Feed Conversion Ratio Values Research Articles

Partial Replacement of Fish Meal with an Aquatic Macrophyte, Ceratophyllum demersum in the Diet of Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio var. communis Fingerlings

A 12-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the nutrient utilization, growth performance, and hematological indices of Cyprinus carpio var. communis fingerlings fed diets based on aquatic macrophyte, Ceratophyllum demersum as a replacement of fish meal (FM). Six isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets containing graded levels of C. demersum 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%, respectively, as replacer of FM were formulated. Total of 360 fingerlings with an initial weight of 3.65 ± 0.98 g were randomly stocked in 70 L plastic tanks water volume 60 L connected with a continuous flow-through system (1–1.5 L/min) for each treatment and were run in triplicate having 20 fish in each tank. At the end of the feeding trial, it was observed that the C. carpio var. communis fingerlings receiving 5% and 10% C. demersum in the diet showed improvements in live weight gain (LWG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and protein efficiency rate (PER). While further addition of C. demersum as a replacement of FM from 15% to 25% led to the progressive decline in the values of LWG, SGR, FCR, and PER. Hematological data also exhibited a linear declining trend beyond the 10% C. demersum replacement level. The fish fed with higher inclusions of C. demersum in each diet significantly (P<0.05) affected whole body composition with the lowest protein and fat amounts recorded at higher replacement levels significantly (P<0.05). The highest protein and fat contents were observed at 5% and 10% diets. Except serum glucose, cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), the other serum indices exhibited a decreasing trend with increasing inclusion of C. demersum in the diet. The results of the present study clearly demonstrated that the inclusion of 10% C. demersum did not affect the growth and other parameters of C. carpio var. communis fingerlings compared to the 50% FM diet. However, it is recommended that 10% FM can be substituted without compromising the growth and nutritional quality of fish.

Dietary Nanozeolite Powder to Reduce Water Total Ammonia Nitrogen (TAN) and Improve Growth Performance and Plasma Biochemical Indices of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The effects of nanoscale synthetic zeolite powder (NZeP) levels in diet on water quality, growth performance, muscle proximate composition, and some blood biochemical indices of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings were evaluated in a 60‐day experiment. One hundred eighty fish with an average weight of 5.91 ± 0.45 g were distributed in three different groups of control (basal diet without NZeP), NZP0.5% (basal diet + 0.5% NZeP), and NZeP1% (basal diet + 1% NZeP) with triplicate. The zeolite particles were characterized via field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with X‐ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (FE‐SEM/EDS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The results revealed that the total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentration in the NZeP dietary groups decreased compared to the control group after the 20th day of the experiment (p < 0.05). The TAN concentration in the NZeP1% group was lower than in the NZeP0.5% group on days 50 and 60 (p < 0.05). The final weight, weight gain, and average daily gain parameters were lower in the fish fed on NZeP1%‐supplemented diet than in other dietary groups (p < 0.05). The feed conversion ratio value decreased in the NZeP dietary groups compared to the control (p < 0.05). The lowest FCR value was recorded in the NZeP1% dietary group (p < 0.05). The muscle crude protein content increased in the fish fed on diet supplemented with NZeP1% in comparison to the control (p < 0.05). The aspartate aminotransferase (AST) concentration decreased in the plasma of fish fed on NZeP‐supplemented diets compared to the control (p < 0.05). The plasma glucose concentration was lower in the NZeP1% dietary group than the control (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the adding nanozeolite powder at a level of 1% to diet had positive effects on water quality, the growth performance, and muscle proximate composition of Nile tilapia fingerlings.

Effects of Zinc-Gluconate Levels on Growth Performance, Whole-Body Composition, and Mineral and Enzyme Activities of Juvenile Mori (Cirrhinus mrigala).

Zinc (Zn) is an important dietary nutrient for the optimum growth performance, feed efficiency, normal metabolism, and fish health. Unfortunately, Zn requirement for mori (Cirrhinus mrigala) is not available. This experiment was designed to assess the impacts of Zn-gluconate levels on growth performance, feed utilization, mineral composition, and enzyme activities of mori and determines the optimum requirement of Zn-gluconate for this species. For this purpose, seven isonitrogenous (29.18%) and isolipidic (10.71%) purified diets were formulated with graded Zn-gluconate levels (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 mg/kg). A total of 525 juveniles (4.30 ± 0.13 g) were distributed in 21 tanks. All treatments were assessed in triplicates. At the end of the trial (90 days), a progressive increase in final weight (FW) was observed in mori fed with 0-40 mg/kg of Zn-gluconate, remained constant at 50 mg/kg of Zn-gluconate, and significantly decreased at 60 mg/kg of Zn-gluconate. Similarly, weight gain and specific growth rate followed a similar pattern, while weight gain% increased till 40 mg/kg of Zn-gluconate. However, further increase (40-60 mg/kg) had a non-significant effect on weight gain%. Diet supplemented with 40 mg/kg of Zn-gluconate resulted in optimum values for feed intake and feed conversion ratio. Supplementation of Zn-gluconate did not affect dry matter, crude fat, and crude ash at all graded levels. However, whole body crude protein was significant in response to Zn-gluconate supplementation. Furthermore, Zn-gluconate absorption enhanced from 0 to 40 mg/kg of Zn-gluconate and remained constant afterward. Whole body mineral activity also followed a similar pattern. Overall, Zn-gluconate supplementation enhanced (P < 0.05) mineral activity in all parts of the tested parts of mori, including bones, scales, skin, eyes, heart, liver, and kidney. Moreover, the highest (P < 0.05) mineral activity in the skin, heart, liver, and kidney was observed in 60 mg/kg of Zn-gluconate. Supplementation of Zn-gluconate significantly increased the activity of alkaline phosphatase while it reduced thiobarbituric acid reactive substance contents of mori. The optimal dietary requirement of Zn-gluconate was recorded as 43.86 mg/kg through broken-line regression for maximum weight gain% of mori juveniles. Conclusively, 40 mg/kg of Zn-gluconate supplementation significantly enhanced the health of C. mrigala. However, a further increase in Zn-gluconate supplementation from 40 to 60 mg/kg did not significantly improve the above-mentioned parameters.

Performance and feed digestibility of sentul chicken fed hydrolyzed maggot (Hermetia illucens) meal produced by crude enzymes from tempeh yeast

Maggot is the larva of the Black Soldier Fly (BSF) which has the potential as an alternative protein source for poultry. The study aimed to examine the supplementation of hydrolyzed and non-hydrolyzed maggot meals to increase the performance and feed digestibility of Sentul chicken feed. Crude enzymes produced from Tempeh yeast were used as inoculum starters. The research method used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 7 treatments and 3 replications, each replication consisted of five Sentul chickens of four weeks old. The treatments were R0 = basal feed (control), R1 = R0 + 2% non-hydrolyzed maggot, R2 = R0 + 4% non-hydrolyzed maggot, R3 = R0 + 6% non-hydrolyzed maggot, R4 = R0 + 2% hydrolyzed maggot, R5 = R0 + 4% hydrolyzed maggot, R6 = R0 + 6% hydrolyzed maggot. Variables observed were feed intake (FI), total weight (TW), weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), crude protein digestibility (CPD), and crude fiber digestibility (CFD). The data were analyzed utilizing Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's honestly significance difference (HSD) test was also conducted. The results demonstrated that the addition of maggot meal had a significant impact (P&lt;0.01) on the variables TW, WG, FCR, and CPD, and a moderately significant impact (P&lt;0.05) on FI and CFD. When supplemented with 4% and 6% non-hydrolyzed maggot meal, FI and CFD were raised. However, when supplemented with the same percentage of hydrolyzed maggot meal, there was a significant increase in WG and TW while also decreasing the FCR value. Incorporation of 4% hydrolyzed (R5) maggot meal optimized WG, TW and FCR values, and boosted the CPD coefficient from 82.16 ± 1.46 (R0) to 93.14 ± 0.15 and CFD from 60.01 ± 2.40 (R0) to 83.90 ± 0.40 (R6) at the 6% level. In conclusion, the supplementation of hydrolyzed maggot (Hermetia illucens) meal, with crude enzymes from Tempeh yeast, significantly enhanced the performance and feed digestibility of Sentul chicken diets. Supplementation of 4 and 6% gave relatively the same performance, but the best digestibility was found in addition of 6%. Key words: enzymes, digestibility, larvae, performance, sentul-chicken, tempeh, supplementation, hydrolysis

Protective influence of supplementary betaine against heat stress by regulating intestinal oxidative status and microbiota composition in broiler chickens.

To assess the impact of supplementing betaine (BT) under heat stress (HS) conditions on broiler performance and intestinal health from 21 to 42days of age, a total of 150 male Ross 308 broilers were indiscriminately allotted to 3 treatments with 10 replications of 5 birds each. The control (CON) group was given a basal ration and accommodated at a thermoneutral condition (22 ± 1°C), whereas the HS and HS + BT groups were raised under cyclic HS (33 ± 1°C for 8h and 22 ± 1°C for 16h per day) and received the basal ration without or with 1000mg/kg BT, respectively. The HS reduced average daily gain (ADG); average daily feed intake; villus height (VH); VH to crypt depth (CD) ratio (VCR); activities of trypsin, lipase, glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and catalase; and enumeration of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium (P < 0.05) and augmented feed conversion ratio (FCR), CD, malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, and enumeration of Escherichia coli, Clostridium, and coliforms (P < 0.05). Conversely, BT supplementation heightened ADG, VH, VCR, trypsin activity, GPX activity, and populations of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium (P < 0.05) and lowered FCR, MDA accumulation, and Clostridium population (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the FCR value, trypsin and GPX activities, MDA content, and Bifidobacterium and Clostridium populations in the HS + BT group were nearly equivalent to those in the CON group. To conclude, feeding BT under HS conditions could improve broiler performance through improving intestinal health by specifically mitigating oxidative damage and enhancing the colonization of beneficial bacteria.

The addition of Mucuna pruriens seed extract with different dosage on feed conversion ratio and feed efficiency of Rasbora argyrotaenia

The objectives of this research were: 1) determine the effect of feed supplementation using velvet beans (Mucuna pruriens) seed extract with different doses on the feed conversion ratio and feed efficiency of silver barb (R. argyrotaenia), 2) determine the optimal dose of feed supplementation using velvet beans seed extract in silver barb on the value of feed conversion ratio and feed efficiency. This research used an experimental method with a completely randomized design consisting of five treatments of commercial feed without any addition (P0), 0.1 ml/kg velvet beans seed extract addition (P1), 1 ml/kg velvet beans seed extract addition (P2), 10 ml/kg velvet beans seed extract addition (P3), 35 ml/kg velvet seed beans extract addition (P4) in four replication for each treatments. The results of the supplementation with a different concentration of velvet beans seed extract addition showed significant difference (P < 0.05) on the specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and feed efficiency of R. argyrotaenia. The highest efficiency and feed conversion ratio of the supplementation of R. argyrotaenia feed obtained from addition of 0.1 ml/kg velvet beans seed extract.

Feed conversion ratio and feed efficiency of giant gouramy (Osphronemus goramy) seed with different densities on biofloc media

This study aims to determine the effect of different densities on the feed conversion ratio and feed efficiency of giant gourami on biofloc media. This study used an experimental method using a completely randomized design. Giant gourami seeds were reared for 42 days with four treatments and three replications. K1 (control, non-biofloc, density of 100 fish/pond), K2 (control, non-biofloc, density of 150 fish/pond), P1 (treatment of biofloc with a density of 100 fish/pond), and P2 (treatment of biofloc with a density of 150 fish/pond)). The results showed that different densities had no significant effect on the feed conversion ratio and feed efficiency of giant gourami seeds on biofloc media (p>0.05). However, the lowest feed conversion ratio value was found in treatment P2 (1.17 ± 0.01), then followed by treatment P1 (1.28 ± 0.2), K1 (1.99 ± 1.02), and the highest value was in treatment K2. (2.11 ± 0.83). The highest feed utilization efficiency value was found in treatment P2 (85.78 ± 0.01%), then followed by treatment P1 (79.10 ± 0.11%), K1 (58.58 ± 0.24%), and the lowest value was found in treatment K2 (52.02 ± 0.18%).

The potential synergistic action of quercetin and/or Pediococcus acidilactici on Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus performance

An 84-day experimental trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary quercetin, Pediococcus acidilactici or combined on growth performance, intestinal digestive enzymes, feed utilization, bacterial counts, intestinal histo-morphometric indices, hemato-biochemical indices, and antioxidant responses in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Four isonitrogenous (30.34 g kg−1 of crude protein) and isocaloric (19.21 MJ kg−1 gross energy) diets were formulated from practical ingredients. The first diet was the control diet. The other three formulated diets were supplemented with 5 g quercetin (quer) kg−1 diet or P. acidilacticiat 2 × 109 CFU kg− 1 (probiotic; pro), and their mixture 5 g quercetin kg−1 + 2 × 109P. acidilactici (CFU kg− 1) (pro-quer). A total number of 300 healthy fingerlings (Initial average weight 4.51 ± 0.01 g) were randomly allocated into four groups (25 fish for each group in triplicates). The results showed that the best values of growth, feed efficiency, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded in fish fed diet containing pro-quer. The activity of endogenous enzymes including; amylase, lipase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin was substantially boosted (P < 0.05) by supplemental diets with quercetin, probiotic, and pro-quer. Furthermore, fish fed diet supplemented with pro-quer had greater villi width, villi height, goblet cells, absorption area, muscularis mucosa, and muscularis. The highest total intestinal and gut bacterial counts were detected in fish fed diet supplemental with probiotic. Diets supplemented with quercetin, probiotic, and pro-quer substantially improved hematological markers including hematocrit (Htc), hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC), and white blood cell (WBC) counts. The fish given a pro-quer diet had the lowest significant (P < 0.05) ALT value, whereas that fed quercetin had the lowest AST value. Serum total protein, globulin, and albumin levels were higher (P < 0.05) in fish fed diets containing quercetin, probiotic, and pro-quer compared to the control diet, with the greatest levels found in those fed diet supplemented with quercetin. However, supplementation of quercetin, probiotic, and pro-quer, lowered the levels of cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride. The supplemental diets with quercetin, probiotic, and pro-quer improved the activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) compared with the control diet. In conclusion, the synergetic effect between quercetin and probiotic ameliorated the growth, feed efficiency, intestinal digestive enzymes, intestinal histological morphometric, hemato-biochemical indices, and antioxidant responses of Nile tilapia.

The Effect of Giving Lamtoro Leaf Meal (Leucaena leucocephala) with Different Concentrations in Feed on the Growth and Survival Rate of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

This research aims to determine the effect of adding Lamtoro leaf flour to feed at different levels on the growth and survival of Tilapia. The test fish seeds used were relatively the same, namely approximately ± 5-8 cm, obtained from one of the members of the fish cultivator group in Kertayasa Village, Pangandaran. The containers used in this research were 12 with a net size of 1x1x1m3. The density of Tilapia seeds during the research was 20 fish/plot with the amount of feed provided being 5% of the fish biomass. The method used in this research was an experimental method using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments used were (A) without giving Lamtoro leaf flour (control), (B) giving 5% Lamtoro leaf flour, (C) giving 10% Lamtoro leaf flour and (D) giving 15% Lamtoro leaf flour. This research was carried out for 40 days starting in May-June 2023, taking place in Kertayasa Village, Cijulang District, Pangandaran Regency. Parameters observed included absolute weight growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and survival rate (SR). The results showed that giving Lamtoro leaf flour to feed had a significant effect (P&lt;0.05) on absolute weight growth with the highest treatment being treatment C (10% Lamtoro leaf flour) at 20 g, but no significant effect (P&gt;0.05) to the value of feed conversion ratio and survival rate.

Utilization of Coconut Shell Liquid Smoke on Quail Performance at Grower Period

Antioxidants from coconut shell liquid smoke can overcome oxidative stress in quail. This study aims to analyze the effect of coconut shell liquid smoke (ACTK) on the performance of quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) during the grower period. The research method used a completely randomized designconsisting of 5 treatment levels with 3 replications, namely P0 (control), P1 (0.25 mL/L ACTK), P2 (0.50 mL/L ACTK), P3 (0.75 mL/L ACTK) and P4 (1 mL/L ACTK). Variables measured included initial body weight, final body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, water intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR),morbidity, mortality, and income over feed quail cost (IOFQC). The results showed that giving ACTK had no significant effect (P&gt;0.05) on feed intake, water intake, and body weight gain. The morbidity and mortality rates in this study were 0%. The best FCR value was obtained at P4 (4.28). The highest IOFQC value was at P4 (Rp 1.578,92). This study concludes that giving coconut shell liquid smoke to female quails during the grower period through drinking water had no significant effect on feed intake, water intake, and body weight gain. A dose of 1 mL/L of ACTK produced the best FCR and IOFQC values.

Effect of alpha-ketoglutarate supplementation on growth, antioxidant capacity, gene expression and amino acid profile in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) under varying protein diets

Protein is the most expensive component in aquafeed and emphasis is given to reduce dietary protein levels without compromising growth. Alpha ketoglutarate (AKG) promotes protein synthesis in fish and improves growth. The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of AKG with different dietary protein levels on growth, nutrient utilisation, antioxidant status and immunity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Five diets were prepared with different levels of protein such as 20 (P20A), 25 (P25A), 30 (P30A) and 35 % (P35A) with 1 % AKG and 35 % protein without AKG (P35C). Nile tilapia fingerlings (300) were randomly stocked in fifteen 150 L capacity FRP tanks with 20 fingerlings (9.91 ± 0.06 g) in each. The fish were then fed with experimental diets twice daily for 60 days. The fish fed with P30A had significantly (P < 0.05) higher growth performance and nutrient utilisation. However, there was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in final body weight and weight gain of tilapia fed with P35C and P25Adiets. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in P20A group and other groups showed alike (P > 0.05) FCR value. The whole body protein and lipid contents of final fish were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in P30A and P25A, respectively. The P25A, P30A and P35A showed increased (P < 0.05) activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). The activity of metabolic enzymes were also higher in higher protein levels with AKG (P30A and P35A). The expression level of growth gene insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) was significantly up-regulated (P < 0.05) in the P30A. In addition, the relative expression levels of the pro-inflammatory factors tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in P30A, P25A, and P20A. Total amino acid profile of fish was higher in P35C group. In summary, the optimal choice for enhancing growth and health in Nile tilapia appears to be a diet comprising 30 % protein and 1 % AKG. However, diet of 25 % CP with AKG showed equivalent result in terms growth that of 35 % CP level without AKG. Hence, 25 % protein with 1 % AKG can effectively fulfil protein requirement in tilapia.

Effects of dietary thiamin (vitamin B1) on the growth performance, serum biochemical factors, immune response, and antioxidant activity of great sturgeon (Huso huso) juveniles.

The present research evaluated the positive effects of dietary thiamin (vitamin B1) levels on the growth performance, serum biochemistry factors, immune response, and antioxidant activity of great sturgeon (Huso huso) juveniles. Thiamin was included in diets with levels of 0 (control, T0), 7 (T7), 15 (T15), and 25 (T25) mg/kg diet. Measurements of thiamin levels in diets indicated that they contained 1.80 (T0), 8.02 (T7), 16.2 (T15), and 26.6 (T25) mg thiamin/kg feed. Sturgeon juveniles (240 individuals) with average weight of 44.8 ± 1.96g were distributed into 12 tanks, and fed with the experimental diets for 8 weeks. Final weight, body weight gain (%), specific growth rate, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of great sturgeon were significantly influenced by dietary thiamin levels, and the maximum fish performance (P < 0.05) was obtained at a level of 15mg/kg diet. The trypsin, chymotrypsin, creatine kinase, lipase, α-amylase, and alkaline phosphatase activities were notably (P < 0.05) affected by the dietary thiamin levels. The glucose content was not significantly (P > 0.05) different among the experimental treatments. Diets supplemented with thiamine increased significantly (P < 0.05) triglyceride, cholesterol, and total protein levels accompanied with significant (P < 0.05) decreases in aminotransferase aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activities. Serum antioxidant enzymes were remarkably (P < 0.05) higher, while serum malondialdehyde was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the thiamin-treated fish compared with the control group. Total immunoglobulin, lysozyme, and ACH50 values were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in fish fed with thiamin-supplemented diets than in the control group. The results of the present study demonstrated that dietary thiamin have an important role in enhancing the growth performance, immune response, and antioxidant activity of great sturgeon. Based on the regression fitting curve of final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, and FCR values, the optimal level of thiamin is found to be 15.0-17.5mg/kg diet.

Effects of noni fruit extract on the growth performance, digestive enzymes, and stress tolerance of juvenile whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

The effects of noni (Morinda citrifolia) fruit extract supplementation on the growth, survival, digestive enzymes, and stress tolerance of juvenile whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) were investigated. Shrimp were separated into four groups, with each group fed diets containing various concentrations of 0 (Control-T0), 0.5 (T1), 1 (T2), and 1.5% (T3) noni extract over a 56-day period. The results indicate that shrimp fed the T3 diet had the highest final weight, weight gain, daily weight gain, and specific growth rate among all groups. The survival rate and biomass of shrimp showed a significant difference in those groups fed noni-supplemented diets when compared to the control. However, the feed conversion ratio value in the control group was much greater than those of the remaining groups.Amylase activity increased significantly with increasing culture duration and concentrations of noni extract supplementation. In the T3 group, amylase and proteaseactivities exhibited the highest and most significant differences when compared to the control group.Moreover, the T3 group also exhibited a significantly higher survival rate in the challenge tests against low salinity or high ammonia. The results of this study indicate that noni fruit extract could be applied to shrimp feed to enhance growth, survival, and resistance to environmental stresses.

Effects of Water Level on Growth and Survival of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Fingerlings

This study evaluated and compared growth performance and survival of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings cultured in different water level. The water level used was 0.8m (T1), 1.0m (T2) and 1.2m (T3). 120 C. gariepinus fingerlings of initial mean weight 3.45±0.00-3.75±0.00g was fed for 60 days twice a day (morning and evening) with commercial (Coppens) feed at 5% body weight and weighed fortnightly, the new weights were used to adjust the quantity of offered feed to the fish. Weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), survival rate, etc., were determined fortnightly for each treatment. Data resulting from the experiment were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at (P&lt;0.05) significance level. The results shows that the highest (49.64g) weight gain was recorded in T3 followed by T2 (44.68g), and lowest (43.23g) weight gain of was obtained in T1. There were no significant differences (P&lt; 0.05) among the treatment from one another. The highest (53.30g) final weight was obtained in fish, stocked in T3, followed by T2. The least (46.70g) final weight was recorded in T1. There were no significant differences (P&lt;0.05) between the treatment. The least (1.74) feed conversion ratio was obtained in T2, followed by 1.60 T3, and lowest (1.35) value of feed conversion ratio was recorded in T1. It has been observed that, there was no significant differences (P&lt;0.05) between the treatment. Water quality parameters indicate (Table 3) highest (7.85) pH value was recorded in T2 and the lowest (7.28) pH value was obtained in T1. There were no significant differences (P&lt;0.05) between the treatment. The water temperature was higher (25.75) in T2 while the least (25.670C) was obtained in T3, there was no significant differences (P&lt;0.05) between the treatment respectively. Therefore, it can infer that for optimal survival and growth of C. gariepinus fingerlings should be reared in water depth of 1.2m.

Single cell protein from methanotrophic bacteria as an alternative healthy and functional protein source in aquafeeds, a holistic approach in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles

Bacterial single cell protein (BSCP) obtained from methanotrophic bacteria was tested as an alternative protein source to fishmeal (FM) in compound diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles (initial body weight, BW = 11.3 ± 0.2 g, mean ± standard deviation). Different levels of FM replacement (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) by a BSCP (0, 3.75, 7.5, 11.25 and 15% of Uniprotein® Aqua) were tested in isoproteic (crude protein: 42%) and isolipidic (crude fat: 21%) extruded diets. The trial was divided in two different parts, a nutritional trial that lasted 83 days during which the impact of experimental diets was evaluated in terms of key performance indicators (KPIs) associated to fish growth performance and feed utilization, which was followed by a challenge with a pathogenic bacterium (Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida) to evaluate the immunological competence of fish fed the experimental diets (15 days). At the end of the nutritional trial, somatic growth in terms of body weight (BW) responded quadratically (P < 0.05) to the dietary inclusion of BCSP with the lowest BW values (183.4 ± 4.5 g) recorded in fish fed 100% FM replacement with BSCP, whereas the rest of dietary groups showed similar BW values (191.3–201.2 g). Feed intake was not affected by the level of FM replacement by BSCP, whereas feed conversion ratio (FCR) slightly increased with increasing levels of BSCP (P < 0.05), even though the lowest FCR values were found in fish fed 50% FM replacement by BSCP (0.79 ± 0.01) in comparison to the control group (0.81 ± 0.01). When using quadratic linear regression, the optimal dietary FM replacement by BSCP in terms of BW values was estimated as 41.7%. The nutritional quality of the fillet was not altered with experimental diets; all dietary groups showed similar amino acid levels as well as their content in HUFA n-3 and n-6 that remained unaltered (P > 0.05) and lipid nutritional indexes (P > 0.05). No negative effects were observed in the histological organization of the liver nor the proximate intestine, neither in the lipid peroxidation levels nor activity of antioxidative stress enzymes in the liver from fish fed increased inclusion levels of BSCP (P < 0.05). The replacement of FM by the tested BSCP obtained from methanotrophic bacteria did not cause an imbalance or dysbiosis in the intestinal microbiota in rainbow trout regardless of the level of FM replaced. The replacement of FM by BSCP at 50% improved disease resistance in rainbow trout exposed to furunculosis when compared to the control diet (cumulative mortality = 83.3 ± 7.2% vs. 49.2 ± 15.6%; P < 0.05), which suggested that this ingredient may also have some immunomodulatory properties that would protect fish from infections, although their mode of action deserves further attention. Current results indicated that the tested BSCP from methanotrophic bacteria is a safe, functional, and sustainable alternative protein source for aquafeeds.

Performance of Broiler Chickens Supplemented with Dried Mushroom in Their Diet

In this study, it was evaluated that the growth performance of broiler chicken supplemented with the edible P. florida mushroom, 20g/kg of dried P. eoes mushroom, and 20g/kg of dried P. sajor caju mushroom. Day-old broiler chicks from a single hatch were weighed individually and divided into 4 groups of six birds each at random. The birds will be given a basic diet for starter (0–3weeks) and finisher (4-6 weeks) rations. One group (G1) was kept as the control, while the remaining three groups (G2, G3, and G4) given their chicks the same basic food as G1 combined with various types of mushrooms. Groups G2, G3, and G4 were fed dry P. florida mushroom, P. eoes mushroom, and P. sajor caju mushroom at the dose rate 20g/kg. Throughout the six-week testing period, food and drink were freely available. Feed consumption, body weight, and feed conversion ratio values were monitored weekly. It was found that, the supplementation of Pleurotuus sp. mushroom (P. florida, P. eoes, P. sajor caju respectively) in different groups did not show any effect on feed consumption but improved the growth rate in summer season. It was concluded that Pleurotous florida mushroom required for improvement in growth performance during the summer.

Effect of Different Stocking Density on the Growth of Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Aquaponics Budikdamber System

Budikdamber (fish farming in buckets) is an innovation from the aquaponics system that is carried out to keep catfish (C. gariepinus) and plants in the same container. In the Budikdamber system, it is important to pay attention to the high and low density of fish stocking because the rearing container used is a bucket. The purpose of this research was to determine the growth rate and survival rate of catfish at different stocking densities. This research was conducted with 3 treatments and each treatment had 3 repetitions, treatment A (40 fish/m3), treatment B (80 fish/m3), and treatment C (120 fish/m3). The observations showed that the highest specific growth rate of catfish was found in treatment A with a value of 12.74%, followed by treatment B 12.55% and treatment C 12.20%. The highest survival rate of catfish was found in treatment A, which was 90.8%, followed by treatment B at 87.9%, and treatment C at 86.7%. The highest feed conversion ratio (FCR) of catfish was found in treatment B, which was 0.475, followed by treatment A at 0.445, and the lowest FCR value was found in treatment C, which was 0.368. Water quality parameters measured during observations included dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, acidity (pH), nitrite and nitrate, where all water quality parameters were still considered optimal for growth and survival of catfish.

The Effect of Nano-bentonite Supplementation on Reducing the Toxicity of Aflatoxin B1 in Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan Chickens Diet

Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus are fungi that produce toxic secondary metabolites known as aflatoxins. These toxins can contaminate various food and feed products, including grains and nuts, before or after they are harvested. This contamination is most commonly found in tropical countries. Many studies have demonstrated that clay additions can reduce animal aflatoxin toxicity. The objective of this research was to study how the usage of Pacitan's local bentonite, located in East Java, Indonesia, could potentially decrease the harmful effects of aflatoxin B1 in native chicken species. The Masking Gel Calcification method was used to create bentonite nanoparticles at the Center for Ceramics in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. The in vivo study was conducted at a native chicken farm in Bantul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, with 1200 unsexed Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan (KUB) chickens. Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan chickens were divided into 4 treatments and 6 replications, each containing 50 chickens. The diets in the treatments were named as T0 (the control group in which chickens were fed basal diet, without aflatoxin B1), T1 ( T0 + 200 µg/kg aflatoxin B1), T2 (T0 + 200 µg/kg aflatoxin B1 + 1 g/kg Factory Feed with standard factory absorbent), and T3 (T0 + 200 µg/kg aflatoxin B1 + 1 g/kg nano bentonite). Aspergillus flavus isolates from PAU Universitas Gadjah Mada were created using crude aflatoxin (FNC 2262). This study found a significant difference in KUB chicken performance, specifically in feed conversion ratio (FCR). Compared to T0, the findings indicated that T1 had the highest FCR value, followed by T2 and T3. It can be concluded that nanoparticle bentonite has a looser structure because of decreased packing density with the lowest FCR. Based on hematology analysis, it can suppress aflatoxin B1 toxicity in KUB chickens.

The Effect Giving of Probiotics in Water on Feed Efficiency and Water Quality for Aquaculture Tilapia (Oreochromus niloticus)

This study aims to determine the effect of giving probiotics to water on the value of Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), feed efficiency, and water quality of tilapia (Oreochromus niloticus) aquaculture. This is an experimental research with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments tried were: &#x0D; &#x0D; Treatment K: Without Probiotics, &#x0D; Treatment A: given probiotics at a dose of 1 ppm, &#x0D; Treatment B: given probiotics at a dose of 1.5 ppm, and &#x0D; Treatment D: given probiotics at a dose of 2 ppm &#x0D; &#x0D; The results showed that the water-given probiotics had an effect on the FCR value of the feed and the feed efficiency of tilapia, where the higher the dose of probiotics given, the smaller the FCR value, likewise with the value of feed efficiency, where the higher the dose of probiotics in tilapia rearing water, the higher the value of feed efficiency. The results of water quality measurements, such as temperature, pH, and ammonia, all of these water quality parameters still meet the requirements for the growth of tilapia.

Effects of water temperature on growth performance, digestive enzymes activities, and serum indices of juvenile Coreius guichenoti

This study was conducted to determine the optimal temperature for Juvenile Coreius guichenoti, which is critically endangered in China. Test fish with an initial body weight range of 17.60–18.78 g were reared in 5 independent recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) with three tanks (50 fish/tank) for 8 weeks. The water temperature of the RAS was set at 14 °C, 18 °C, 22 °C, 26 °C, and 30 °C, respectively. At conclusion of the feeding trial, the effects of water temperature on C. guichenoti were analyzed based on survival, growth performance, digestive enzymes activities, and antioxidant capacity. The results showed that the fish survived in all temperature groups. The fish in the groups (26 °C and 30 °C) had higher values of body length, body weight, specific growth rate, weight gain rate, and daily gain than those in the group (22 °C). The lowest values of growth performance were observed in the groups (14 °C and 18 °C) among the 5 groups. The lowest values of feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in the group (26 °C). Regression analysis identified the minimum FCR at 26.55 °C. The feeding rates (FR) were increased gradually with the increase of temperature. Regression analysis identified the maximum FR at 28.33 °C. The activities of protease and lipase in the gut were higher than those in the liver, while amylase activity was lower in the gut than that in the liver. There were no significant differences in activities of protease and lipase among different parts of the intestinal tract at the temperatures range from 18 to 26 °C. When the temperature was out the optimal range, C. guichenoti would be under chronic stress, resulting in decreased lysozyme activity and cortisol concentration.Inconclusion, the optimal temperature for juvenile C. guichenoti is 26.55–28.33 °C based on the maximal growth performance and feed utilization.