Economic Value Research Articles

Breeding objectives and economic value of important traits of Abergelle goats kept under a smallholder production system in Tigray, Ethiopia

Context In developing countries, the production of livestock can be improved by establishing a functional breeding program that involves communities in planning and implementation. Production objectives, farmers’ preferences for traits, and the economic value of the traits need to be studied and documented in designing a functional breeding program. Aim This study aims to identify production objectives, determine the preferred traits of smallholder farmers, and estimate the economic values of important traits for Abergelle goats in Tigray, Ethiopia. Methods An own-flock ranking exercise was used to identify the trait preferences of smallholder farmers. A bio-economic model was employed to estimate the economic values of important traits of Abergelle goats. Key results Abergelle goats were mainly kept for income generation followed by milk production. Appearance (size), color, libido, pedigree, and growth were the most important breeding-buck attributes, whereas milk yield, mothering ability (kid survival and growth), pedigree, coat color, kidding interval, and twinning were the important attributes for breeding does. Positive economic values of €0.25, €0.12, €0.45, €0.68, €0.17 and €2.00 per genetic standard deviation were obtained for 6-month weight, mature weight, daily milk yield, liter size, kidding interval, and pre-weaning kid survival per average doe place and year respectively. However, a negative economic value of −€0.017 per genetic standard deviation was achieved for 3–6-month average daily gain (ADG) per doe per year. Conclusions In this study, the most economically significant traits with positive economic values were pre-weaning survival, litter size, daily milk yield, 6-month weight, mature weight, and kidding interval. Implication Including these traits in the breeding goals can increase the profitability of the flock and improve the livelihood of Abergelle goat keepers.

Evaluating the Economic Impact of Novel Oncology Drug Coverage Through Patient Assistance Programs.

Despite a universal public health care system, Canadian oncology patients often enroll in patient assistance programs (PAPs) to access oncology drugs that are awaiting funding decisions. Our multicenter study evaluated the pharmacoeconomic and clinical impact of PAPs for patients with cancer in British Columbia (BC). Eligible patients were diagnosed with cancer and enrolled in a PAP between January 2016 and December 2019 in three BC centers. Charts were reviewed for treatment details and survival data. For each drug indication, the hazard ratio from clinical trial data was multiplied by the median overall survival (mOS) or median progression-free survival (mPFS) of our cohort to estimate the mOS or mPFS if the drug was not received. Person life-years gained (PLYG) was the difference between the actual mOS or mPFS and the estimated mOS or mPFS if the drug was not received. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios and drug costs were obtained from the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. A total economic value of quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained for each cohort was calculated and compared with the cost of drugs associated with the gain. Our cohort consisted of 1,025 patients who accessed 40 oncology drugs via PAP. The median time from Health Canada approval to provincial funding was 2.04 years. In the first PAP exposure group (N = 1,025), median PLYG was 0.38 years for OS and 0.80 years for PFS. The total estimated economic value of QALY gained was $83,068,819.32, with total drug costs of $97,026.661.44. PAPs were involved in covering up to $100 million in costs to bridge gaps between regulatory approval and public funding. Economic value and PLYG gained from PAPs are substantial.

Signaling pathways mediating the induction of preharvest fruit drop in litchi

Certain litchi varieties, such as “Nuomici”, are highly susceptible to preharvest fruit drop, which leads to significant losses in fruit yield and economic value. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying this issue are not yet fully understood. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the signaling pathways that facilitate preharvest fruit drop in litchi, using “Nuomici” and “Huaizhi” cultivars as examples, which demonstrate high and low preharvest fruit drop rates, respectively. Our findings revealed that “Nuomici” experienced a substantial preharvest fruit drop, with a cumulative rate of 41.68%, significantly higher than the 1.44% observed in “Huaizhi”. Cellulase activity assays showed a significant increase in cellulase activity in the abscission zone of “Nuomici”, which coincided with the occurrence of preharvest fruit drop, in contrast to the relatively low levels in “Huaizhi”. Phytohormone assays indicated lower indole-3-acetic acid content in the pericarp, aril, and seeds of “Nuomici” during the preharvest stage compared to “Huaizhi”, coupled with higher abscisic acid levels in the seeds of “Nuomici”. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis identified 180, 282, 655, and 241 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the pericarp, aril, seed, and abscission zone, respectively, between the two cultivars during preharvest fruit drop. These DEGs are intricately involved in the generation and transmission of abscission signals from fruit tissues, encompassing PIN, PIN-LIKES, LAX, and SAUR genes related to polar auxin transport, ethylene diffusion, as well as perceiving these signals and activating the abscission process within the abscission zone. This includes ACO and ILR genes involved in hormone biosynthesis and signal transduction, regulation by WRKY, NAC, and bHLH transcription factors, AAO genes involved in response to reactive oxygen species, and EXP, EG, and PG genes involved in cell wall degradation in the abscission zone. Based on these comprehensive findings, we propose a model for preharvest fruit drop triggered by a series of molecular events in litchi, providing valuable insights into the complex mechanisms governing this phenomenon.

PENGEMBANGAN USAHA MANDIRI MASYARAKAT DESA SRIMAHI KECAMATAN TAMBUN UTARA DENGAN PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH SEKAM PADI SEBAGAI CAMPURAN BETON PAVING BLOCK DAN BATAK

The Community Service Program (PKM) aims to utilize rice husk waste as a mixture in making bricks and paving blocks. Rice husk waste produced from the rice milling process often causes environmental problems. Therefore, through education and training to Zaracon Group Raja Block, through processing rice husk waste into products that have economic value and are environmentally friendly. The methods used include the fabrication of tools, rice husk burning, laboratory testing, socialization, training, and the production of paving blocks using rice husk ash. The results of this program show that paving blocks made using a mixture of rice husk ash have good strength and durability. In addition, this program is also able to improve the skills, insights, and knowledge of the community in processing rice husk waste, so that it can open in business development production of paving block and brick concrete. Keywords: Rice husks, bricks concrete, paving blocks, waste management, community empowerment.

Development of 3D Printable Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) Surimi Gel with Dynamic High-Pressure Microfluidization-Modified Pea Protein Isolate and Microcrystalline Cellulose

Sliver carp is a nutritious and abundant species in China, but its low market value stems from its thin meat, small bones and strong odor. Processing it into surimi enhances its economic value, though surimi typically has low gel strength and is prone to deterioration. Recently, three-dimensional (3D) printing has gained attention as an innovative additive manufacturing technique for personalization and process simplification requiring high-performance materials. This study intended to develop an optimized surimi formula for 3D printing with dynamic high-pressure microfluidization (DHPM)-modified pea protein isolate (PPI) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). Firstly, the effect of DHPM on PPI properties was evaluated, followed by the optimization of the surimi gel formula (72.093% water content, 3.203% PPI, 1.728% MCC, 1% salt, 1% collagen peptide and 20.976% sliver carp paste) and 3D printing parameters (2000 mm/min at 25 °C with a 1.5 mm nozzle). Rheological comparisons between the optimized surimi, surimi with commercial antifreeze and surimi with only PPI or MCC indicated that the optimized formulation exhibited clearer 3D printing outlines and reduced stickiness due to a higher recovery and lower loss modulus. These results demonstrated that DHPM-treated PPI and MCC enhanced the 3D printability of silver carp surimi gel, providing a new idea for a surimi product and supporting its potential applications in food 3D printing.

Influence of Addition of Murbei (Morus alba L.) Flowers to Food for Fathering Mangrove CRABS (Scylla serrata) Apartment Systems

Mangrove crab (Scylla serrata) is one of the fishery commodities that has high economic value. In Indonesia, crab cultivation has been widely developed, it can be seen from the cultivation media used, namely using vertical crab houses (apartments) with the RAS system. However, the problem in the mangrove crab cultivation system lies in the feed, the lack of nutrients in the feed results in non-optimal crab growth so that it is less attractive to consumers and causes its economic value to decline. Therefore, alternative feed is needed in the form of feed pellets that are in accordance with the nutritional needs of mangrove crabs and the addition of feed raw materials in the form of mulberry leaf flour in feed that can stimulate the growth of mangrove crabs. Therefore, this study aims to determine the optimal dose of mulberry leaf flour for mangrove crab feed in stimulating growth. This study used an experimental method conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments and 3 replicates. Treatments in this study include: A (Control), B (7.5%), C (15%), D (22.5%) and E (30%). The results showed that the administration of mulberry leaf flour with different doses in mangrove crab feed had a real effect (P<0.05) on the growth of absolute weight (W), absolute length (P), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and feed utilization efficiency (EPP) and had no real effect (P>0.05) on the Survival Rate (SR). Treatment C (15%) is the best dose of mulberry leaf flour that can support the growth and survival of mangrove crabs. the highest values were W (14.6±2.6 d), P (0.6±0.3 b), SGR (0.34±0.06 s), FCR (18.39±3.50 a) and EPP (48.51±2.80 c).

Sustainable Harvesting Alone Cannot Prevent Decline of the Green Crab Fishery in Portugal

ABSTRACTEstuarine fisheries are of high regional socio‐economic importance worldwide, by providing an important livelihood for many families. The Portuguese green crab (Carcinus maenas) fishery was assessed using a socio‐economic assessment to understand the importance of the fishery and a stock assessment analysis to determine the exploitation status of the fishery during 1960–2020. Fisher knowledge revealed that crab fishing was a family affair that provided a livelihood for hundreds of families directly targeting crabs, with catches exported to Spain during 1960–1990s, and in later years, crab demand increased as bait for octopus fishing. Despite its socio‐economic importance, the fishery was regulated without a scientific basis and economic value of crabs remained similar through time. Annual landings never exceeded sustainable catch rates, but engagement in the crab fishery declined due to low economic value of crabs compared to other fisheries and regulatory hurdles. Consequently, the number of fishermen declined to 20–30 elderly men fishing on the largest estuaries, with the fishery currently on the verge of extinction. Fishers pointed to a reduction in the minimum landing size and enforcement of crab‐specific trap regulations as ways to avert fishery decline. Such changes would stimulate recruitment of new crab fishers, while reducing fishing pressure on other estuarine resources through fisheries diversification.

PEMASARAN KOMODITAS TERIPANG (Holothuroidea) DI KECAMATAN TANIMBAR SELATAN KABUPATEN MALUKU TENGGARA BARAT

Sea cucumbers are a delicious food that is favored by the Chinese community and holds high economic value in the market. They are also traded in dried or preserved forms. According to the Fisheries and Marine Database study, various economically valuable species of sea cucumbers have been identified in the West Southeast Maluku Regency, such as Holothuria scrabra, Holothuria fuscogilva, Holothuria edulis, Telenota ananas, Telenota anax, and Tripeneustes gratilla. This research aims to examine the marketing channels and the factors influencing the production of sea cucumber commodities. The results of the study indicate that: 1) the marketing channel for sea cucumber commodities in Tanimbar Selatan District operates as a one-level marketing system. The marketing functions performed by various marketing entities are as follows: producers carry out six marketing functions, local collectors perform all eight marketing functions, and processing enterprises undertake seven marketing functions. The marketing map illustrates that the distribution of sea cucumber commodities occurs in Tanimbar Selatan, involving producers and local collectors, and extends to inter-provincial regions involving local traders and processing enterprises. 2) the total marketing cost for sea cucumber commodities is IDR 22.860,546 for a single marketing period. The marketing entity incurring the highest cost is local collectors (73.51%), followed by consumers (25.83%), and producers (0.65%). Moreover, the marketing margin for sea cucumbers is IDR 32.164/kg. From this margin and the costs incurred, the average profit at the producer level is IDR 214.397/kg, while the average profit at the local collector level is IDR 29.241/kg. 3) simultaneously, the factors of the fishing season, education, price, and transportation costs significantly impact the production volume of sea cucumbers. However, when analyzed separately, only the fishing season factor significantly affects the production volume, while the other three factors do not have a substantial impact.

What Can Popular Music and Library Music Learn from Each Other?

Because library music is made with the specific goal of future media use, its consideration might seem incongruous with broader histories of popular music or irrelevant to challenges facing the popular music industries. Yet both popular music and library music are defined against a shared set of cultural and commercial values, and both have adapted to shifts in media production, circulation, and consumption. In this article, I consider how popular music and library music have engaged with notions of art, responded to digitalisation, and revealed assumptions about the cultural and economic value of music. A side-by-side comparison reveals similarities and differences between popular music and library music that help us better understand changes affecting them both, as well as how we listen to music and how musicians make money from music.

STATUS KELEMBAGAAN KELOMPOK MASYARAKAT PENGAWAS BIDANG PERIKANAN DI NEGERI HUKURILA KECAMATAN LEITIMUR SELATAN KOTA AMBON

One of the Fisheries Supervisory Community Groups in Ambon City is the "Tihulessy" Community Supervisory Group in Hukurila Village, South Leitimur District. The fisheries supervisory community group has carried out its duties/obligations for 2 years, but there is a main obstacle, namely that there are no adequate monitoring facilities and infrastructure so that monitoring activities are limited to the nearest sea and coastal areas. For this reason, an evaluation of the level of institutional development of fisheries supervisory community groups needs to be carried out, so this research aims to analyze the level of development and determine priorities for institutional development of fisheries supervisory community groups in Hukurila State. Primary data obtained through structured interviews using a questionnaire with 10 respondents was then analyzed qualitatively using an institutional development framework approach. The research results show that the institutional status is low or does not have sufficient institutional resources to ensure its continuity. Institutional development priorities are divided into: 1). The short-term priority scale is increasing the quality and quantity of roles, namely the task of monitoring fisheries resources; 2). The medium-term priority scale is organizational development, improving leadership, improving management systems, building relationships/communication/and coordination, budget management, and procurement of work support facilities and tools; and 3). The long-term priority scale is increasing skills and developing members, as well as developing products or the economic value of fisheries resources in Hukurila Village.

Modeling Cork Yield, Thickness, Price, and Gross Income in the Portuguese Cork Oak Montado

The cork oak (Quercus suber L.) woodlands, known as montados in Portugal, hold significant economic, cultural, social, and environmental value. They are found in the Mediterranean Sea basin, particularly in the Iberian Peninsula, and sustain various activities like silvopastoralism, with cork being a primary product. Despite its economic significance, challenges such as climate change threaten its sustainability. This study aimed to analyze the edaphoclimatic variables affecting cork yield, thickness, price, and gross income in the Alentejo region of Portugal. A total of 35 farmers were selected for the data collection included in this study. Multivariable linear regressions were performed to establish relationships between cork yield, thickness, price, and gross income as dependent variables, various edaphoclimatic factors, and tree densities. A higher tree density correlates with an increased cork yield but a decreased cork thickness. Soil pH affects cork yield and thickness, with a lower pH favoring higher cork yields but thinner cork. A higher clay and silt content in horizon soil C enhances cork thickness and raises the price but reduces the cork yield. Higher accumulated precipitation and temperatures contribute to higher yields and thicknesses of cork. It is concluded that the relationships between the dependent and the independent variables are complex but partially explainable. Understanding these relationships is paramount to ensure sustainable management practices are adopted that are capable of addressing issues raised in the current context of climate change.

Defining a core set of research and development priorities for virtual care in the post-pandemic environment: a call to action.

To identify research and development priorities for virtual care following the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic from the perspective of key stakeholders (patients, clinicians, informaticians and academics). Qualitative study using a modified nominal group technique. Online semi-structured interviews and workshops held in November 2022 and February 2023. Health workers involved in delivering virtual care in two metropolitan local health districts and one specialty statewide network, and people who had received care from these sites, were recruited using passive snowball sampling. Research and academic staff from a tertiary institution were also invited to participate. Priorities to support a translational research agenda for virtual care. Twenty-five individuals participated including 18 innovation deliverers, two innovation recipients and five implementation facilitators. Stakeholders identified several key priorities for developing virtual care models and for sustaining and scaling virtual care services. These included demonstrating the economic and societal value of virtual care, developing a common framework to support evaluation and comparison of virtual care services, ensuring virtual care services integrate acute and primary care, and defining which models of care are most appropriate for virtual care delivery. As the health system recalibrates with the return of in-person care, there is a growing need to demonstrate the value of virtual care models to patients, the health system, and society at large. Demonstrating this value while also demonstrating improvements to health outcomes will future-proof virtual care, enabling it to be used to address broader challenges of health care delivery. In addition, sustaining virtual care will depend on robust operational structures and workforce training and education. As services evolve, research and development priorities must be revisited to ensure that translational research aligns with stakeholder interests.

Non-Destructive Detection and Visualization of Chlorophyll Content in Cherry Tomatoes Based on Hyperspectral Technology and Machine Learning

The cherry tomato has an important economic value and an increasingly broad market, and the chlorophyll content of cherry tomato leaves can directly reflect the plant’s photosynthetic ability, thus indirectly reflecting its growth status. Therefore, this paper proposes a regression detection method for chlorophyll in cherry tomato leaves by combining machine learning and hyperspectral technology to realize non-destructive, fast, and more accurate detection. Firstly, Moving-Average (MA) preprocessing was chosen as the pretreatment method for this paper, and three regression models of principal component regression (PCR), random forest (RF), and partial least squares regression (PLSR) were established with leaf chlorophyll under different nitrogen concentrations. The CARS_PLSR algorithm has the highest prediction accuracy with accuracy, precision, RMSEC, and RMSEP of 0.8790, 0.9187, 2.9581, and 2.5578, respectively. The study examined the impact of various nitrogen concentrations on the chlorophyll content of cherry tomato leaves, and it was found that the high concentration of nitrogen inhibited the SPAD value of cherry tomato leaves more than that of the low concentration, and the optimal concentration of nitrogen fertilization for tomatoes was 300 mg·L−1. Finally, a regression model was established by using CARS-PLSR combined with the pseudo-color map technology, and a distribution map of chlorophyll content in different SPAD value gradients of cherry tomato leaves was obtained, which could visualize the distribution of chlorophyll and its distribution sites in the leaves and understand the growth status of cherry tomatoes. The distribution of chlorophyll content in different SPAD values of cherry tomato leaves was obtained by using the CARS-PLSR regression model combined with pseudo-color map technology, which can visualize the distribution of chlorophyll in the leaves and the parts of distribution and understand the growth condition of cherry tomatoes. Finally, the optimal model is applied in conjunction with a sprayer to automate fertilizer application.

Community Empowerment in Processing Starfruit Into Innovative Snack Products As an Effort to Increase the Economic Value of Local Fruits

This community service aims to empower housewives in Ende Tengah Sub-district, Ende Regency, through training in processing starfruit into innovative snack products. This activity was carried out as an effort to increase the economic value of local fruits and community productivity. The method used was training and demonstration of making starfruit processed products. The results of the activity showed an increase in participants' knowledge and skills in processing starfruit into economically valuable products. This activity has the potential to increase household income and encourage entrepreneurial development based on local products

Calligraphy Art in Contemporary Packaging Design

Traditional culture plays a vital role in packaging design. This article explores how to incorporate the elements of small seal characters into the packaging design of stationery products to show its unique cultural heritage and artistic charm. Based on the importance of traditional culture and the cultural value of stationery brands, this article analyzes the artistic interpretation of small seal characters and their historical application in packaging design to explore the cultural connotations of existing stationery packaging design. By analyzing the problems existing in the packaging design of stationery products and finding solutions to the problems, this article explores how to combine the small seal characters with modernization in the packaging of stationery products through innovative design techniques, and finally completes the practice of stationery packaging design that meets the aesthetic needs of young people. It is hoped that this example will be used to try to achieve the purpose of enhancing the market competitiveness, economic value and aesthetic value of stationery products.

Silkworm Girl, Sericultural EcoGothic, and the Anthropocene

The article looks at the connection between Chinese folklores and the Anthropocene, examining the tale of the silkworm girl in ancient Chinese mythologies and folklores from an EcoGothic perspective of human-nonhuman alliance (as well as its betrayal). The process of sericultural development in Asia works in tandem with the formation of the renowned “silk road,” an international commercial (as well as military) route for the exchange of goods and materials from East Asia and Central Asia to Europe and the Mediterranean region. The myth of the silkworm girl encapsulates an eco-economic co-existence among human beings, animals, plants, and matter in its most rudimentary form. My discussion focuses on the two versions of the story of the silkworm girl, one from an earlier collection of folklore—Sou shen ji (In Search of the Supernatural: The Written Record) by Jin Dynasty historian, Bao Gan, in China—and the other one by Guan Ting Du—Yong Cheng Ji Sian Lu (Records of the Assembled Transcendents of the Fortified Walled City), a later collection of stories compiled in the Tang dynasty. While silkworms in ancient Chinese literature and the sericulture they embody have been associated with agricultural advancement through the human domestication and extraction of natural resources, the anthropocentric interpretations of the moral lessons conveyed in those tales about the economic value their industry and productivity symbolize is problematized by the girl-horse metamorphosis and their symbiotic relationship with mulberry trees. Their representations are further complicated by the military involvement in sericulture. This article compares diverging representations of the silkworm girl within the context of the sericultural practice, particularly the man-horse-silkworm-mulberry entanglement, to reconsider the ecological significance of Asian mythologies in the age of our Anthropocene crisis.

Value-Added Foods: Composition, Sensory, and Consumer Research

The term “value-added” continues to be a relevant topic for global research, especially when it is related to increased economic value, increased consumer satisfaction, food waste reduction, and sustainability [...]

Pollen Composition from Coexisting Melipona scutellaris and Tetragonisca angustula Nests in a Semi-urban Meliponary Setting.

The Meliponini tribe is the most diverse group of social bees, thriving across tropical regions. Breeding stingless bees (meliponiculture) holds significant ecological and economic value. In meliponaries, multiple species often share small foraging areas, a scenario less common in natural environments. Due to deforestation, stingless bees face a diminishing availability of natural nesting sites, which are often found in hollow tree trunks. Consequently, meliponaries serve as a crucial nesting resource. In this study, we examined whether Melipona scutellaris and Tetragonisca angustula share pollen resources when reared closely together in high-density nest environment at the RCCO Meliponary in Aldeia, Camaragibe, and Pernambuco, which could potentially lead to competition. Our findings indicate that these bee species utilize different pollen sources, being Araceae type 1, Mimosoideae type 1, Asteraceae type 1, and Myrtaceae type 1 the most important for differentiating between groups. Their daily activity periods outside the nest differ, leading to varying responses to changes in temperature and humidity. The results suggest that competition for pollen resources may not be a significant issue between the two bee species in such situations.

Shortening the Payback Period of Greenhouse Gas Reduction Benefits from Photovoltaic Rooftop Systems

This paper presents an analysis of shortening the payback period of greenhouse gas reduction benefits from photovoltaic rooftop systems. The objective was to evaluate the amount of carbon credits generated and their returns. The study includes an economic analysis and a comparison of the economic outcomes with and without the consideration of carbon credits from 149.80 kWp and 25.68 kWp photovoltaic rooftop systems. The study evaluated the amount of electrical energy produced by the photovoltaic rooftop systems, estimated using the PVsyst program version 7.3.1, at a factory in Pathum Thani Province, Thailand. The economic indices analyzed in this study include the payback period, net present value (NPV), benefit–cost ratio (B/C ratio), and internal rate of return (IRR). The analysis is divided into four case studies: Case 1 is the base case, and Cases 2, 3, and 4 consider carbon credits for 7, 14, and 25 years, respectively. The economic indices analyzed in Case 1 include the financial internal rate of return (FIRR), payback period, financial net present value (FNPV), and B/C ratio. In Cases 2, 3, and 4, the economic indices analyzed are the economic internal rate of return (EIRR), the economic net present value (ENPV), the B/C ratio, and the payback period. This paper outlines a new economic calculation approach that incorporates carbon credits produced by photovoltaic rooftop systems, which helps achieve break-even points more quickly. It also discusses the application of carbon credits in conjunction with renewable energy.

Functional Study of PTSMAD4 in the Spermatogenesis of the Swimming Crab Portunus trituberculatus

Portunus trituberculatus holds significant economic value. The spermatogenesis is regulated by numerous signaling pathways. Among them, the TGF-β signaling pathway plays an important role in the development of testes and spermatogenesis. Smad4 is a Co-Smad protein that forms a complex with R-Smad to regulate the expression of target genes. The sperm structure in crustaceans differs greatly from that in mammals, with mature sperm lacking tails. Our previous studies have reported the function of R-Smad in the spermatogenesis of P. trituberculatus. In this study, we cloned the full-length cDNA sequence of PTSMAD4; immunofluorescence technology revealed that PTSMAD4 is expressed throughout all stages of spermatogenesis. We knocked down the expression of PTSMAD4 in P. trituberculatus using RNAi technology, and the immunofluorescence results show abnormal co-localization and weakened signals of PTSMAD4 and PTSMAD2. Additionally, transcriptome sequencing results enriched functional genes and pathways related to spermatogenesis. This study indicates that PTSMAD4 may participate in the spermatogenesis process through its involvement in signal transduction. This research not only lays the foundation for further study of the function of the TGF-β signaling pathway in spermatogenesis but also provides a theoretical basis for further investigation of the spermatogenesis mechanism in crustaceans.