Inorganic Phosphorus Values Research Articles

Changes in phytate and minerals during germination and cooking of fenugreek seeds

The effects of germination, cooking and roasting on the phytic acid content, total phosphorus, water soluble inorganic phosphorus and mineral content of fenugreek seeds have been estimated. After 96 h germination, the dry weight of fenugreek seeds decreased while total ash content increased. Phytase and phosphatase activity of the ungerminated and germinated seeds have been assayed. It is observed that during germination the phytic acid values diminish and the water soluble inorganic phosphorus values increase. Phytase activity which is absent in the ungerminated seeds originates after germination and the phosphatase activity is increased in the germinated seeds. Heat treatment practised in cooking and roasting fenugreek seeds has less effect on phytate elimination than does germination. Changes in calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, copper and zinc are found to be dependent on the loss of dry weight which occurs during processing of fenugreek seeds.

Transplacental transfer of 25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol.

Summary Plasma calcium, inorganic phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, magnesium and 25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol (25-OH-D3) levels were determined on venous blood in 60 Indian mothers during labour. The same analyses were carried out on the cord blood and the infant’s venous blood 96 hr after birth. The mean values of plasma calcium, inorganic phosphorus and magnesium were significantly raised in the cord blood compared to those in the maternal blood (calcium and phosphorous P<0·001 and magnesium P<0·01). The mean plasma levels of 25-OH-D3 in the maternal and cord blood were 11·7 ng/ml and 9·6 ng/ml respectively, the cord blood level being about 81% of the maternal. There was a highly significant correlation between these concentrations (r=0·80, P<0·001). The plasma 25-OH-D3 was subnormal in 12 pregnant mothers at labour and 14 infants. The study highlights the low vitamin D state of Indian pregnant mothers and their newborn infants. The plasma 25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol in pregnancy may reach subnormal levels which are often associated with clinical osteomalacia. This, in turn, adversely affects the vitamin D state of the infant.

Hypocalcemic factor in the ultimobranchial gland of the frog, Rana rugosa

1. 1. The hypocalcemic activity of the ultimobranchial gland of the frog, Rana rugosa, was estimated using a rat bioassay method. 2. 2. Extracts of the ultimobranchial gland showed a very high hypocalcmic activity. The value corresponded to 6,340 mU (MRC)/kg b.w. 3. 3. Serum inorganic phosphorus values of rats received the extract decreased in proportion to the dose, although no changes were found in serum sodium concentration.

Disturbed mineral metabolism in hyperthyroidism: good correlation with tri-iodothyronine.

Mineral metabolism is frequently disturbed in hyperthyroidism. In a group of seventy-two patients with hyperthyroidism, we observed an increase in serum diffusible calcium in 50% of the cases, elevated inorganic phosphorus in 30% and elevated alkaline phosphatase in 44% of the cases. Correlations existed between the values of diffusible calcium, inorganic phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase and certain indices of thyroid function (T4, FT41, T3, FT3I), of which that with T3 was the best (P less than 0.001). Our results suggest that the magnitude of the disturbances of mineral metabolism depends on the severity of the hyperthyroidism and that it is the T3 level that constitutes the best index of that severity.

Comparison between serum values of pond and intensive raceway cultured channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque)

Blood serum components in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were compared between raceway (with low dissolved oxygen) and pond populations. Normal limits were defined for the pond populations, for each of 18 variables, as ± two standard deviations. Carbon dioxide, blood urea nitrogen, total protein, uric acid, creatinine, sodium, and total bilirubin were all lower in fish raised in raceways. Carbon dioxide and sodium had the greatest reductions; all reductions were statistically significant.Alkaline phosphatase, inorganic phosphorus, calcium, cholesterol, and glucose values were higher in raceway fish, but only alkaline phosphatase and glucose were significantly higher.

Blood parameters in wild ruminants in Kenya.

Blood specimens from shot or drug-immobilized impala (Aepyceros melampus), Thomson's gazelle (Gazella thomsonii), Grant's gazelle (Gazella granti), mountain reedbuck (Redunca fulvorupula), blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus), Coke's hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus cokii), topi (Damaliscus korrigum), eland (Taurotragus oryx), buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and giraffe (Giraffa carnelopardalis) have been studied for the following parameters: erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, haematocrit and haemoglobin estimations, and serum calcium, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium and copper values. Both shot and drug-immobilized impala and shot wildebeest and topi had relatively high numbers of erythrocytes. The haematocrit and haemoglobin values were found to be comparatively low in the buffalo. Calcium and inorganic phosphorus values were low in the reedbuck and inorganic phosphorus low in the topi, when compared to normal values for domestic ruminants. When comparing data from shot and drug-immobilized impala, wildebe...

The control of 25-hydroxyvitamin D metabolism by inorganic phosphorus

Rats maintained on a diet low in phosphorus produce 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 from 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 whether they have been thyroparathyroidectomized or not. On the other hand, rats maintained on low-calcium diets produce 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3, but lose this ability within 48 hr after thyroparathyroidectomy. This loss of ability to synthesize 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 can be prevented or be restored by replacing their drinking water with calcium gluconate-glucose solution which returns their high serum inorganic phosphorus to normal levels. In thyroparathyroidectomized rats under a variety of conditions, the ability to synthesize 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 correlates with serum inorganic phosphorus values below 7–8 mg/100 ml while the ability to synthesize 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 correlates with serum phosphorus values above 7–8 mg/100 ml. There is in addition a close correlation between reduced kidney cortex inorganic phosphorus levels and the synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3. It is suggested that the renal tubular cell inorganic phosphorus level underlies the regulation of synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 in the kidney and that the parathyroid hormone and calcitonin regulate 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 synthesis via their effects on renal cell inorganic phosphorus levels.

Seasonal variations in blood composition in high and low potassium type Marwari sheep

SummaryBlood samples were obtained at monthly intervals for 12 months from 8 HK and 8 LK wethers of the Marwari breed maintained at Jodhpur (26° 05′ N, 73° 01′ E). The samples were analysed for packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell count (RBC), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), plasma inorganic phosphorus and plasma specific conductance.The HK animals, on average, had significantly higher PCV, RBC, Hb, MCHC and plasma inorganic phosphorus values than the LK animals but the MCV was significantly higher in the LK group. There was no difference in the plasma specific conductance.PCV, RBC and Hb values differed considerably from animal to animal within each group. These individual variations could help the breed to survive in a desert environment.No particular tendency or pattern in the effect of season on the blood characters studied has been observed. This indicates that the animals of both groups responded in a similar way to the environmental changes.

The effect of mineral supplements on resorption in the digestive tract of cattle, with special reference to Bolus alba

Fourteen sexually mature heads of cattle were divided into two groups; Group I receiving mineral mixture A, containing 15 % of Bolus alba, while Group II were given mixture B, containing no Bolus alba, but 10 % more Ca. Otherwise, both groups received the same feeding. Samples of blood and faeces of the animals were taken monthly for the determination of phosphorus, respectively phosphorus and carotenes. The experiment lasted one stabling period. In Group I, the mean inorganic phosphorus values of the blood were 6.7 mg/100 ml. and in Group 11, 6.1 mg/100 ml. The mean phosphorus values of the faeces were 8.8 gr/kg dry matter in Group I and in Group II, 9.3 gr/kg dry matter. The mean carotene values in Group I were 98.3 mg/kg dry matter and in Group II, 96.3 mg/kg dry matter. However, none of these differencies is statistically significant. On the basis of the present investigation it can be concluded that Bolus alba exerts no detrimental influence on the resorption of phosphorus and carotenes in the digestive tract of cattle.

THE EFFECT OF TOLBUTAMIDE (RASTINON) ON THE LEVELS OF GLUCOSE AND INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS OF BLOOD IN NORMOTHERMIC AND HYPOTHERMIC RATS

Blood sugar, inorganic phosphorus, and hematocrit values were measured in normothermic and hypothermic (25 °C) fasted rats injected intra-arterially with tolbutamide (Rastinon) and a control solution. Doses of 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg body weight of tolbutamide led to hypoglycemia in the normothermic rats, whereas doses of 25 and 200 mg/kg tolbutamide had no effect on the blood sugar levels of hypothermic rats. Doses of 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg caused the blood inorganic phosphorus levels to fall, and in the so-called "normothermic" rats the colonic temperature was reduced. A dose of 200 mg/kg injected intra-arterially led to a fall in the inorganic phosphorus levels of blood in hypothermic rats.

SOME EFFECTS OF INSULIN ON THE BLOOD SUGAR AND INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS LEVELS OF NORMOTHERMIC AND HYPOTHERMIC RATS.

Blood sugar, inorganic phosphorus, and hematocrit values were measured in hypothermic and normothermic untreated rats and rats injected subcutaneously with insulin. In hypothermic rats the inorganic phosphorus levels were higher than in normothermic animals. The injection of 0.5 units of insulin per kilogram of body weight into fasted normothermic rats caused a significant fall in blood sugar level, but this rose again within 3 hours. The administration of the same amount of insulin to fasted or fed hypothermic rats (colonic temperature of 25 °C) led to a significant fall in blood sugar level, with little tendency for this to rise again at 3 or even at 6 hours. At a body temperature of 20 °C the blood sugar levels continued to fall until very low values were reached. When 0.2 units insulin/kg was injected there was very little hypoglycaemic effect in normothermic rats, but in hypothermic rats (25 °C) a hypoglycaemic effect similar to that obtained with 0.5 units was observed for the first 3 hours, but a significant return toward the initial level was evident by 6 hours. The blood inorganic phosphorus changes after the injection of insulin were not very dramatic and not greatly different in normothermic and hypothermic rats.

CALCIUM PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM IN MAN DURING ACCLIMATIZATION TO CARBON DIOXIDE.

The calcium phosphorus metabolism was studied in 20 subjects who were exposed for 42 days to 1.5% CO2. Plasma calcium mirrored the changes of the pH, showing a decrease during the first 23 days of exposure, a return to initial levels during the latter part of exposure, a marked rise above control values during the 8–9 day recovery period following exposure, and a return to normal values after 4 weeks of recovery. Changes in plasma calcium were found to correspond to changes in pulmonary CO2 excretion indicating a significant role of bone CO2 stores in acclimatization and deacclimatization of carbon dioxide. Plasma inorganic phosphorus was elevated throughout the exposure period and recovery period. At the end of the exposure period to CO2 red cell calcium had increased and red cell phosphorus had decreased. After 9 days, as well as after 4 weeks, of recovery on air the calcium content of the red cells continued to increase and the inorganic phosphorus values remained lowered. chronic respiratory acidosis; chronic hypercapnia Submitted on November 2, 1961

Effect of Prolonged Exposure to 15% CO2 on Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism.

(1)During chronic respiratory acidosis, produced by prolonged exposure of guinea pigs to 15% CO2, plasma calcium was found to increase and plasma phosphorus to decrease significantly. (2) These changes appear to be related to an increased parathyroid activity as evidenced by an increased urinary phosphorus excretion. (3) Ultrafiltrable calcium increased only slightly during the period of uncompensated respiratory acidosis with the greatest pH changes, and rose much higher during the period of compensated respiratory acidosis where pH changes were smaller. During the latter period plasma inorganic phosphorus values were much lower, supporting the hypothesis of Brown1 concerning the inverse relationship of ultrafiltrable calcium and inorganic phosphorus. 4 Histological studies showed a significant renal calcification in guinea pigs exposed for prolonged periods to 15% CO2.

Blood Plasma Tocopherol and Phosphorus Levels in a Herd of Beef Cattle

In an attempt to establish normal values, plasma total tocopherol levels and plasma acid-soluble phosphorus levels were determined in a well-fed herd of 27 beef cows over a 520-day period. This herd had never experienced nutritional muscular dystrophy. There was a decline in plasma tocopherol levels of the cows during the stable feeding period. The mean plasma total tocopherol levels were 360 ± 101 and 572 ± 189 μg per 100 ml for stable and pasture feeding, respectively. The mean plasma inorganic phosphorus values were 5.9 ± 0.08 and 5.7 ± 0.06 mg per 100 ml for stable and pasture feeding, respectively. At high levels of tocopherol intake there were significant differences between the plasma total tocopherol values of the three breeds studied. Plasma total tocopherol and plasma inorganic phosphorus levels were determined on 18 calves born to these cows. The tocopherol levels of the calves in this herd were, at times, below the levels seen by the authors in some clinical cases of muscular dystrophy. Nevertheless, the mean plasma total tocopherol levels of calves born to the cows fed barn rations or on pasture were 287 ± 147 and 301 ± 31 μg per 100 ml, respectively. Mean plasma inorganic phosphorus levels were 8.9 ± 1.18 and 9.7 ± 0.08 mg per 100 ml, respectively. These were in a high normal range.

Effect of acceleration on blood creatine, creatinine and inorganic phosphorus in man.

Ten healthy male subjects were centrifuged front to back at 6 g for 3 min., with head and trunk inclined 25 degrees forward in the direction of acceleration. Average control values of blood creatine, creatinine and inorganic phosphorus were almost identical to those found immediately after exposure to the acceleration. Relatively large differences (test minus control) in some individuals were not significant. Acceleration of the magnitude and/or duration used in this study does not appear to be comparable to the effects of vigorous exercise on the phosphocreatine system of man. Submitted on July 23, 1959

Letters to the Editor

We acknowledge Dr. Smyth's concern for the elevated serum inorganic phosphorus values in the case which we described as pseudo-pseudo-hypoparathyroidism. At one insane moment, while we were writing up the case we debated the possibility of creating still another syndrome: "pseudo-pseudo-pseudo-hypoparathyroidism." This because our patient's elevated serum inorganic phosphorus differed from Albright's description of pseudo-pseudo-hypoparathyroidism, and our patient's lack of tetany on hypocalcemia differed from his description of pseudo-hypoparathyroidism. This dangerous inclination of ours was further provoked when Dr. Robert Klein at the American Pediatric Society, May, 1958, independently suggested the term: "pseudo-pseudo-pseudo-hypoparathyroidism."

Studies of the skeleton of the sheep. III. The relationship between phosphorous intake and resorption and repair of the skeleton in pregnancy and lactation

1. The ash content of the skeleton of Cheviot ewes fed a daily ration containing about 4·5 g. of phosphorus fell by 18·8% between mid-gestation and mid-lactation, and 2 months after the end of lactation the loss was fully replaced.2. In ewes fed a daily ration containing about 1·5 g. of phosphorus the loss of skeletal ash was 39·9% at mid-lactation, and this was not replaced 2 months after the end of lactation. When the phosphorus intake was raised in mid-lactation from 1·5 to 4·5 g. repair was greater but was still not complete.3. Resorption was greater in bones rich in cancellous tissue, such as the cervical vertebrae, than in those rich in compact tissue, such as the shafts of long bones, but when severe resorption took place significant losses were found in the shafts of long bones as well as in other bones.4. Whole blood inorganic phosphorus values were very low, particularly during lactation, in ewes fed on the low-phosphorus ration. When extra phosphorus was fed from mid-lactation onwards blood phosphorus values rose to normal in less than four weeks, a much more rapid recovery than that which took place in the skeleton.5. Resorption of the skeletons of ewes on both moderate and low-phosphorus rations could be detected using radiographs taken of the radius in the living animal at mid-lactation, and severe resorption found in ewes fed on the low-phosphorus ration could be distinguished readily from the milder resorption found in ewes fed on the moderate-phosphorus ration.

Blood Studies of Breeding Dairy Bulls. I. Hematocrit, Hemoglobin, Plasma Calcium, Plasma Inorganic Phosphorus, Alkaline Phosphatase Values, Erythrocyte Count, and Leucocyte Count

Summary Blood analyses of mature dairy bulls (Jersey, Guernsey, and Holstein breeds), being used in a bull stud were determined monthly over a period of one year. Significant breed differences were found for packed red cell volume, alkaline phosphatase values, and leucocyte counts. Packed red cell volume, hemoglobin values, and leucocyte counts increased during the summer months when environmental temperatures increased over 80° F., while plasma alkaline phosphatase values decreased. Plasma calcium and inorganic phosphorus values and erythrocyte counts were not affected by environmental conditions.

Phosphorus Compounds and Metabolic Rate in Insect Pupæ

THE level of inorganic phosphorus varies in the blood of hibernating pupae of the hawk-moth (Celerio euphorbiœ) inversely with the rate of consumption of oxygen1,2. The curve representing inorganic phosphorus values in the blood during the whole pupal stage is the reverse of the well-known U-shaped curve of oxygen consumption.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF SERUM PHOSPHATASES TO SEX HORMONES

Castration produces a fall in serum inorganic phosphorus values in adult male rats but not in adult female rats. The alterations of phosphorus levels that occur following castration in male rats and after the injection of some hormones into normal and castrated rats of both sexes may be accounted for by corresponding alterations in metabolic requirements. Neither castration nor hormone injection produces any significant change in serum acid phosphatase activity in male or in female rats. A fall of about 30% to levels approaching values for normal female rats is found in serum alkaline phosphatase of castrated male rats in about eight weeks. There is no change in the enzyme values in castrated females. In those instances where injections of a sex hormone into castrated or normal rats produce alterations in alkaline serum phosphatase values such changes may be accounted for on the basis of altered food intake. The sole exception to this finding is the very marked decrease in the activity of the enzyme produced by progesterone after oestrogen in normal male rats.