodigy and iDXA narrow-angle fan beam densitometers during the same visit. The total body fat mass (FM) and lean body mass (LBM) results of these scanners showed a high linear correlation (r = 0.981–0.994, p < 0.0001). However, the mean total body FM and LBM values measured by iDXA were on average 2.3% (0.5 kg, 95% confidence interval: 0.3–0.7 kg) higher and 0.8% (0.3 kg, 95% confidence interval: 0.1–0.6 kg) lower, respectively, than those measured by Prodigy. Inclusion of local soft tissue measurements (total body LBM, legs/android FM) improved the agreement of total body, total hip, and lumbar spine BMD values between the devices but not femoral neck BMD agreement. Equations, based on linear regression analyses, were derived to minimize differences between the instruments. Then, the differences in BMD and body composition measurements were negligible between Prodigy and iDXA. Using correction equations enables an objective comparison of longitudinal BMD and body composition measurements.

Reference Values of Total Lean Mass, Appendicular Lean Mass, and Fat Mass Measured with Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry in a Healthy Mexican Population.

The aim of this study was to develop age- and gender-specific reference values of total lean body mass (LBM), appendicular lean body mass (ALBM), and fat mass (FM) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) data in a healthy Mexican population. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 9518 healthy subjects 7-89years of age participating in the baseline measurement of the Health Workers Cohort Study. Using DXA, LBM, ALBM, and FM were measured. Using these data, LBM index (LBMI), ALBM index (ALBMI), and fat mass index (FMI) were calculated. LMI, ALMI, and FMI were calculated as the LBM, ALBM, and FM kg divided by the height in meters squared. Males and females were analyzed separately; sex-specific means and standard deviations for LBM, ALBM, FM, LBMI, ALBMI, and FMI were calculated. A total of 2829 males and 6694 females were included in the final analysis. Strong sex gaps were observed after 12years in LBM, ALBM, LBMI, and ALBMI (P<0.01). LBM and ALBM values continue to increase for males up to age 20; females plateaued approximately after age 15. Significant sex differences were also observed for FM and FMI. Significant sex- and age-related differences exist in LBM, ALBM, and FM in the Mexican population. In addition, given the null data available in this area, these reference values may be useful in the evaluation of a variety of childhood and adult abnormalities involving lean body mass deficits, mainly in the assessment of muscle wasting, with important medical and epidemiological uses.

A snapshot of the nutritional status of Crohn's disease among adolescents in Brazil: a prospective cross-sectional study.

BackgroundThe relationship between nutrition and Crohn’s disease (CD) is complex and involves several therapeutic possibilities including: nutrition treatment for malnourished patients, optimization of growth and development, prevention of osteoporosis, first-line therapy for active disease, and maintenance of disease remission. In children and adolescents with CD, malnutrition is a common problem that adversely affects the prognosis. In at-risk adolescent CD patients, it is important to assess body composition, food intake, energy expenditure, nutrient balance and serum levels of nutrients before planning interventions for this population. The aim of this study was to provide a snapshot of the nutritional status of adolescents with CD in Brazil.MethodsWe prospectively selected 22 patients with mildly to moderately active CD, 29 patients with inactive CD and 35 controls (first-degree relatives of and in the same age bracket as the CD patients). The age range of participants was between 13.2 and 19.4 years old. We collected anthropometric data including weight, height, and body mass index (BMI), which were expressed as Z scores: weight-for-age, height-for-age and BMI-for-age, respectively, as well as using bioimpedance to determine body composition and assessing the Tanner stage. We also assessed macronutrients and micronutrients (serum levels and dietary intake of both). We used the chi-square test to determine whether any of the studied variables were associated with inactive or active CD. The level of significance was set at 5 % (p < 0.05). We have written informed parental consent for participation for any minors and written informed consent for any participants that were adults.ResultsThe mean values for lean body mass, Tanner stage, height-for-age Z score and BMI-for-age Z score were lower in the active CD group than in the inactive CD and control groups (p < 0.05 for both). Compared with the controls, the CD patients showed significant differences in terms of the quality of dietary intake (particularly in caloric intake, dietary protein intake, dietary fiber intake, and micronutrient intake), which were reflected in the serum levels of nutrients, mainly vitamins A and E (p < 0.05).ConclusionsAdolescents with CD (including those with mildly to moderately active or inactive disease) have a nutritional risk, which makes it important to conduct nutritional assessments in such patients.

Novel Equations for Estimating Lean Body Mass in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients.

♦ To develop and validate equations for estimating lean body mass (LBM) in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. ♦ Two equations for estimating LBM, one based on mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC) and hand grip strength (HGS), i.e., LBM-M-H, and the other based on HGS, i.e., LBM-H, were developed and validated with LBM obtained by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). The developed equations were compared to LBM estimated from creatinine kinetics (LBM-CK) and anthropometry (LBM-A) in terms of bias, precision, and accuracy. The prognostic values of LBM estimated from the equations in all-cause mortality risk were assessed. ♦ The developed equations incorporated gender, height, weight, and dialysis duration. Compared to LBM-DEXA, the bias of the developed equations was lower than that of LBM-CK and LBM-A. Additionally, LBM-M-H and LBM-H had better accuracy and precision. The prognostic values of LBM in all-cause mortality risk based on LBM-M-H, LBM-H, LBM-CK, and LBM-A were similar. ♦ Lean body mass estimated by the new equations based on MAMC and HGS was correlated with LBM obtained by DEXA and may serve as practical surrogate markers of LBM in PD patients.

Tillfälligt inflöde av magra och aggressiva talgoxar Parus major under höstflyttningen på Utklippan

On October 13th and 14th, 2014 there was an influx of Great Tits Parus major to the island of Utklippan, 15 km off the coast of south-eastern Sweden. During these two days, 158 Great Tits were trapped, ringed and weighed. Most of them were very light; 90.4% of the males and 96.5% of the females had a body mass below the estimated lean body mass (males = 17.3 g, females = 16.3 g). The mean body mass during the influx days was 1.5 g (males) and 1.56 g (females) below these lean body mass values. The birds had probably left the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea the day before and then met unfavourable weather with rain and strong head-winds. Probably they had been disoriented and forced to fly for at least 8 hours or even up to 20 hours over open sea before reaching Utklippan. Many of the Great Tits were very aggressive and they attacked other species and killed them by pecking at the head to eat the brain of the victims.

Serum Adiponectin and Leptin Concentrations in Relation to Body Fat Distribution, Hematological Indices and Lipid Profile in Humans.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the relationship between serum adiponectin and leptin concentrations and body composition, hematological indices and lipid profile parameters in adults. The study involved 95 volunteers (BMI from 23.3 to 53 kg/m2). Anthropometric parameters were measured: body weight and height, waist and hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, body fat mass (BMF), subcutaneous and visceral fat mass (SFM, VFM), lean body mass (LBM), skeletal muscle mass (SMM). In serum we determined adiponectin and leptin concentrations, extracellular hemoglobin, total bilirubin, as well as lipid metabolism (TCh, HDL-Ch, LDL-Ch, TG). Mean adipokine levels were significantly higher in women (p ≤ 0.01), adiponectin significantly negatively correlated with body height and weight, systolic blood pressure and absolute LBM and SMM values. The same relation was observed for erythroid system indicators and lipid indicators. A positive correlation was exceptionally found between adiponectin and HDL-Ch. LEP negatively correlated with some percentage rates (%LBM, %SMM). Only in women, we observed a positive correlation between LEP and body weight, BMI and WHR. Studies on ADPN and the ADPN/LEP ratio as a valuable complementary diagnostic element in the prediction and prevention of cardiovascular diseases need to be continued.

Somatotype and body composition analysis of Korean youth soccer players according to playing position for sports physiotherapy research.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the somatotype and physical characteristic differences among elite youth soccer players. [Subjects and Methods] In the present study, we evaluated twenty-two Korean youth soccer players in different playing positions. The playing positions were divided into forward (FW), midfielder (MF), defender (DF), and goalkeeper (GK). The participants’ lean body mass (LBM), fat free mass (FFM), fat mass (FM), and basal metabolic rate (BMR) were measured and their somatotype determined according to the Heath-Carter method. [Results] The youth soccer players had twelve ectomorphic, eight mesomorphic, and two central predominant types. The DFs were taller than, but otherwise similar in physical characteristics to the FWs and MFs. The GKs were taller and heavier than the other players; however, their somatotype components were not significantly different. LBM, FFM, and BMR were significantly higher in GKs than in FWs and MFs. Although LBM, FFM, and BMR values between GKs and DFs showed large differences, they were not statistically significant. [Conclusion] The present study may contribute to our understanding of the differences in somatotype and body composition of Korean youth soccer players involved in sports physiotherapy research.

Bone densitometry by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) in preterm newborns compared with full‐term peers in the first six months of life

ObjectivesTo longitudinally assess bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), and whole‐body lean mass obtained through bone densitometry by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) in preterm newborns (PTNs) and compare them with full‐term newborns (FTNs) from birth to 6 months of corrected postnatal age. MethodsA total of 28 adequate for gestational age (AGA) newborns were studied: 14 preterm and 14 full‐term newborns. DXA was used to determine BMC, BMD, and lean mass in three moments: 40 weeks corrected post‐conceptual age, as well as 3 and 6 months of corrected postnatal age. PTNs had gestational age ≤ 32 weeks at birth and were fed their mother's own milk or milk from the human milk bank. ResultsAll infants had an increase in BMC, BMD, and lean body mass values during the study. PTNs had lower BMC, BMD, and lean mass at 40 weeks of corrected post‐conceptual age in relation to FTNs (p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.047, respectively). However, there was an acceleration in the mineralization process of PTNs, which was sufficient to achieve the normal values of FTNs at 6 months of corrected age. ConclusionsThis study suggests that bone densitometry by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry is a good method for the assessment of body composition parameters at baseline, and at the follow‐up of these PTNs.

Bone mass and bone metabolic indices in male master rowers

The purpose of this study was to assess bone mass and bone metabolic indices in master athletes who regularly perform rowing exercises. The study was performed in 29 men: 14 master rowers and 15 non-athletic, body mass index-matched controls. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements of the areal bone mineral density (aBMD) were performed for the total body, regional areas (arms, total forearms, trunk, thoracic spine, pelvis, and legs), lumbar spine (L1-L4), left hip (total hip and femoral neck), and forearm (33% radius of the dominant and nondominant forearm). Serum concentrations of osteocalcin, collagen type I cross-linked C-telopeptide, visfatin, resistin, insulin, and glucose were determined. Comparative analyses showed significantly lower levels of body fat and higher lean body mass values in the rowers compared to the control group. The rowers also had significantly higher values of total and regional (left arm, trunk, thoracic spine, pelvis, and leg) BMD, as well as higher BMD values for the lumbar spine and the left hip. There were significant differences between the groups with respect to insulin, glucose, and the index of homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance. In conclusion, the systematic training of master rowers has beneficial effects on total and regional BMD and may be recommended for preventing osteoporosis.

Bone densitometry by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in preterm newborns compared with full-term peers in the first six months of life

ObjectivesTo longitudinally assess bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), and whole-body lean mass obtained through bone densitometry by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in preterm newborns (PTNs) and compare them with full-term newborns (FTNs) from birth to 6 months of corrected postnatal age. MethodsA total of 28 adequate for gestational age (AGA) newborns were studied: 14 preterm and 14 full-term newborns. DXA was used to determine BMC, BMD, and lean mass in three moments: 40 weeks corrected post-conceptual age, as well as 3 and 6 months of corrected postnatal age. PTNs had gestational age ≤ 32 weeks at birth and were fed their mother's own milk or milk from the human milk bank. ResultsAll infants had an increase in BMC, BMD, and lean body mass values during the study. PTNs had lower BMC, BMD, and lean mass at 40 weeks of corrected post-conceptual age in relation to FTNs (p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.047, respectively). However, there was an acceleration in the mineralization process of PTNs, which was sufficient to achieve the normal values of FTNs at 6 months of corrected age. ConclusionsThis study suggests that bone densitometry by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry is a good method for the assessment of body composition parameters at baseline, and at the follow-up of these PTNs.

Segmental Lean Body Mass Values Determined by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry and Multifrequency-Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis

Segmental Lean Body Mass Values Determined by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry and Multifrequency-Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis

Longitudinal study of body composition in spinal cord injury patients

Background:Bone mass loss and muscle atrophy are the frequent complications occurring after spinal cord injury (SCI). The potential risks involved with these changes in the body composition have implications for the health of the SCI individual. Thus, there is a need to quantitate and monitor body composition changes accurately in an individual with SCI. Very few longitudinal studies have been reported in the literature to assess body composition and most include relatively small number of patients. The present prospective study aimed to evaluate the body composition changes longitudinally by DEXA in patients with acute SCI.Materials and Methods:Ninety five patients with acute SCI with neurological deficits were evaluated for bone mineral content (BMC), body composition [lean body mass (LBM) and fat mass] by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry during the first year of SCI.Results:There was a significant decrease in BMC (P < 0.05) and LBM (P < 0.05) and increase in total body fat mass (TBFM) and percentage fat at infra-lesional sites. The average decrease was 14.5% in BMC in lower extremities, 20.5% loss of LBM in legs and 15.1% loss of LBM in trunk, and increase of 0.2% in fat mass in legs and 17.3% increased fat in the lower limbs at 1 year. The tetraplegic patients had significant decrease in arm BMC (P < 0.001), arm LBM (P < 0.01) and fat percentage (P < 0.01) compared to paraplegics. Patients with complete motor injury had higher values of TBFM and fat percentage, but comparable values of BMC and LBM to patients with incomplete motor injury.Conclusions:Our findings suggest that there is a marked decrease in BMC and LBM with increase in adiposity during the first year of SCI. Although these changes depend on the level and initial severity of lesions, they are also influenced by the neurological recovery after SCI.

The Relationship of Body Composition and Coronary Artery Calcification in Apparently Healthy Korean Adults

BackgroundWe investigated the association of coronary artery calcium score (CACS) with body composition and insulin resistance in apparently healthy Korean adults.MethodsNine hundred forty-five participants (mean age, 48.9 years; 628 men) in a medical check-up program were selected for analysis. Body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Insulin resistance was evaluated using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). The CACS was assessed by multidetector computed tomography.ResultsOne hundred forty-six subjects (15.4%) showed coronary artery calcification and 148 subjects (15.7%) had metabolic syndrome. CACS showed a significant positive correlation with age, fasting glucose level, waist circumference (WC), blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c, HOMA-IR, and waist-hip ratio (WHR) assessed by BIA. CACS had a negative correlation with high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Subjects with high CACS showed significantly higher mean WHRs and lower mean values for lean body mass compared with subjects without coronary artery calcification. In logistic regression analyses with coronary artery calcification as the dependent variable, the highest quartile of WHR showed a 3.125-fold increased odds ratio for coronary artery calcification compared with the lowest quartile after adjustment for confounding variables. When receiver operating characteristics analyses were performed with coronary artery calcification as the result variable, WHR showed the largest area under the curve (AUC) value among other variables except for age and WC in women (AUC=0.696 for WHR, 0.790 for age, and 0.719 for WC in women).ConclusionIn our study population of apparently healthy Korean adults, WHR was the most significant predictor for coronary artery calcification among other confounding factors, suggesting that it may have implication as a marker for early atherosclerosis.

Inflammatory status in older women with and without metabolic syndrome: is there a correlation with risk factors?

PurposeTo compare the inflammatory status in older women with and without metabolic syndrome (MetS) and to correlate inflammatory parameters, anthropometric measures, metabolic profile, and blood pressure with MetS Z-score.MethodsThis cohort transversal study included 129 older women assigned into two groups: with MetS (n = 48; 66.4 ± 4.4 years; 68.1 ± 8.3 kg; 1.51 ± 0.06 m; 29.8 ± 3.9 kg/m2) and without MetS (n = 81; 68.0 ± 5.8 years; 61.0 ± 9.4 kg; 1.53 ± 0.06 m; 26.0 ± 3.9 kg/m2). Body composition was evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (General Electric-GE model 8548 BX1L, year 2005, Lunar DPX type, software Encore 2005; Rommelsdorf, Germany) and cytokines by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsThere was no difference between the groups regarding age, height, fat mass, glycosylated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. However, older women with MetS presented higher body mass, body mass index, waist and hip circumference, waist-hip and waist-height ratio, systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure, glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, MetS Z-score, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, and lower lean body mass values compared to women without MetS. Moreover, there were correlations between MetS Z-score and body mass (r = 0.20), waist circumference (r = 0.26), waist-hip (r = 0.32) and waist-height ratio (r = 0.24), blood glucose (r = 0.24), insulin (r = 0.24), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (r = 0.32), triglycerides (r = 0.39), tumor necrosis factor-α (r = 0.28), interferon-γ (r = 0.22), and inverse correlation with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = −0.32). MetS Z-score was positively associated with systolic (r = 0.92), diastolic (r = 0.94), and mean blood pressure (r = 0.98).ConclusionOlder women with MetS have higher cytokine levels, anthropometric measures, metabolic profile, and blood pressure. Inflammatory cytokines may help to improve the understanding of the progression status of MetS in older persons.

The Influence Of Lean Body Mass In Pd Patients

Nutrition is one of the important issues and edema will overestimate the real body weight among dialysis patients. Lean body mass might reflect the real nutrition status. Creatinine is the product of muscle metabolism, creatinine generation can reflect the lean body mass (LBM). In peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, creatinine generation could be evaluated by routine clearance measurement. This study will investigate the relationship among LBM, patient survival and PD technique therapy. Between 2002 and 2003, a total 115 patients who underwent PD for more than 3 months were enrolled in this study. Follow up ended in Dec. 2011. These patients were categorized into two groups according the median value of lean body mass to body weight (LBM/BW %) evaluated at first month. Age, sex, serum creatinine, albumin, and normalized protein catabolic rate (nPCR) were the independent determinants for LBM/BW%. The patient survival (68 vs 94 months ) and technique survival (55 vs 65 months) were longer in the higher LBM/BW%. Besides, peritonitis incidence, hospitalization episodes and hospitalization stay duration were lower in the higher LBM/BW% groups. The LBM/BW% is also the independent determinant for technique and patient survival after adjustment of age, diabetes, sex. In conclusion, initial LBM/BM% can predict PD patients and technique survival. Since the LBM/BW% is easily obtained in the routine PD clearance measurement and can reflect the real nutrition status, this parameter could be used extendedly to predict PD outcomes.

Ocena stanu odżywienia i składu ciała pacjentów z mukowiscydozą

IntroductionCystic fibrosis (CF) is a chronić multiorgan disease inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. It is mainly characterized by respiratory failure and maldigestion. The exocrine insufficiency of pancreas manifests itself in steatorrhea and leads to malnutrition and growth retardation. AimThe airm of this study was to evaluate retrospectively the physical development and the body composition of patients with CF using noninvasive methods: anthropometric traits and densitometry. Material and methodsThe examined group comprised 25 patients with cystic fibrosis (17 girls, 8 boys) aged from 15-months to 18-years-old (mean age 10 years, SD ± 67 months). Basic anthropometric traits were measured and 3 skin-folds, Mid Arm Fat Area (MAFA) also Mid Arm Muscle Area (MAMA) and Body Mass lndex were calculated. By using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) the Lean Body Mass (LBM) as well as bonę minerał content of total skeleton and lean body mass ratio (TBBMC/LBM) were calculated. 23 healthy children (17 boys, 6 girls) were the control group. Data standardization was madę by using computer programme ‘gimAntropometry’. For the statistical calculations nonparametric tests were used which are available in the STATISTICA application. Results40% of patients with CF were below the 10 centile for body weight (4.34% in control's group, p=0.003). The skinfold thickness of triceps in 52% of children was below norm (vs 8.69%). Lowered index (TBBMC/LBM) was in 31% of patients with CF. The values of MAMA and LBM were reduced in respectively 31.8% and 42.1% patients with cystic fibrosis (p=0.02; p=0.001). The obtained results pointed the delayed height age in relation to calendar age in both groups, however, it was significantly bigger in CF group. Within MAFA, chest circumference and other skinfolds there was no statistic difference. ConclusionsThe deficiency of body weight, height and reduced skinfold thickness of triceps confirmed a problem of malnutrition in the disease unit. The non-invasive methods of assessment of physical development allow to estimate the progress of disease and the presumptive modification of dietary treatment.

A comparative analysis of the anthropometric method and bioelectrical impedance analysis on changes in body composition of female volleyball players during the 2010/2011 season

PurposeThe aim of this study was to observe the changes in body composition by using two measurement methods – anthropometric analysis and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) – on a group female volleyball players and to compare the results of both methods.MethodsEleven female volleyball players participated in this study during the 2010/2011 season. Measurements of body composition were performed with an electronic body composition analyzer (BIA method) adjusted for STANDARD physical activity levels and then using the anthropometric method as per Piechaczek’s formula. Total lean body mass (LBM), total body fat content (FAT) and body water content were measured. Measurements were taken before preseason training (Measurement 0), one week before the end of preseason training (Measurement 1), after the first (Measurement 2) and the second (Measurement 3) half of the competitive season and four weeks after the seasons’ playoffs during the offseason (Measurement 4). Additionally, during Measurement 4, body composition measured by the BIA method was adjusted for ATHLETIC physical activity levels.ResultsBody mass, lean body mass and body water content did not change throughout the analyzed period. Body fat mass, as determined by BIASTANDARD, increased from 20.7 ± 5.3 kg (Measurement 0) to 22.2 ± 5.0 kg (Measurement 1) but subsequently decreased to 21.2 ± 5.7 kg (Measurement 2) and remained at this level until the end of the competitive season. In the case of body fat as measured by the anthropometric method, a significant increase in fat was observed from 18.4 ± 3.0 kg to 19.3 ± 3.4 kg and then from 19.5 ± 3.5 kg to 19.8 ± 3.6 kg. Analysis of LBM and FAT values found significant differences between the values obtained using the BIA method at the ATHLETIC physical activity level and the results registered at the STANDARD level and those recorded by use of the anthropometric method.ConclusionsThe results obtained using the BIA method set at the STANDARD mode of physical activity and those by the anthropometric method did not significantly differ. Significant correlation between the values obtained by the BIA method and anthropometric method was found.

Composition corporelle des patients mucoviscidosiques – comparaison de 3 techniques de mesure : anthropométrie, absorptiométrie biphotonique et impédancemétrie

Nutritional status must be closely monitored in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. This study compared three methods of measuring body composition in CF patients and then examined the relationships between two simple anthropometric markers of nutritional status - tricipital skinfold thickness (TSK) and arm muscular circumference (AMC) - and the results given by each method. Fifty-five patients with CF, 27 females and 28 males, participated in this study. The mean age at the time of the study was 14 ± 5 years, ranging from 4 to 29 years. The four skinfolds (SK) and arm circumference were measured in all patients and fat mass (FM) and AMC were calculated. Fifty patients underwent dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and 38 underwent bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). The values for FM as calculated by the three methods were highly correlated, as were the values for lean body mass (LM) (p<0.001). The LM assessed by anthropometry was overestimated by 8 ± 4% compared with DEXA and by 6 ± 7% compared with BIA. BIA overestimated LM by 4 ± 6% compared with DEXA (p<0.001). The LM values measured by SK, DEXA, and BIA were highly correlated with AMC (p<0.001) and FM calculated using these three techniques were highly correlated with TSK (p<0.001). The measurement of TSK and AMC are simple and rapid ways to evaluate body composition. The excellent correlation between the three methods used to measure body composition suggests that they are valid for use in patients with CF, but the results were not identical. The measurement from each technique must be interpreted according to its own norms and comparisons can only be made if the same technique is used in the same patient.