Pre Values Research Articles

Effect of Central Fatigue on Dynamic Balance and Knee Joint Proprioception in Recreational Athletes: An Experimental Study

Introduction: The salient constituent of physical activity is fatigue that can influence execution of sports as well as it can also affect the activities of daily living. Abundant conventions are being used to magnify the fatigue, resisting dimension of the individual but none has proven to be effective. Therefore, this research will give perception about the central fatigue, that can affect dynamic balance and knee joint proprioception in healthy individuals. This can further be related in athletes also; in designing their training protocol to minimise the fatigue level and thus enhancing the performance of an individual. Aim: To study the effect of central fatigue on dynamic balance and knee joint proprioception in recreational athletes. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted at the Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Faridabad, Haryana, India from 25th March 2022 to 25th June 2022. Twenty-five subjects were recruited in the study on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) and proprioception were measured before and after inducing central fatigue. The paired t-test was used to compare pre and post values of SEBT and proprioception. Results: There was significant effect of central fatigue in different excursion reach of dynamic balance from pre to post, anteromedial (p-value <0.001), medial (p-value <0.001), posterolateral (p-value <0.001), lateral (p-value <0.001) and anterolateral (p-value <0.001) directions. In addition, the knee joint proprioception was significantly reduced following central fatigue was initiated. Conclusion: Dynamic balance and knee joint proprioception reduced when the individual was undergoing central fatigue.

Effect of Iodized contrast substances used in computed tomography examination on kidney apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value

Aim: In this prospective study, our goal is to evaluate the effect of iodine-based contrast agent on renal Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) before and after the contrast agent in patients with normal and abnormal Glomerulary Filtration Rate (GFR) values using computed tomography (CT) imaging.Methods: The patients who applied for CT examination at an age older than 40 years and met the inclusion criteria of patient and control groups were included. DWI was evaluated by two radiologist in the same session. The range of interest (ROI) was adjusted to be less than 1.5 cm².The Spearman correlation test was used for statistical analysis.Results: A total of 48 subjects (23 and 25 subjects for patient and control groups, respectively) with two DWI scans were included. ADC values were compared for both kidneys before and after the administration of the contrast agent and a significant decrease in post-ADC values was observed in the control group (right kidney pre-ADC: 2,11±0,17 x10ˉ³, post-ADC 2,07±0,15 x10ˉ³ mm²/s, p=0,016; left kidney pre-ADC: 2,11±0,17 x10ˉ³ mm²/s, post-ADC 2,04±0,14 x10ˉ³ mm²/s, p=0,011). However, there was no significant difference between the patient groups according to the administration of contrast agent (right kidney pre-ADC: 1,97±0,22 x10ˉ³ mm²/s, post-ADC: 1,97±0,24 x10ˉ³ mm²/s, p=0,95; left kidney pre-ADC: 1,96±0,23 x10ˉ³ mm²/s, post-ADC: 1,98±0,22 x10ˉ³ mm²/s, p=0,64). Moreover, pre-ADC values in the patient group were relatively low. Pre-ADC values in both groups for the right kidney were 1,97±0,22 x10ˉ³ mm²/s and 2,11±0,17 x10ˉ³ mm²/s, respectively (p=0,016). Pre ADC values in both groups for the left kidney were 1,96±0,23 x10ˉ³ mm²/s and 2,11±0,17 x10ˉ³ mm²/s, respectively (p=0,018). No significant differences in the post-ADC values were observed between the two groups.Conclusion: No decrease in ADC values was observed after the administration of iodine-based contrast agent in patients with a GFR less than 60, whereas there was a relatively high decrease in patients with normal GFR.

Effects of the Upper Trapezius Taping on Shoulder Pain, Muscle Activity, Strength, Scapular Elevation in Subjects with Latent Myofascial Trigger Points

Background Patients who have latent myofascial trigger points commonly over-compensate with the upper trapezius (UT) due to insufficient shoulder flexion strength. Previous studies have suggested that taping is an effective way to restrict unwanted joint movements along the direction of the tape. However, few studies have been conducted to investigate how taping affects shoulder compensation movements in individuals with MTPs. Objectives We investigated the effects of taping on pain, activation of the UT, anterior deltoid (AD), serratus anterior (SA), shoulder flexion strength, and the angle of scapular elevation in subjects with MTPs. Methods In total, 30 subjects with latent MTPs were recruited. The subjects were randomly assigned to two groups (inhibition taping group, n=15; sham taping group, n=15). Subjects were evaluated for pain, activation of the UT, AD, and SA, shoulder flexion strength, and scapular elevation angle during maximum isometric shoulder flexion pre and immediately post-the-taping intervention. Two-way repeated ANOVA was performed to analyze group (inhibitory vs. sham) and time (pre vs. post-taping values) main and interaction effects. Results Statistically significant main effect for time was found in UT (p < 0.001), AD (p < 0.001), shoulder flexion strength (p < 0,001), and scapular elevation angle (p < 0,001) after inhibition taping. Additionally, the inhibition taping group showed significantly greater changes in UT (p = 0.020), AD (p = 0.048) EMG activity, shoulder elevation angle (p = 0.005), and scapular elevation angle (p = 0.049). Conclusions These results suggest that when performing shoulder rehabilitation exercises in a clinical setting, restricting scapular elevation via taping is an effective way to correct compensatory scapular movement and alter the recruitment pattern of UT and AD activation in patients with MTPs.

Clinical Management of Acral Lick Dermatitis in Dogs with Comparison of Fluoxetine and Clomipramine Treatment

Background: Acral lick dermatitis is defined as self inflicted skin disorder in dogs which induces localized alopecia and fibrotic lesion due to repetitive licking or chewing at the same ‘site most commonly near carpus or hock areas. Methods: The present study was carried out to investigate the approach to the management of various etiologies associated with ALD in dogs. A total of 30 dogs that were diagnosed with acral lick dermatitis (ALD) were rated on the day 0 of theirvisit to the hospital on the basis of three clinical scalesie; ALD severity scale, clinical global impression (CGI) and likert scale. Assessment and weekly rating of the ALD lesion was done during the entire treatment trial. Result: Dogs positive for psychogenic primary triggers were randomly divided in Group 1 (n=9; 47.36%) and Group 2 (n=10; 52.63%). Dogs in group 1 were treated with fluoxetine and dogs in group 2 were treated with clomipramine. Whereas dogs diagnosed with organic triggers were treated empirically. Dogs treated under group 1 exhibited significant difference (p less than 0.05) in the licking and ALD score values at the end of the trial, however, CGI score values were found to be non significant (p greater than 0.05) with mean recovery in 24±2 days and recurrence rate of 44.44% after mean 105±47 days of their treatment completion. 33.33% dogs were also reported with adverse effects of drug as drowsiness in group 1. Dogs treated under group 2 exhibited significant difference (p less than 0.05) in pre and post treatment values of all 3 scores (licking score, ALD score and CGI score) at the end of the trial with mean recovery in 41±5 days and 55.55% cases were reported with signs of reoccurrence after mean 37±21 days of their treatment completion. Total 2(20%) dogs out of ten were presented with adverse effects; 1(10%) with loss of appetite and 1(10%) was reported with vomiting. Both clomipramine and fluoxetine are effective in treating psychogenic triggers of ALD. However, fluoxetine helps in early recovery with lesser recurrence rates whereas clomipramine having better recovery rate with fewer side effects.

497: ROLE OF AUTOMATED PUPILLOMETRY IN NEUROLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF POST-ANGIOGRAPHY PATIENTS

Introduction: Automated pupillometry (AP) is an objective bedside tool that can be used to detect early global or regional cerebral dysfunction manifested as asymmetric pupillary light response (PLR). Early detection of neurologic changes after diagnostic or interventional neuroradiologic procedure is important to limit neurologic morbidity and initiate appropriate intervention. In this pilot project, we hypothesized that changes in PLR between pre and post angiography will correlate with pathological changes in the brain. Methods: Single-center, prospective cohort of 50 patients undergoing elective or emergent angiography. 200 PLR recordings were assessed using NPi™-300 Pupillometer. Different PLR properties was recorded 30-min pre and post angiography. Fisher exact test and Kruskal-Wallis test was used to evaluate the relationship between continuous variable and univariate analysis to evaluate associations between categorical variables or mean values of specific parameters. A paired t-test was used to evaluate the differences between pre and post angiography PLR. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Comparing pre and post angiography values, no variables showed a statistically significant difference (p< 0.05) except for the constricted pupil diameter in the left eye (LE) (paired t-test, p=0.03). Comparison of PLR in patients with focal mass lesion showed significant difference in constriction velocity, resting pupil diameter, dilation velocity in the LE, and constricted diameter of both LE and right eye (paired t-test, P 0.005, P = 0.002, P = 0.0098 and P = 0.0023 respectively). For patients who established reperfusion, there were no statistically significant differences in PLR. Conclusions: Our study provides preliminary data regarding the role of AP in documenting PLR abnormalities at baseline in patients with focal brain lesion who underwent angiography. Pre and post intervention PLR changes were not found in our study probably due to absence of major post-intervention complications but would need larger study to verify such hypothesis. This suggests that any changes to PLR is not an expected procedural change and should be treated appropriately.

Cancer-Specific miRNAs Extracted from Tissue-Exudative Extracellular Vesicles in Ovarian Clear Cell Carcinoma.

Ovarian clear cell carcinomas (OCCs) arise from endometriotic cysts that many women develop. Biomarkers for early OCC detection need to be identified. Extracellular vesicles have attracted attention as biomarker carriers. This study aims to identify cancer-specific miRNAs as novel OCC biomarkers using tissue-exudative extracellular vesicles (Te-EVs). Te-EVs were collected from four patients with OCC on one side and a normal ovary on the other side. Microarray analysis was performed to identify cancer-specific miRNAs in Te-EVs. Serum samples obtained before and after surgery from patients with OCC and atypical endometrial hyperplasia (AEH) (controls) were compared using real-time PCR to examine changes in the detected EV miRNA levels. Thirty-seven miRNAs were &gt;2-fold upregulated on the OCC side compared with the normal ovarian side. We selected 17 miRNAs and created specific primers for 12 of these miRNAs. The levels of six EV miRNAs were significantly decreased in postoperative OCC serum compared to those in preoperative OCC serum. In contrast, no significant change was observed between the pre and postoperative values in the control group. We identified OCC tissue-specific miRNAs in the EVs secreted by OCC tissues. These EV miRNAs have potential for use as biomarkers for the early diagnosis and detection of OCC.

Home-Based Treatment of Multi-Problem Families (MPF): State of Research and New Results

This article summarizes four studies of process and outcome research on family outreach therapy (ATF) with multi-problem families (MPF). We examined the relationship between different "patterns of of collaboration" and outcome variables in the treatment of MPF. Furthermore, we examined the relationship between childhood adversity factors and protective factors for the development of child psychiatric symptoms, and evaluated catamnesis data (follow-up 3 years). The paper summarizes four naturalistic studies of pre and post values and follow-up data in children aged 4-18 years, participating in an integrative, structural family therapy with (X = 115 sessions in 28.8 months, SD = 19.2). The data n = 1,031 show large effect sizes (ES) (d) (thirteen parameters, mean = 1.04, range 0.34 - 2.18). The outcome values correlate most strongly with the pattern "Improving Alliance", i. e. the improvement of the working alliance in the pre-post comparison (d = 0.64). Empirical studies on childhood adversity and protective factors showed significantly higher stress factors and significantly fewer protective factors in children from MPF compared to the non-clinical sample (95.7 % of children from MPF had a psychopathological diagnosis). The follow-up data showed stable treatment effects (three years of follow-up).The empirical research on the treatment of MPF requires further empirical studies in the sense of the treatment aptitude research on the question "what works for whom?".

Papel de la imagen de movimiento incoherente intravóxel (IVIM) en la evaluación de la respuesta del carcinoma hepatocelular después de la quimioembolización transarterial (TACE): un estudio prospectivo

IntroductionResponse evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) currently is based on arterial phase enhancement which doesn’t take into microstructural changes in the tumor after trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE). AimThis prospective study was conducted to assess the feasibility and efficacy of intravoxel incoherent motion imaging (IVIM) in response evaluation of HCC after TACE.39 cirrhotic patients with 48 HCC underwent MR imaging 1 week within and 6weeks after TACE. IVIM parameters like Dslow (true diffusion), Dfast (pseudodiffusion), perfusion fraction and ADC were measured prior to and postTACE. The pre and postTACE values in LR-TR (LIRADS-treatment response) nonviable and viable lesions were compared using paired t-tests. ROC curve analysis was done to calculate sensitivity and specificity and propose cut-off values. ResultNon-viable lesions showed a significant increase in Dslow (1.208±0.581 vs. 1.560±0.494, p-value –0.0207) and ADC (1.37±0.53 vs. 1.65±0.4287, p-value 0.016) after TACE. There was also significant decrease in Dfast (33.7±10.4 vs. 23.75±12.13, p-value 0.0005) and f (19.92±10.54 vs. 12.9±10.41, p-value 0.012) values after TACE in non-viable lesions compared to viable lesions. The change in true diffusion had the highest AUC (0.741) among IVIM parameters with greater than 0.075 increase between preTACE and postTACE values having a sensitivity and specificity of 81.8% and 60% respectively for complete response. ConclusionIVIM imaging is feasible to assess the response in HCC after TACE. True diffusion is more sensitive and specific than apparent diffusion in evaluating the response.

Effect of Aerobic Exercise versus Jacobson’s Progressive Muscular Relaxation Technique in Patients with Hypertension

Introduction: In the last few decades, the prevalence of hypertension has been drastically increased in India. Hypertension is defined by the presence of a chronic elevation of systemic arterial pressure above a certain threshold value. Proper management of hypertension may require both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Aerobic exercise and Jacobson’s Progressive Muscular relaxation (JPMR) technique both are Non-pharmacological interventions for reducing blood pressure. Method: Interventional study was done by Random sampling method and conducted on 20 hypertensive subjects. Subject willing to participate, age group 20-55 year both male and female and blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg were included. Subjects not able to understand, psychologically unstable, systemic illness and subject who were not regularly taking medications were excluded. 20 hypertensive subjects, randomly divided into 2 groups. The first group was asked to do 5 sessions of Aerobic exercise for 30-45 minutes per week for 4 week and the second group was asked to do 5 sessions of JPMR for 30 minutes per week for 4 week. In both the groups pre and post systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR) were measured in sitting position. Subjective results were established. Results: Statistical analysis was done using SPSS16. There was statistically significant difference between pre and post value of SBP (p&lt;0.05), DBP (p&lt;0.05) in both groups, but the aerobic exercise showed more significant results as compared to the JPMR. Conclusion: Hence it can be concluded that Aerobic Exercise is more effective in hypertensive than Jacobson’s Progressive Muscular relaxation technique. Keywords: Aerobic Exercise, Jacobson’s Progressive Muscular relaxation technique (JPMR), hypertension

Comparison Of Positional Release Technique and Ischemic Pressure on Pain and Headache Disability in Cervicogenic Headache

Cervicogenic headache may imitate those usually connected through essential headache problems. Objective: To determine the effects of ischemic compression and positional release procedure on pain and Headache Disability Index in Cervicogenic headache. Methods: Data were collected from Physiogic Physiotherapy Clinic Lahore, for 6 months. Quasi Experimental study was conducted on 18 patients of Cervicogenic headache. All were randomly allocated to ICT group and PRT group, both groups were treated for 12 sessions in 4 weeks. NPRS, HDI were used to measure the treatment effect before and after treatment of 12 sessions in 4 weeks. Data was analyzed by SPSS 21. Results: There were 9 (50.0%) participation with mean of 26.22 and SD 2.90 in group A and 9 (50.0%) participants with mean of 24.55 and SD 2.55 in group B. Across the gathering correlation of VAS, KOOS AND AKPS with mean difference and standard p value of pre and post treatment values and within group comparison of VAS, KOOS AND AKPS showed significant difference in Group A as compared to group B. Conclusions: Result showed that significant difference found between the mean values of both technique after treatment (Post-Treatment) in HDI &amp; NPRS in the favor of PRT because there is more variation in mean of PRT as compared to IC technique.

Knowledge and Perception on Menopause

Introduction: Menopause it’s one type of natural physiological process in the women’s life. The quality of life on menopausal status in the women it’s varies significant Studies revealed that women may reduce and avoid the emotional and physiological symptoms of menopause by encourage and educating themselves when approaching this stage of women life cycle. Design: In this study cross sectional survey was conducted. Setting: The sample setting is in kansa village. Sample size: The sample sizes were40. Tool: In the study 20 questionnaires items was conducted in randomly sample technique. Result: The study identified that the 15(37.5%) women have good, 19(47.5%) women have average and the 6(15%) women have poor knowledge and perception score. This study resultshows that the pre test means value is 11.7 and standard deviation is 5.13.

Parameters affecting the anatomical and functional success of macular hole surgery

Aim: To evaluate the effect of preoperative Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) parameters on macular hole surgery (MHS) and their predictive value for postoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA).&#x0D; Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 30 eyes of 30 patients with macular hole (MH). All patients underwent pars plana 23-gauge vitrectomy. A detailed macular analysis including MH minimum diameter (MD), base diameter (BD), opening diameter (OD), height, nasal arm (NA), temporal arm (TA), macular hole index (MHI), diameter hole index (DHI), tractional hole index (THI), hole form factor (HHF), macular hole area (MHA), and macular hole volume (MHV) were performed preoperatively. Presence of inner segment–outer segment (IS/OS) line, external limiting membrane (ELM), and cyst was noted postoperatively. Relationships between these parameters and postoperative BCVA were evaluated.&#x0D; Results: The study group comprised 25 (83.3%) women. Mean pre and postoperative BCVA values were 0.924±0.320 and 0.487±0.287 logMAR, respectively. BCVA improved significantly after MHS (p

Evaluation of 15-kHz high-speed Pr:YAG phosphor surface thermometry of a thermal barrier coating in a reciprocating IC engine

The Pr:YAG thermographic phosphor was employed to perform precise single-shot 15-kHz surface temperature measurements of a thermal barrier-coated 4140 steel substrate located in the cylinder head of an optically-accessible engine for two homogeneous-charge compression-ignition (HCCI) operating conditions. The ability of lifetime-based phosphor thermometry to track the highly-transient temperature swings expected in thermal barrier-coated engines was evaluated in terms of both measurement precision and biases. Single-shot precision over a single engine cycle was estimated to be 1.4 K (one standard deviation) based on a recently developed technique that utilizes weighted linear regression statistics. The precision predictions are in excellent agreement with direct measurements during periods where the surface temperature is relatively constant. Precision was slightly degraded for ∼15 crank-angle degrees (CAD) slightly before top dead center (TDC), due to attenuation of the signal. High background luminosity for the high-load HCCI case was observed during the main heat release, leading to interference with the phosphor signal and resulting in loss of data over a few CAD just before TDC. Heat transfer modeling indicated that the 11 μm thick phosphor coating resulted in a modest level of intrusiveness, with maximum expected temperature differences across the phosphor layer of ∼10 K at the highest temperatures for the high load case. The results indicate that high-speed phosphor thermometry with the Pr:YAG phosphor is a promising diagnostic to quantitatively evaluate the performance of new thermally insulating materials in transient environments.

Combined Effects Of Acute Aerobic Exercise Before And After Stretching On Brachial Artery Flow-mediated Dilation

PURPOSE: Decreased flow-mediated dilation (FMD) increases cardiovascular disease risks. Aerobic exercise or stretching generally increases brachial artery FMD, but resistance exercise does not. FMD responses would also alter by the order of exercise in combined exercise, and did not improve by resistance exercise after aerobic exercise. However, the combined effects of aerobic exercise and stretching order on FMD remain unclear. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise before and after stretching on FMD. METHODS:Fifteen healthy young males (21 &#177; 1 years) participated in three trials in random order on different days; 1) seated resting trial (REST); 2) aerobic exercise-stretching trial (AERO-ST); and 3) stretching-aerobic exercise trial (ST-AERO). A cycling ergometer exercise of 20 min at the intensity of 120 beats/min of heart rate levels was performed as an aerobic exercise, and four types of stretches of 20 min focusing on the lower limbs were performed. Before (Pre) and immediately (Post1) and 30 min (Post2) after trials, brachial artery FMD was measured by using ultrasound imaging system. RESULTS:No significant changes in all the parameters were observed in REST. In contrast, after AERO-ST and ST-AERO, FMD significantly increased at Post1 and Post2 compared to Pre, but the changes did not differ significantly between AERO-ST and ST-AERO (AERO-ST, Pre, 5.2 &#177; 0.2; Post1, 7.3 &#177; 0.6; Post2, 6.9 &#177; 0.5%, ST-AERO, Pre, 5.3 &#177; 0.3; Post1, 7.5 &#177; 0.5; Post2, 6.1 &#177; 0.5%, both P < 0.01). FMD in ST-AERO significantly differ between Post1 and Post2 (P < 0.01), and that at Post2 tended to return to Pre value. CONCLUSIONS:Therefore, these findings indicate that combined aerobic exercise and stretching would increase FMD, as an index of endothelial function, regardless of the aerobic exercise and stretching order. However, our results suggest that stretching after aerobic exercise may have prolonged effects on FMD improvement.

Temporal modulation of H-reflex in young and older people: Acute effects during Achilles tendon vibration while standing.

Examining how timely is sensory input processed and regulated after a perturbation while standing, is a key element to understand postural control, especially in people with balance deficits, such as older adults. In this study, we investigated the age-related temporal modulations in spinal excitability, by measuring the soleus H-reflex within the first 250ms after switching on (V-ON) and off (V-OFF) a pair of vibrators, placed over the Achilles tendons. Twenty young (25.1±5.1yrs) and 16 older (71.8±6.1yrs) adults stood blindfolded, while 12-15s periods of Achilles tendon vibration (ATV) were applied with 20-24s intervals. Anterior/posterior center of pressure and electromyographic (EMG) responses [soleus (SOL) and tibialis anterior (TA)] were assessed whereas SOL H-reflex normalized to maximum M-wave (H/Mmax) and SOL EMG (H/SOL) were evaluated before ATV (Pre) and at 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250ms after the V-ON and V-OFF. Only in young adults the TA/SOL EMG ratio decreased 100 (p=0.032) and 150ms (p<0.001) after V-ON and the H/Mmax and H/SOL decreased 150-250ms after V-ON (p<0.001). At 50-250ms after V-OFF, H/Mmax was reduced compared to Pre values (p<0.001), with no differences between the age groups (p>0.05). H/SOL was decreased for the young adults (p<0.001) and remained reduced at least for the first 250ms after V-OFF. At 150ms after V-OFF, SOL/Mmax was decreased only for the older adults (p<0.001), whereas TA/SOL EMG gradually increased for both groups (p<0.001). When ATV is introduced while standing, the spinal excitability of older people is reduced later and to a lesser extent compared to young adults. Their limited capacity to down-regulate the "noisy" sensory input generated by ATV gives further evidence of a possible mechanism for their inefficient postural control.

Effect of supervised exercise training on exercise capacity, pulmonary function and growth differentiation factor 15 levels in patients with interstitial lung disease: A preliminary study

BACKGROUND: Interstitial lung disease is characterized by exertion dyspnea, exercise limitation and reduced quality of life. The role of exercise training in this diverse patient group is unclear. The growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a stress-sensitive circulating factor that regulates systemic energy balance and could be a possible biomarker in interstitial lung disease. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of supervised exercise (endurance and resistance) training (SET) on exercise capacity, pulmonary function parameters and GDF15 levels in patients with interstitial lung disease (PwILD). METHODS: In this non-randomized case-control trial, the experimental group comprised of 10 PwILD (7 women and 3 men) while the control group consisted of of 18 apparently healthy participants s 11 women and 7 men). All subjects completed an 8-week supervised exercise training program, at a rate of twice a week. Dyspnea was evaluated using the Shortness of Breath Respiratory Questionnaire. Exercise capacity was measured using the 6-min walk test while the heart rate (HR) was monitored before and after the exercise training. GDF15 levels were measured by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). RESULTS: PwILD had significantly shorter 6-min walk distance than the control subjects at both the 1st and the 15th visit. However, both groups improved significantly in this test. The change (pre to post-exercise) in HR value was smaller in PwILD compared to the controls. Moreover, PwILD had higher Shortness of Breath Respiratory Questionnaire score than controls. The mean pre and post GDF15 values in both groups remained statistically unchanged. However the GDF15 values of the PwILD patients were significantly higher compared to the controls with respect to pre and post exercise training respectively. CONCLUSION: Supervised exercise training did not affect GDF15 levels in both patient and control groups but its values in PwILD were significantly higher compared to those of controls (p⩽0.05). The exercise capacity and dyspnea in these patients improved after exercise training program.

EFFECTS OF POSTURAL DRAINAGE AND DEEP BREATHING EXERCISES ON DYSPNEA, OXYGEN SATURATION AND LEVEL OF EXERTION IN ELDERLY POST COVID-19 PATIENTS

Background and Aim: Elderly patients have reduced lung capacity and decrease respiratory functions due to aging process Different positioning techniques contribute in airway clearance of patients and increase in oxygen saturation level. Therefore, this study aims to find out best intervention to improve dyspnea, level of exertion and quality of life of post COVID elderly group of patients. Methodology: Study Design &amp; Sampling technique: Randomized clinical trial and non-probability convenient sampling technique with sealed envelope Randomization. Study Setting &amp; Participants: National Hospital and Medical Centre-DHA Lahore and 48 patients. The sample size of 48 patients was taken in this study to find the effect of postural drainage and deep breathing exercises. Patients were divided into two groups. Steam was given to both groups as a common treatment. Group A was treated with postural drainage and steam while Group B was treated with deep breathing exercises and steam. Modified Borg‘s Dyspnea, pulse oximetry and RPE scale is used for scoring. Intervention or data collection tools: Postural drainage and deep breathing exercises in 2 groups. Pulse oximetry. The Modified Borg Dyspnea Scale and Perceived exertion scale were tools. Outcome measures: oxygen level, severity of dyspnea and level of exertion. Results: Mean±S.D of patients in Postural drainage was 58.96±6.24 and in deep breathing 59.33±6.38 .pulse oximetery pre value 3.50±0.51, 3.25±0.61 in postural drainage and deep breathing respectively while post values were 1.50±0.59 and 2.25±0.68. For MBD scale pre value was 7.33±0.92, 6.92±1.14in postural drainage and deep breathing respectively while post values were 1.75±1.03and 4.84±0.82 and PES pre value was 6.87±0.81, 4.42±1.10 in postural drainage and deep breathing respectively while post values were 2.42±1.10 and 2.54±1.32 Conclusion: Postural drainage was more effective than deep breathing exercises on dyspnea, oxygen saturation and level of exertion in elderly of post covid-19 patient

Investigation of the effects of mechanical and underfloor heating systems on the COVID-19 viruses distribution.

Investigation of the spread of pollutants and especially pathogenic particles in the interior of today's buildings has become an integral part of the design of such buildings. When the Coronavirus is prevalent in the world, it is necessary to pay attention to the spread of the virus in the interior of residential apartments. In the present study, the Coronavirus particles emitted from the sneezing of a sick person in the bedroom of a residential apartment were tracked. Meanwhile, the degree of exposure of a mannequin that has been placed in the living room playing the role of a healthy person is examined. In this research, a segregated solution of steady-state flow and an unsteady particle solution have been separately used: a suitable, accurate, and optimal solution in particle studies. A comparison of the results shows that underfloor heating creates a healthier space around the healthy person's respiratory system, but instead, we will see more polluted areas around the sick person. According to the PRE results, the PRE value for a mechanical heating system is higher than a floor heating system. Therefore, it is recommended to use mechanical heating system in the apartments where the person with COVID-19 is hospitalized.

Three incisional patterns of one-stage rumen cannulation techniques on associated haematological and glycaemic changes in YanKasa-Balami cross-bred rams

Despite concerns of leaks, cannula drops, and expensive cannula costs, researches on the nutritional needs of ovine species had led to the use of bovine cannulation techniques to fistulate ovine species. Nine Yankasa-Balami crossbred rams were cannulated with locally improvised polyvinyl chloride plastisol after primary-secondary skin-muscle incisions but only primary rumen incisions; primary-secondary incisions on the skin-muscle of the left flank and the rumen; and a primary incision on the skin-muscle and the rumen, designated as groups A, B, and C, respectively. Glycaemic and haematological responses in the rams were measured at pre-anaesthesia (10 minutes), 0 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 16 h, 20 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h, 120 h, 144 h, and weeks 1, 2, 3 and 4. At 10 minutes post-anaesthesia, blood glucose levels in groups A, B, and C were higher than Pre values: 108.33 ± 10.2, 118.33 ± 51.83 and 153.33 ± 46.31, respectively. Moderate dehydration was suggestive of PCV alterations due to fistula fluid loss while neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes were responsible for the increased leucocyte levels. As monocytes contribute to phagocytosis, neutrophils and eosinophils are indicative of surgical stress. Despite the fact that group B's blood glucose levels were much lower than group C's, the results were within the normal species range. Above all, the three incisional patterns are usable for rumen cannulation. Group B's rumen cannulation procedure was more traumatic than groups A and C's, and group A's was ranked second among the most stressful procedures.

Vehicle Recognition from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Videos Based on Fusion of Target Pre-Detection and Deep Learning

For accurate and effective automatic vehicle identification, morphological detection and deep convolutional networks were combined to propose a method for locating and identifying vehicle models from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) videos. First, the region of interest of the video frame image was sketched and grey-scale processing was performed; sub-pixel-level skeleton images were generated based on the Canny edge detection results of the region of interest; then, the image skeletons were decomposed and reconstructed. Second, a combination of morphological operations and connected domain morphological features were applied for vehicle target recognition, and a deep learning image benchmark library containing 244,520 UAV video vehicle samples was constructed. Third, we improved the AlexNet model by adding convolutional layers, pooling layers, and adjusting network parameters, which we named AlexNet*. Finally, a vehicle recognition method was established based on a candidate target extraction algorithm with AlexNet*. The validation analysis revealed that AlexNet* achieved a mean F1 of 85.51% for image classification, outperforming AlexNet (82.54%), LeNet (63.88%), CaffeNet (46.64%), VGG16 (16.67%), and GoogLeNet (14.38%). The mean values of Pcor, Pre, and Pmiss for cars and buses reached 94.63%, 6.87%, and 4.40%, respectively, proving that this method can effectively identify UAV video targets.