Entropy Values Research Articles

Focal liver lesions: multiparametric microvasculature characterization via super-resolution ultrasound imaging

BackgroundNoninvasive and functional imaging of the focal liver lesion (FLL) vasculature at microscopic scales is clinically challenging. We investigated the feasibility of using super-resolution ultrasound (SR-US) imaging for visualizing and quantifying the microvasculature of intraparenchymal FLLs.MethodsPatients with FLLs between June 2022 and February 2023 were prospectively screened. Following bolus injection of microbubbles at clinical concentration, SR-US was performed using a high frame rate (350–500 Hz) modified ultrasound scanner and a convex array transducer with a central frequency of 3.1 MHz.ResultsIn total, 47 pathologically proven FLLs at a depth of 5.7 ± 1.7 cm (mean ± standard deviation) were included: 30 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC), 11 liver metastases (LM), and 6 focal nodular hyperplasias (FNH). The smallest detectable vessel size of the hepatic microvasculature was 128.4 ± 18.6 μm (mean ± standard deviation) at a depth of 8 cm. Significant differences were observed among the three types of lesions in terms of pattern categories, vessel density, minimum flow velocity, and perfusion index. We observed higher vessel density for FNH versus liver parenchyma (p < 0.001) as well as fractal dimension and local flow direction entropy value for FNH versus HCC (p = 0.002 and p < 0.001, respectively) and for FNH versus LM (p = 0.006 and p = 0.002, respectively).ConclusionMultiparametric SR-US showed that these three pathological types of FLLs have specific microvascular phenotypes. Vessel density, fractal dimension and local flow direction entropy served as valuable parameters in distinguishing between benign and malignant FLLs.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06018142).Relevance statementMultiparametric SR-US imaging offers precise morphological and functional assessment of the microvasculature of intraparenchymal focal liver lesions, providing insights into tumor heterogeneity and angiogenesis.Key PointsSuper-resolution (SR)-US imaging allowed morphological and functional evaluation of intraparenchymal hepatic lesion microvasculature.Hepatocellular carcinoma, liver metastasis, and focal nodular hyperplasia exhibit distinct microvascular architectures and hemodynamic profiles.Multiparametric microvasculature characterization via SR-US imaging facilitates the differentiation between benign and malignant microvascular phenotypes.Graphical

The impact of agricultural production agglomeration on agricultural economic resilience: based on spatial spillover and threshold effect test

This study focuses on the role of agricultural production agglomeration in strengthening agricultural economic resilience, exploring the threshold effect of agricultural technological innovation level and the spatial spillover effect of agricultural production agglomeration on agricultural economic resilience. We conducted research across 31 provinces (including autonomous regions and municipalities) in China from 2007 to 2022. By constructing the evaluation index system of agricultural economic resilience, the entropy value method is used to measure the value of agricultural economic resilience, and then kernel density estimation and spatial econometrics model, threshold regression model are used to analyze the relationship between agricultural production agglomeration, agricultural technological innovation and agricultural economic resilience. (1) The analysis of the spatiotemporal evolution trend shows that the overall level of China’s agricultural economic resilience continued to rise, and presented a spatial development pattern of “high in the east and low in the west.” The overall level of agricultural production agglomeration in China shows a trend of first rising and then falling, among which the level of agricultural production agglomeration in the central region is significantly higher than that in the northwest and southeast regions. (2) The spatial Durbin model shows that agricultural production agglomeration can not only effectively improve the level of local agricultural economic resilience, but also have a positive impact on neighboring agriculture economic resilience produces positive spatial spillover effects. (3) Agricultural production agglomeration can improve the level of agricultural economic resilience by promoting agricultural social service. (4) The impact of agricultural production agglomeration on agricultural economic resilience shows great differences in different geographical regions. Among them, agricultural production agglomeration in the central region has a significant positive impact on the agricultural economic resilience of both local and adjacent areas. (5) The threshold effect model shows that the impact of agricultural production agglomeration on agricultural economic resilience has significant nonlinear characteristics, and its impact shows an increasing marginal effect as the level of agricultural technological innovation increases. To address this, policymakers should reinforce agricultural cluster construction, boost innovation capacity and treasure spillover effects between regions. These insights provide valuable direction for policymakers in crafting effective measures to enhance agricultural economic resilience.

Quantum phase transition in even-even Molybdenum isotopes using Von Neumann entropy

In this study, the Von Neumann entropy (entanglement entropy) of s - d bosons and proton (π) - neutron (ν) bosons in the even-even Molybdenum (94-42 102Mo) isotopes, within the framework of the Interacting Boson Model-2 (IBM-2), has been calculated and analyzed. In order to compare the results, the energy spectra, quadrupole moment, and the expectation value of the s-boson number operator of Mo isotopes have been obtained. The results showed that 94Mo has the minimum entanglement of s and d bosons and 102Mo nucleus has the maximum entanglement of s and d bosons. Therefore, these nuclei are spherical (U(5)) and γ-unstable (SO(6)) nuclei, respectively, and other observables confirm this result. Also, the value of the entanglement entropy of the π and ν bosons is constant by changing the control parameter. So, it does not show any transition.

Estimation of missing third-law standard entropy of apatite supergroup minerals using the optimized Volume-based Thermodynamics

The thermodynamic characterization of apatite minerals, critical for understanding geological processes and material applications, faces significant challenges due to the scarcity of experimental data, particularly standard entropy (S°) values. In this study, we address this gap by optimization of predictive method based on Volume-based Thermodynamics. In the proposed method, the optimization of the widely used Volume-based Thermodynamics is based on breaking down a single linear functional relationship of formula unit volume (Vm) with S° into a set of linear equations. The apatite supergroup splits into distinct subgroups (populations) formed by Me10(AO4)6X2 with the same Me2+ cations and tetrahedral AO43− anions but with different anions at the X position. Our approach leverages empirical correlations between Vm and S° within specific apatite subgroups. By analyzing the correlations within the subgroups, we established the system of precise linear relationships between S° and Vm, facilitating accurate S° predictions for a wide range of apatite compositions. The proposed approach represents a significant advancement over existing predictive methods offering unparalleled accuracy in estimating S° values for apatite minerals. Through rigorous regression analysis and validation against experimental data, we demonstrate the reliability and robustness of our predictive model across various apatite subgroups. Our findings provide crucial thermodynamic data for understudied apatite compositions and shed light on fundamental relationships between crystal structure and thermodynamic properties in apatite minerals. The precise estimation of S° values enables more accurate modeling of phase equilibria, reaction kinetics, and geological processes involving apatite minerals, facilitating advancements in diverse fields ranging from environmental geochemistry to material science.

Stability of mass transfer parameters in critical regimes of two-phase flows

Stability of fractional separation parameters has been revealed in separation practice. Such stability is surprising, because an immense number of particles of various sizes take part in a process with a large number of random factors. Analysis of this phenomenon from the standpoint of statistical approach has explained its existence. A key notion of a statistical system is entropy. It is shown that a mass system evolves into a state corresponding to the maximal entropy value. Whenever fluctuations disturb the equilibrium of a system, its entropy decreases, and non-equilibrium processes return the system into its extreme state. This fact explains the stability of separation parameters.

Sustainable synthesis and environmental application of chitosan-Ocimum basilicum leaves-ZnO composite membrane for permanganate ion removal in wastewater treatment.

This study introduces a novel and environmentally friendly method for developing a cross-linked chitosan-Ocimum basilicum leaves-ZnO (ChOBLZnO) composite membrane, specifically designed for the adsorption of permanganate ions (MnO4-) from wastewater. Various characterization techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, were employed to confirm the membrane's synthesis quality, structural integrity, and surface properties crucial for adsorption. The BET analysis revealed a surface area of 228.64 m2/g, indicating a highly porous structure. The membrane exhibited a high adsorption capacity of 142.8mg/g and an outstanding removal efficiency of 98.5%. The adsorption kinetics were best described by the pseudo-second-order model, with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.998, while the Freundlich isotherm model provided the most accurate fit for the adsorption behavior, with an R2 of 0.995. Thermodynamic studies indicated that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic, with negative Gibbs free energy and positive enthalpy and entropy values. Reusability tests showed that the ChOBLZnO composite membrane maintained a high removal efficiency across five cycles, with minimal performance loss. These results demonstrate the ChOBLZnO composite membrane's potential as an efficient and sustainable solution for wastewater treatment, offering both high efficiency and durability.

Satellite Image Encryption using Amalgamation of Randomized Three Chaotic Maps and DNA Encoding

Abstract Image encryption is essential for securing sensitive visual data, protecting privacy, and making certain that only authorized users are able to access the required content. It prevents unauthorized access, tampering, and misuse of images, which is crucial for confidential and secure communications. In fields like healthcare, military, satellite communication, and financial services, encrypted images safeguard against data breaches and cyber threats. As digital images are easily shared and stored, encryption contributes to the integrity maintenance, and privacy of visual data. Motivated by these requirements, we have developed a satellite image encryption scheme that employs a novel 1-D Cosine Sinusoidal Chaotic (1DCSC) map, and two earlier proposed Sine-Tangent Chaotic (STC) and Improved Cosine Fractional Chaotic (ICFCM) maps, in conjunction with Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) operations. The proposed scheme encrypts a given satellite image in four steps. In the initial step, three keys (K1, K2, and K3) are created utilizing a 384-bit shared key and a 128-bit initial vector. In step two, three different chaotic sequences are produced using 1DCSC, STC, and ICFCM maps, which are chosen randomly to encrypt three red, blue or green different components of the given input image. In step three, these three chaotic sequences and the three components of the input image are DNA encoded. In the final step, the green, red, and blue cipher images are created by employing the DNA XOR based diffusion operation between the color components of the DNA-encoded image and DNA encoded chaotic sequences. The proposed scheme obtains entropy value 7.9997, Unified Average Changing Intensity (UACI) value 33.32, and Number of Pixels Change Rate (NPCR) value 99.67.&amp;#xD;

A novel approach for encryption and decryption of digital imaging and communications using mathematical modelling in internet of medical things

AbstractThis research introduces an innovative algorithm for the encryption and decryption of greyscale digital imaging and communications in medicine images utilizing Laplace transforms. The proposed method presents a ground breaking approach to image encryption, effectively concealing visual information and ensuring a robust, secure, and reliable encryption process. By leveraging the inherent strengths of Laplace transform, the algorithm guarantees the complete retrieval of the original image without any loss, provided the correct decryption key is used. To thoroughly evaluate the performance of the algorithm, multiple tests were conducted, including extensive statistical analyses and assessments of encryption quality. Key performance metrics were carefully measured, including correlation coefficients and entropy values, which ranged from 7.89 to 7.99. Additionally, the algorithm's effectiveness was demonstrated through peak signal‐to‐noise ratio values, which spanned from 7.597 to 9.915, indicating the degree of similarity between the original and encrypted images. Furthermore, the number of pixels change rate values, ranging from 99.519241 to 99.609375, highlighted the algorithm's ability to produce significantly different encrypted images from the original. The unified average changing intensity values, falling between 35.72345678 and 35.78233456, further underscored the algorithm's proficiency in altering pixel intensities uniformly. Overall, this research offers a significant advancement in the field of image encryption, combining theoretical robustness with practical efficiency.

Термодинамічні властивості і фазові рівноваги в сплавах системи Al—Се

The thermochemical properties of melts of the Al—Ce system at temperatures of (1380—1490)  3 K in range of compositions 0 &lt; xAl &lt; 0,38 were determined by the method of isoperibolic calorimetry. It was established that the minimum value of the enthalpy of mixing of these melts is −40,9  4.1 kJ/mol and corresponds to the melt with xAl = 0,67, and =−83,3 ± 4,8; = −200 ± 26,0 kJ/mol. Using our own and literature thermochemical data for melts and intermediate phases of the Al—Ce system, as well as its diagram state according to the ideal associated solution (IAS) model, all thermodynamic properties of melts and associates in melts and intermetallics were calculated and optimized. It was established that the calculated activities of the components in the melts of this system show large negative deviations from ideal solutions. which correlates with their thermochemical properties. The maximum mole fraction of associates CeAl2, CeAl reaches values of 0,4 and 0,24, and the other three (Ce2Al, CeAl3, CeAl5) — 0,16; 0,08, and 0,11, respectively. The minimum values of Gibbs energies and entropies of melt formation are equal to -28,2 kJ/mol and -7,6 J/mol∙K. The temperature-concentration dependences of Gibbs energies, enthalpies and entropies of melt formation and temperature for intermetallics were also calculated using the IAS model, and from them, the liquidus curve of the phase diagram of this system. As a result, complete information on the thermodynamic properties of all phases and the liquidus curve of the phase diagram of the Al—Ce system was obtained. In order to confirm the reliability of the obtained data and search for general regularities of the thermodynamic characteristics of alloying of the Al—Ce system, it was considered as a member of the series of Al—Ln(Ln-lanthanide) systems. For this, the enthalpies of formation were analyzed. intermetallics LnAl2, as well as the minimum values of thermochemical properties of melts, relative differences in molar radii and differences in electronegativities of the components of the Al—Ln systems and their dependence on the lanthanide serial number. It is shown that all dependences, except for the electronegativity differences of the components, are compatible with each other. This indicates that the thermodynamic properties of compounds and melts of Al—Ln systems are determined by the size factor. Keywords:: method calorimetry, mixing enthalpy, activity, aluminum, cerium, melts, intermetallics, thermodynamic properties, ideal associated solution model.

Low-temperature heat capacity, phase transitions and thermodynamic functions of 2-furfurylamine

Heat capacities of 2-furfurylamine were measured by low-temperature adiabatic calorimetry in the temperature range from 5.6 to 356.1 K. Two phase transitions, solid phase transition and melting, were revealed at temperatures of 180.6 K and 228.17 K. Thermodynamic characteristics determined from experimental data show that the mechanism of solid phase transition is intermediate between order-disorder and displacive type. This conclusion is in agreement with X-ray crystallography data (Seidel et al., 2019). The standard thermodynamic functions in the condensed state (molar heat capacity, enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs energy) were calculated in the temperature range 5 - 350 K. Using the determined value of entropy for liquid 2-furfurylamine and available value of ΔfHm∘(l), the properties of formation, ΔfSm∘(l) and ΔfGm∘(l), were obtained. The thermodynamic functions of gaseous 2-furfurylamine were calculated taking into account the internal rotation in this molecule. The required molecular constants were determined from quantum chemical calculations.

ADS-B Communication Security: Assessing the Performance of Format-Preserving Lightweight Block Ciphers

In this work, we document an investigation regarding the vulnerabilities of ADS-B (automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast) communication, considering the risks to operational security. The ADS-B technology is a communication protocol to transmit surveillance information, that is, data related to position, altimetry, and speed, from the aircraft's avionics, an evolution to radars. We present an encryption solution for this communication using format-preserving encryption implemented in a microcontroller-embedded system. We also evaluate the use of lightweight symmetric block ciphers for better computational performance. When used as a pseudorandom function, we observe that such ciphers maintain a high entropy output value with low computational cost --- up to sixteen times faster for similar entropy values. Finally, the computational performance obtained with the proposed solution is analyzed by processing real-time data from aircraft in the landing and takeoff phase at the international airport of Recife/Guararapes - Gilberto Freyre, based in Recife/PE, Brazil.

Exploring the kinetics and thermodynamics of TiFe0.8CrxMn0.2-x hydrogen storage alloys

The influence of Fe substitution by Cr and/or Mn on the hydrogenation properties of TiFe0.8CrxMn0.2-x hydrogen storage alloys was explored for several substitution amounts (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2). The synthesized alloys consisted of a dominant TiFe (cubic, CsCl-type) and a secondary C14 Laves phase (hexagonal, MgZn2-type). The increase in Cr content, and consequently in C14 Laves phase fraction, improved the first hydrogenation kinetics and the hydrogen intake after activation (1.60–1.70 wt% H2 at 30 °C within 3 min), while substantially stabilizing the monohydride phase. The reaction enthalpy obtained from pressure-composition-temperature (PCT) curves hence increased along Cr substitution, ranging 24.35 ± 0.34 to 35.39 ± 1.00 kJmol-1 for the absorption, and 31.08 ± 1.39 to36.34 ± 1.99 kJmol−1for the desorption (absolute values). These experimental findings were in good agreement with density functional theory (DFT) predictions performed across the explored composition space. The estimated entropy values on the other hand remained nearly constant, fluctuating between 84.28 ± 4.76 and 102.64 ± 3.12 J mol−1 H2 K−1 for the absorption, and 100.46 ± 9.71 up to 105.45 ± 4.31 J mol−1 H2 K−1 for the desorption. Solid-gas reaction modeling showed that, under practical service conditions, the hydrogenation of activated alloys was interface-controlled followed by diffusion-controlled mechanisms as the reaction proceeded.

Extracted microbial exopolysaccharides: a sustainable approach to bioremediation of nickel, cobalt and copper ions; equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics studies

ABSTRACT The adsorption of nickel, cobalt and copper ions onto the surface of exopolysaccharides extracted from cyanobacterial mats has been studied to provide a sustainable and efficient approach for the remediation of heavy metals. The physical characterisation of the EPS surface, including SEM, EDX and FTIR, confirmed an irregular compact structure with multiple cracks, rough macropore structure and the existence of hydroxyl, amine, amide, polysulphide and carbonyl groups. The maximum adsorption capacity (q max 47.17 , 47.02 and 46.95 mg/g for Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(II), respectively) was achieved at pH = 6, 0.3 g/L EPS dose, 120 min duration time and 35°C. The remediation affinity of EPS decreased in the order of Ni(II) > Co(II) > Cu(II). The Langmuir model (R 2 > 0.95) better fits the adsorption behaviour than the Freundlich model (R 2 < 0.90) and the Dubinin – Radushkevich isotherm model, indicating chemical adsorption between the biosorbent and metal ions. Kinetically, the pseudo-second-order model better describes adsorption than does the pseudo-first-order model. Finally, thermodynamic studies have demonstrated that the adsorption process is spontaneously endothermic, with positive enthalpy values (ΔH°) and negative free energy (ΔG°). The positive entropy values (ΔS°) indicate an increase in disorder at the solid-liquid interface during the adsorption process.

The SPT-Chandra BCG Spectroscopic Survey. I. Evolution of the Entropy Threshold for ICM Cooling and AGN Feedback in Galaxy Clusters over the Last 10 Gyr

We present a multiwavelength study of the brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) in a sample of the 95 most massive galaxy clusters selected from the South Pole Telescope Sunyaev–Zeldovich (SZ) survey. Our sample spans a redshift range of 0.3 < z < 1.7, and is complete with optical spectroscopy from various ground-based observatories, as well as ground and space-based imaging from optical, X-ray, and radio wave bands. At z ∼ 0, previous studies have shown a strong correlation between the presence of a low-entropy cool core and the presence of both star formation and radio-loud active galactic nuclei in the central BCG. We show for the first time that the central entropy threshold for triggering star formation, which is universally seen in nearby systems, persists out to z ∼ 1, with only marginal (∼1σ) evidence for evolution in the threshold entropy value itself. In contrast, we do not find a similar high-z analog for an entropy threshold for feedback, but instead measure a strong evolution in the fraction of radio-loud BCGs in high-entropy cores, decreasing with increasing redshift. This could imply that the cooling-feedback loop was not as tight in the past, or that some other fuel source like mergers are fueling the radio sources more often with increasing redshift, making the radio luminosity an increasingly unreliable proxy for radio jet power. We also find that our SZ-based sample is missing a small (∼4%) population of the most luminous radio sources (ν L ν > 1042 erg s−1), likely due to radio contamination suppressing the SZ signal with which these clusters are detected.

Modified multiscale Renyi distribution entropy for short-term heart rate variability analysis.

Multiscale sample entropy (MSE) is a prevalent complexity metric to characterize a time series and has been extensively applied to the physiological signal analysis. However, for a short-term time series, the likelihood of identifying comparable subsequences decreases, leading to higher variability in the Sample Entropy (SampEn) calculation. Additionally, as the scale factor increases in the MSE calculation, the coarse-graining process further shortens the time series. Consequently, each newly generated time series at a larger scale consists of fewer data points, potentially resulting in unreliable or undefined entropy values, particularly at higher scales. To overcome the shortcoming, a modified multiscale Renyi distribution entropy (MMRDis) was proposed in our present work. The MMRDis method uses a moving-averaging procedure to acquire a family of time series, each of which quantify the dynamic behaviors of the short-term time series over the multiple temporal scales. Then, MMRDis is constructed for the original and the coarse-grained time series. The MMRDis method demonstrated superior computational stability on simulated Gaussian white and 1/f noise time series, effectively avoiding undefined measurements in short-term time series. Analysis of short-term heart rate variability (HRV) signals from healthy elderly individuals, healthy young people, and subjects with congestive heart failure and atrial fibrillation revealed that MMRDis complexity measurement values decreased with aging and disease. Additionally, MMRDis exhibited better distinction capability for short-term HRV physiological/pathological signals compared to several recently proposed complexity metrics. MMRDis was a promising measurement for screening cardiovascular condition within a short time.

Tailoring spectroscopic properties of 1,10-phenanthroline monohydrate with TiO2 NPs: Unravelling thermodynamic parameters, FRET dynamics, and solvatochromic behavior

This study delves into the interaction between Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) and 1,10-Phenanthroline Monohydrate (1,10-Phen), with a focus on quenching mechanisms and thermodynamic properties employing spectroscopic tools. Analysis reveals a decrease in quenching constants (KSV) at elevated temperatures (298 K, 303 K, 308 K), indicating static quenching mechanisms. Consistent binding sites (∼3) across temperatures suggest the formation of ground state complexes, supported by negative Gibbs free energy (ΔGo) values, confirming spontaneous complexation. The interaction between 1,10-Phen and TiO2 NPs manifests predominantly as electrostatic and ionic, inferred from the negative change in enthalpy (ΔHo) and positive change in entropy (ΔSo) values. Utilizing Foster resonance energy transfer theory (FRET), the distance between acceptor and donor is <70 Å, suggests significant energy transfer. Solvatochromic study helps in understanding the dipole interaction with the fluorophore. This research holds promise for biomedical applications, particularly in pharmaceutical contexts.

A concise approach for interpreting the removal kinetic of 2,4-D by carbonized peanut shell

The present study displays the adsorption characteristics of dichloro phenoxy acetic acid (2.4-D) on biomass-based peanut shell (BPC) carbon. Experiments were conducted by varying some parameters like concentration, pH, and temperature. 2,4-D adsorption uptake was increased from 0.504 to 3.826 mg/g with rising concentration from 1 µg/mL to 5 µg/mL and giving the highest adsorption at acidic pH. 1.605 mg/g uptake was obtained at pH 2.7. The data were in good harmony with Langmuir, Freundlic, Dubinin-Radushkevich (DR), and Generalized isotherms. The monolayer adsorption capacity was found as 42.62 ± 0.3257 mg/g. The kinetic was governed by the first-order kinetic. Various kinetic models were employed and particle diffusion was predominated for 2,4-D adsorption. Thermodynamics were explained in detail. The mean adsorption energy (E) was shown by the physical sorption, and Gibbs energy was the indicator of the spontaneous nature of the adsorption. Standard enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs values were recorded as 5.064 ± 139.84, 18.849 ± 0.148, and 0,7414 ± 0.0943 J/mol. The results showed that BPC was an eco-friendly and cost-effective material.

Create a Security Control System to Prevent Hackers from Tampering with IoT Devices

With the expansion of the use of Internet of Things using Internet technology to control and operate highly confidential systems in areas of life and with government facilities such as hospitals or banks, they require high security for their system in both software and hardware to prevent theft by unauthorized persons, and only authorized persons can enter the system. Our proposed work includes an authentication system to enter the Internet of Things system. Where SoC is used to generate True Random Numbers. These numbers are used to reconnect the pins of the devices. Where the encryption of the random code is changed every time an attempt is made to enter the system by unauthorized persons by entering the password and username incorrectly, using SoC (4 Cortex-M chip) by generating a new code instead of changing the connection of the logical controllers. The random numbers are unpredictable, unique and cannot be predicted. TRNs were tested using NIST tests, and they achieved high results. The test results of these numbers also showed that they are unpredictable, unique, have a high entropy value per bit (0.999) and have no correlation with the value (-0.12333). Which means that reconnecting the pins to operate the devices is a difficult process to predict because it depends on numbers generated physically, not mathematically, and cannot be predicted.

An Ultra‐Short‐Term Multi‐Step Prediction Model for Wind Power Based on Sparrow Search Algorithm, Variational Mode Decomposition, Gated Recurrent Unit, and Support Vector Regression

ABSTRACTAccurate ultra‐short‐term wind power prediction techniques are crucial for ensuring the efficient and safe operation of wind farms and power systems. Combined models based on data decomposition‐prediction techniques have shown excellent performance in ultra‐short‐term wind power forecasting. This study introduces a novel ultra‐short‐term multi‐step prediction model for wind power, which integrates the sparrow search algorithm (SSA), variational mode decomposition (VMD), gated recurrent unit (GRU), and support vector regression (SVR). An optimization variational mode decomposition technique is developed by adaptively determining VMD hyperparameters using SSA. The optimization VMD decomposes the original wind power sequence into sub‐modes, and the resulting sequence of decomposed sub‐modes calculates permutation entropy (PE) values. Sub‐modes with similar PE values are combined, reorganized, and categorized into high‐frequency and low‐frequency. High‐frequency sub‐modes data with high complexity and non‐stationarity are predicted by the GRU neural network. Low‐frequency sub‐modes data with low complexity and strong nonlinearity are predicted with SVR. The proposed model was evaluated against seven others using three error metrics: MAE, RMSE, and R2, along with their corresponding enhancement percentages. Experimental results indicate that the proposed model extracts detailed and trend information from the wind power series more effectively and stably than the comparison models. It also demonstrates superior multi‐step prediction performance, offering significant value for practical engineering applications.

An Evaluation Study on the Spatial and Temporal Evolution of Water Ecological Security in the Hotan River Basin

With the intensification of global climate change, inland river basins in arid desert regions are facing serious challenges in water supply and ecological and environmental protection. A water ecological security assessment is important as a key management tool in the context of inland river basins situated in arid desert areas. This study evaluated the water ecological security of the Hotan River Basin based on a combination of the Ecology–Produce–Life Space perspective and the Drive–Pressure–Status–Influence–Respond (DPSIR) model. The entropy value method and the composite index method were employed for this purpose, and a regression analysis was used to establish a prediction model to forecast the future water ecological security status. The results show that from 2013 to 2020, the water ecological security status of the Hotan River Basin exhibited a fluctuating upward trend, shifting from an average to a good status. The pressure layer has the greatest impact on water ecological security, while the ecological space within the Ecology–Produce–Life Space is increasing in the overall share year by year. In the future, the water ecological safety condition of the Hotan River Basin is expected to improve and remain in good condition. Taking the Hotan River Basin as an example, the results of this study, combining the Ecology–Produce–Life Space perspectives and the DPSIR model, provide in-depth theoretical and practical value for the evaluation and prediction of water ecological security in inland river basins in arid desert areas, provide a scientific basis and feasible suggestions for relevant decision-making, and emphasize the importance of ecological spatial protection and restoration for the sustainable development of human society and ecosystems.