Water Content Values Research Articles

Pemanfaatan Limbah Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Sebagai Sumber Energi Terbarukan

Indonesia is the world's largest palm oil producer with a land area of 14.3 million as of 2019. With this area, it will produce biomass in the form of replanted stems, midribs, empty palm oil bunches (TKKS), shells and fruit fibers. Biomass waste, including palm oil solid waste, has the potential to be used as raw material for renewable energy or bioenergy. This study aims to utilize palm oil plantation waste into bio oil and bio briquettes. The raw materials used in this study were empty oil palm fruit bunches (TKKS) and palm oil shell waste. Bio oil is made by the pyrolysis process. This research produces pyrolysis products, namely bio oil as a substitute for diesel fuel from EFB waste and from shells to produce bio briquettes. Found in pyrolysis products, namely bio-oil, aromatic compounds, aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds, acid compounds and hydrocarbon compounds. Hydrocarbon compounds are compounds that exist in fuel oil. In OPEFB bio oil, 19 types of hydrocarbon compounds were found. Meanwhile, bio briquettes from oil palm shells produce a calorific value of > 5000 which has met the Indonesian national standard (SNI) 01-6235 in 2000. Meanwhile, the water content value meets the Indonesian National Standard, which is a maximum of 15%.

Broth Characteristics of Broiler Chicken, Free-Range Chicken, and IPB D1 Chicken

Broth is a product made from beef or poultry by cooking ingredients rich in protein and water, with or without the addition of spices, vegetable fat and sodium chloride. This study aims to determine the physicochemical properties including crude protein, ash, fat, carbohydrates, water activity, and pH as well as organoleptic tests of three types of broth from different chicken meat, namely broiler, free-range chicken, and IPB-D1 chicken. An organoleptic test was performed using quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA). The results showed that the different types of chicken strains did not significantly affect the value of water content, ash content, protein content, pH value and viscosity. The descriptive quantitative analysis (QDA) test followed by the ANOVA test showed that the difference in the types of chicken strains has no significant effect on the sensory attributes of chicken taste, salty taste, tastelessness, bitter aftertaste, and carnation aftertaste. Chicken broth made from native chicken gave the best characteristicresults for the analysis of physicochemical and organoleptic properties.

Quasi-Steady Simulation of Glaze Ice Accretion and Heat Transfer in the Supercooled Large Droplet Regime in Atmospheric Turbulent Air Flow

Abstract To avoid the use of a computationally intensive full unsteady simulation while providing an accurate solution, a quasi-steady simulation has been performed to study glaze and mixed ice accretion in the supercooled large droplet (SLD) regime in turbulent flow of atmospheric air. We have attempted to find the minimum time-step necessary to adequately simulate the icing process on an airfoil surface. Based on node displacement, a mesh morphing scheme has been adopted in the computations to account for the moving boundaries that are caused by the continuous ice buildup. We have modeled ice accretion on an airfoil surface for a time period of 232 s using several time steps. At each time-step we solved the steady-state conservation equations for the air and droplet phases and then used the results as initial conditions for the next time position. The magnitude of the time-step ranged from a least accurate two-shot simulation (where the time-step is 116 s) to a most accurate 2320-shot simulation (where the time-step is 0.1 s). In-between these two extreme time steps, we have performed a three-shot simulation (where the time-step is 77.33 s), a four-shot simulation (where the time-step is 58 s), a six-shot simulation (where the time-step is 38.67 s), a 46-shot simulation (where the time-step is 5 s), and a 232-shot simulation (where the time-step is 1 s). We have done so to find out the degree of accuracy (or inaccuracy) of the multishot simulation approach and to find out the appropriate time-step needed for a successful and valid quasi-steady simulation. A valid quasi-steady simulation needs to use a time-step that is small enough to reproduce the full time-dependent solution within a very small error band. We have found that both the 1 s and the 0.1 s time steps produce virtually identical results. This is the primary litmus test that proves the validity of the quasi-steady-state assumption. The results adopted in this paper are thus all based on the more conservative 0.1 s time-step. In the process of performing the simulations, remeshing was required in order to maintain the grid density in zones of high curvature to be able to capture the full physics in those zones. After successfully modeling glaze ice accretion over the airfoil surface using the 0.1 s quasi-steady simulation approach, the effects of supercooled large droplets (SLDs) impacting the surface have been examined and presented in terms of the variation of the local collection efficiency, the water film thickness, and the heat transfer rate. Examination of the variation of the angle that the ice horn makes with the airfoil chord line demonstrated a 20% improvement in angle prediction when the time-step is reduced from 116 s to 0.1 s. The analysis also reveals a 12% or 8.5% increase in the maximum collection efficiency, βmax, depending on whether the value of the liquid water content (LWC) has been doubled from 0.5 g/m3 to 1 g/m3, or the value of the freestream velocity has been doubled from 75 m/s to 150 m/s, respectively. Because of the need to monitor the local collection efficiency and convective heat fluxes at each shot (regardless of the number of shots employed), the approach adopted here was found to be effective in successively and successfully reproducing the curvature of the glaze ice horn.

Penurunan Konsolidasi Tanah Lempung Kecamatan Sambi Kabupaten Boyolali yang Distabilisasi dengan Limbah Keramik

Based on the preliminary test results, the original soil of the Sambi Boyolali area is classified as inorganic clay with high plasticity. It has a plasticity index value of 31.93%, therefore stabilization is required so that the soil is able to withstand the load of the structure above it. Stabilization was carried out by mixing the soil with ceramic waste that passed the No. 4 sieve with variations of ceramic waste 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% of the weight of the soil sample, which aims to determine changes in physical properties and mechanical properties (consolidation settlement) before and after the soil is stabilized. The results of the physical properties test of the soil after being stabilized with ceramic waste showed a decrease in the value of water content, specific gravity, liquid limit value, and plasticity index as well as an increase in the plastic limit value, shrinkage limit value and the amount of soil that passed sieve No. 200. Soil classification changed from inorganic clay with high plasticity in the original soil, to inorganic clay with low plasticity when mixed with 10% ceramic waste. The results of the mechanical test showed an increase in the value of the maximum dry volume weight of the soil (γdmax) as well as the value of the consolidation coefficient (Cv), and a decrease in the compression index value (Cc) and the consolidation settlement value (Sc).

Effect of The Addition of Acacia Powder Ash and Carbide Welding Ash to Increase the Production of Brick Craftsmen

Many bricks are produced by small business and industries as construction materials. As the population increases, there is also more demand for bricks in construction construction. The materials used in this study are waste from the acacia wood burning process and carbide welding ash waste. These two materials will be tested into additives from making bricks. The research method was carried out using testing of moisture content, specific gravity, Atterberg limit testing (Liquid limit) as well as a visual description of bricks with an outside temperature without a combustion process. Of the three samples, the average moisture content obtained, the lowest moisture content value was 69.41% in a mixture of clay soil plus acacia ash which showed that the soil category was a soft organic clay category with the characteristic that the soil could be pressed with the tip of the thumb so that the soil was suitable to be used as additional raw material in making stone stones without burning. The results of the average soil specific gravity test of 2 samples showed a Gs value of 2.64 at a temperature of t0 C, this shows that the soil with the organic clay category is in accordance with the test results on the moisture content that the clay soil is the basic raw material. The liquid limit test in this study showed the average value of water content in bricks without additives as much as 120.36%: the average value of water content in bricks with additives from the values of the three samples can be known that the mineral clay material is of the montmorillonite type with a liquid limit value of 100-900. Visual observations showed that bricks printed using clay soil raw materials without additives showed a break (split) in half during the drying process for 2 days with a temperature of 30oC; the mixture of clay soil and welded ash of the brick carbide experienced small cracks / crak on the surface with the drying process at the same temperature while the mixture of clay soil with acacia ash showed intact bricks without intact bricks without fractures or cracks on the surface in the drying process using the same temperature.

A soil water indicator for a dynamic model of crop and soil water interaction.

Water scarcity is a critical issue in agriculture, and the development of reliable methods for determining soil water content is crucial for effective water management. This study proposes a novel, theoretical, non-physiological indicator of soil water content obtained by applying the next-generation matrix method, which reflects the water-soil-crop dynamics and identifies the minimum viable value of soil water content for crop growth. The development of this indicator is based on a two-dimensional, nonlinear dynamic that considers two different irrigation scenarios: the first scenario involves constant irrigation, and the second scenario irrigates in regular periods by assuming each irrigation as an impulse in the system. The analysis considers the study of the local stability of the system by incorporating parameters involved in the water-soil-crop dynamics. We established a criterion for identifying the minimum viable value of soil water content for crop growth over time. Finally, the model was calibrated and validated using data from an independent field study on apple orchards and a tomato crop obtained from a previous field study. Our results suggest the advantages of using this theoretical approach in modeling the plants' conditions under water scarcity as the first step before an empirical model. The proposed indicator has some limitations, suggesting the need for future studies that consider other factors that affect soil water content.

Analysis of the Effect of Conveyor Speed in Cryo-Grinding System on Matcha Product Quality

In a cryo-grinding system, a conveyor is one of the important components. On the conveyor, the time of stay of raw materials can be varied, allowing for differences in product quality resulting from different cryo-grinding conveyor speeds. The purpose of this study is to determine the best level of conveyor speed treatment in the cryo-grinding system to produce matcha products with the best color, water content, and water activity. In this study, the variations of conveyor speed on the cryo-grinding system used were 20 rpm, 30 rpm, 40 rpm, and 50 rpm. The matcha samples obtained were tested for color quality (L*, a*, b*) using a chromameter, moisture content value using a moisture analyzer, and water activity using an AW meter. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and if significantly different, it was continued with Duncan’s test. To determine the best treatment level, the effectiveness index calculation was used. Based on the research and discussion that has been done, the calculation results using the effectiveness index show that the best level of conveyor speed treatment in the cryo-grinding system is at a speed of 40 rpm. At 40 rpm conveyor speed, the test results of L notation color were 53.21, a* notation color was -7.54, b* notation color was 28.11, water content value was 9.29%, and water activity value was 0.69.

PS-BPR02-8: THE EFFECTS OF AN ORAL FUNCTION IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM INVOLVING CHEWY KELP TEXTURE FOR LOCAL ELDERLY JAPANESE PEOPLE: A PILOT STUDY

Objective: The purpose of this study is to verify the efficacy and sustainability of an oral function improvement program involving chewy kelp texture in nutrition designed specifically for an elderly Japanese population. Study Design: A small pilot study Method: We developed a chewy kelp nutritional formula through the collaboration of geriatric nursing specialists and the professional staff of a seaweed processing company. The program to improve oral function consisted of a) salivary gland massage and swallowing exercises three times daily before each meal, followed by b) training to chew and eat chewy kelp. The program was conducted for two weeks, and such vital signs as blood pressure (BP), pulse, saliva secretion (relative value of average oral water content), tongue pressure, and occlusal force (glucose elution amount) were measured before and after the intervention. Results: 10 participants (4 male / 6 female: mean age 74.7 ± 5.4 years) enrolled. The program implementation rate of the participants was 93.6%. Measurements before and after the intervention included mean systolic BP (before, after, p) (138.0 ± 20.0, 131.0 ± 16.4 mmHg, p = .177), mean diastolic BP (79.6 ± 12.6, 73.2 ± 6.6 mmHg, p = .075), mean pulse (75.7 ± 11.0, 74.1 ± 10.8 times / min., p = .577), average oral mucosal moisture relative value (28.2 ± 4.9, 25.9 ± 3.3, p = .160), mean tongue pressure (29.6 ± 6.7, 32.3 ± 7.1 kPa, p = .213), and occlusal force (199.7 ± 78.9, 183.2 ± 42.7 mg / dL, p = .254). Among the participants, in one case in which occlusal function had significantly reduced, both mean systolic and diastolic BP decreased, and both tongue pressure and occlusal force increased. Conclusion: The high implementation rate indicated the potential sustainability of this program. Nevertheless, this study had certain limitations. First, the number of participants in the pilot study was small, falling short of the customary statistical sample size. In addition, because the implementation period was limited, any long-term effects of the program were not yet possible to show. Among preliminary findings of the study, for participants with impaired occlusal function, oral function may be improved and BP stabilized. Since periodontal disease is highly associated with cardiovascular disease and such side effects of hypertension drugs as increased thirst, it can be expected that longer trials of this program may see increased saliva production and improved oral function in participants.

Application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology in the characterization of microstructure and moisture content of young Moso bamboo.

Bamboo nodes play a key role in the hollow structure and the rapid growth of bamboo culm. Studying on the anatomical structure of bamboo is helpful to understand its growth mechanism. Taking the noninvasive, high-resolution and accurate technical advantages of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we conducted cross-sectional high-resolution MRI scanning on the tip of young Moso bamboo culm (removed shoot sheath) and extracted the gray value of the MRIs by using MATLAB software to explore the differences of water distribution in nodes, proximal nodes, and internodes. The results showed that numerous vascular bundles were repeatedly twisted and rotated horizontally at the nodal diaphragms and inner wall near the nodal diaphragms of the young bamboo, forming an intricate and highly connected network. The structure protected important tissues from mechanical stress by allocating axial loads, and enabled to laterally transport water and nutrients, which was an important basis for the rapid growth of Moso bamboo in relatively short term. The signal value (also known as brightness value) of MRIs indicated that water content of vascular bundles in young bamboo culm was much higher than that of surrounding parenchyma tissues. The mean value and standard deviation of water content between pixels of internodes were significantly higher than that of nodes, and the values of that in the proximal nodes were intermediate. The development of MRI would play a significant role in the studies of bamboo anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry.

Quality indicators of traditional Bulgarian artisanal sheep’s cheese

The aim of the present study is focused on the evaluation of the quality parameters of artisan sheep cheese produced by old Bulgarian technology. The study was carried out in three stages - at the end of the ripening process (45th day), during and at the end of storage (180th and 360th day). An increase of 9.0% in dry matter and a decrease in water content and titratable acidity values were observed over the entire period studied. There was a decrease in oleic fatty acid (C18:1n9c) from 28.16% at day 45 to 26.09% at day 360 of ripening. In the case of palmitic acid (C16:0) the values recorded were similar from 30.24% (45th day) to 30.74% (360th day). Changes in the composition of organic acids were observed, with lactic acid levels decreasing from 27.66% at day 45 to 8.62% at day 360. After microbiological analysis, it was found that the main microflora present in the samples were representatives of lactic acid microorganisms as compared to the non-starter microflora.

Pengaruh Temperatur Karbonisasi Terhadap Karakteristik Briket Berbasis Arang Sekam Padi Dan Tempurung Kelapa

The effects of carbonized temperature on the briket-based properties of rice husks and coconut shells. This study aims to determine the effects of carbonization on brique-based, rice husk and coconut shell which include water content, ash content, volatile matter content, and calorific value. The research method used in this study is purely experimental within a process of carbonization of rice husk divested by free variables at temperatures of 300°C, 400°C, and 500°C for 30 minutes and carbonized coconut shells with a constant variable temperature of 500°C for 2 hours. Measures of a rice chaff and coconut shell of 200 mesh. Making briquettes with fixed variables, namely the composition of rice husk charcoal: coconut shell charcoal = 1: 3 (5 g:15 g) and printed using a pressure of 99.91 kPa. Then do the testing of water content, ash content, volatile matter and heating value. Test results on each type of briquettes with variations in the temperature of 300°C rice husk carbonization and 500°C coconut shell, 400oC rice husk carbonization temperature and 500°C coconut shell and 500°C rice husk carbonization temperature and 500°C coconut shell temperature were respectively obtained for 0.78% water content , 0.56% and 0.41%, ash content of 42.40%, 35.50% and 32.70%, volatile matter of 26.19%, 24.92% and 24.38%, and calorific value amounted to 3381.70 cal/g, 4261.50 cal/g, and 4621.50 cal/g.

Characteristics of Bio Pellets from Spent Coffee Grounds and Pinewood Charcoal Based on Composition and Grinding Method

One type of biomass that has promising potential for bio pellet production is spent coffee grounds (SCGs). However, previous studies have shown that SCGs in bio pellets cause a lot of smoke. Therefore, they need to be mixed with a material that has a higher calorific value to produce better quality pellets. One material that can be used is pine wood because it has a natural resin content that can increase the calorific value. The aim of this study was to examine the quality of bio pellets produced with SCGs and pine wood charcoal at different particle sizes. The charcoal was ground using either a hammer mill (HM) or a ball mill (BM). Pine wood charcoal was mixed with SCGs at ratios of SCGs to pine wood charcoal of 4:6 and 6:4 by weight, respectively, and the adhesive used a tapioca with a composition ratio 5% of the raw material. The bio pellets were produced using a manual pellet press. The quality of the bio pellets was assessed based on Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 8021-2014, and the physical observations include flame length, burning rate, and compressive strength. The average water content, ash content, and calorific value of the bio pellets were in accordance with SNI 8021-2014, but the density and ash content values were below the standard values. The BM variation of bio pellets had a higher compressive strength than the HM variation, and the 4:6 BM variation had the longest burning time compared with 4:6 HM.

KARAKTERISTIK PROKSIMAT DAN AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN PRODUK MIE KERING YANG DISUBSTITUSI DENGAN TEPUNG BUAH TINJANG (Rhizophora mucronata)

Tinjang fruit (Rhizopora mucronata) is a mangrove plant that has a relatively high carbohydrate content. More processing is needed so that it can be utilized into processed forms, one of which is flour. The use of tinjang fruit flour in this study was used as a substitute for wheat flour in a food product. One of them is dry noodles. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of tinjang fruit flour substitution on the proximate characteristics and antioxidant activity of dry noodles. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method with One Way ANOVA Test. The treatment in this study was the substitution of tinjang flour with a percentage of 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%. The results showed that there was a significant effect between treatments on the proximate characteristics and antioxidant activity of dry noodle products. Dry noodle products with 10%, 15%, and 20% tinjang fruit flour substitution have fulfilled the SNI with an average value of water content, namely 0.69-4.04%, ash content, namely 1.84-2.38% and protein content, namely 11.00-12.78 %. The results of the antioxidant activity value with the best IC50 were found in dry noodle products with 20% of the tinjang fruit flour substitution, namely 115,761 ppm.

Comparative study of chemical quality and sensory attributes of top brand cooking oils in Indonesia

Cooking oil is one of the food products that are the basic needs of people in Indonesia. To maintain the quality of cooking oil, the government has issued a regulation that requires cooking oil to use in packaging. For four consecutive years (2019 – 2022), there have been three brands of packaged cooking oil with the highest Top Brand Index (TBI), namely A, B, and C brands. However, whether this is in line with chemical qualities and people's preferences regarding sensory attributes needs to be explored. The purpose of this study was to compare the chemical qualities of 3 cooking oils based on TBI and to find out the ranking of brands based on the sensory attributes of these cooking oils according to the people in Subang. It tested the quality of palm cooking oil based on SNI 7709:2019 with water and volatile matter, free fatty acid content, peroxide value, vitamin A, and pelican oil. Parameters in the ranking test are color, clarity, odor, and texture of packaged palm cooking oil. Order of TBI-based palm cooking oil brands according to chemical quality. The First Rank A brand has the lowest value of water content and volatile matter (0.028%), free fatty acids (0.009%) and peroxide value (0.1 Mek O2/kg), as well as vitamin A content (61.2 IU/g) and negative results for pelican oil. Ranking test results with respondents in Subang showed that the 1-3 brand ranks were C, B, and A-brands. The preference rating for cooking oil in Subang is inversely proportional to TBI and its chemical quality.

Field Evaluation of Conventional and Downhole TDR Soil Water Sensors for Irrigation Scheduling in a Clay Loam Soil

Highlights Soil profile water content derived from Acclima TDR-315™ sensors approximated those from NMM measurements. Soil profile water content from Campbell Scientific SoilVUE™10 sensors grossly underestimated those from the NMM. VWC values from SoilVUE10 sensors were consistently less than those reported by the TDR-315 sensors at all depths. These findings do not support SoilVUE10 use for irrigation scheduling in clay loam soils. Abstract. A field study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of two commercially available time domain reflectometry (TDR) soil water sensors for irrigation scheduling in a clay loam soil near Bushland, Texas. SoilVUE10 (Campbell Scientific Inc., Logan, Utah) and TDR-315 (Acclima Inc., Meridian, Idaho) sensors were installed within 30 cm of neutron moisture meter (NMM) access tubes in a research field planted to corn (Zea mays L) in 2020 and irrigated by a center pivot sprinkler system. Irrigation treatments included 50%, 75%, and 100% of evapotranspiration (ET) replacement with two access tubes installed in each plot, totaling six sensor evaluation sites. Semiweekly measurements with a field-calibrated NMM were used to monitor soil water status and schedule irrigation throughout the growing season. Soil profile water content values integrated over the surface to 1.1-m depth range were derived from SoilVUE10 and vertically distributed arrays of Acclima TDR-315 sensors installed at equivalent depths and were compared with those from NMM data. Average profile soil water contents from the TDR-315 sensors trended well with those from the NMM having mean bias difference (MBD) values of -9.8, -3.1, and 8.4 mm for the 50%, 75%, and 100% treatments, respectively. In contrast, soil profile water content values from the SoilVUE10 sensors grossly underestimated those from the NMM for all irrigation treatments with MBD values of -54.4, -70.5, and -89.8 mm for the 50%, 75%, and 100% treatments, respectively. Comparisons of volumetric water content (VWC) at each of the nine depths common to both electromagnetic sensor types revealed that values from the SoilVUE10 sensors were consistently less than TDR-315 values for all irrigation treatments. Underestimation at the near surface (5 and 10 cm depths) was attributed to loss of soil to electrode contact possibly associated with clay shrinkage during periodic drying following irrigation. Although soil to electrode contact can be problematic at greater depths, the explanation for chronic underestimation of VWC was less obvious except to note that underestimation occurred immediately after installation, which indicated poor electrode-soil contact after installation despite use of manufacturer guidelines and tools. Other possible reasons include challenges for accurate estimation of soil permittivity for a measured permittivity that includes the plastic sensor body. Results from this study suggest vertically distributed arrays of TDR-315 sensors can provide profile water content values adequate for monitoring soil water status for irrigation scheduling in a clay loam soil. The chronic underestimation observed for the SoilVUE10 sensors does not support their use for water resources research and irrigation management and could lead to over irrigation. Additionally, the relatively short 1 m length is less than the rooting depth of many regional crops and thus not capable of determining percolation below the root zone. Keywords: Acclima TDR-315, Campbell Scientific SoilVUE, Irrigation scheduling, Neutron moisture meter, Semi-arid, Soil water sensors, Time domain reflectometry, Volumetric water content.

Effect of Polypropylene Fiber on the Unconfined Compressive Strength of Loess with Different Water Content

Fiber-reinforced soils have been of great interest to experimenters for building foundations’strength performance, time, and economy. This paper investigates the effects of water content and polypropylene fiber dosage and length on loess’s unconfined compressive strength (UCS) according to the central composite response surface design test procedure. The water content is 11%–25%, the mass ratio of fiber to soil is 0.1%–0.9%, and the fiber length ranges from 6–18 mm. The response surface method (RSM) developed full quadratic models of different variables with response values. After analysis of variance (ANOVA), the mathematical model developed in this study was statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) and applicable to the optimization process. The optimization results showed that the optimal water content values, fiber amount, and fiber length were 16.41%, 0.579%, and 14.90 mm, respectively. The unconfined compressive strength of the optimized specimens was increased by 288.017 kPa. The research results can reference the design and construction of fiber-reinforced soil in practical projects such as road base engineering and foundation engineering.

- PEMBUATAN PAPAN PARTIKEL DARI LIMBAH PENGGERGAJIAN JENIS MERANTI (Shorea spp.) DENGAN FORMULASI BAHAN PENGHAMBAT API (Manufacture Of Particle Board From Sawmill Waste Type Meranti (Shorea spp.) With Formulation of Fire Resistance Materials)

This research is about the manufacture of particle board from waste Meranti wood shavings treated with fire retardants, we know that wood is a combustible material, therefore to improve the quality of wood processing, especially its resistance to fire, the purpose of this study is to identify and analyze particle board resistance to fire by treating different flame retardants. This research uses three treatments, namely by providing three different flame retardants, namely Sodium Silicate, Ammonium Sulfate and Borax. Analyzed by Completely Randomized Design (CRD), each treatment sample was made with 10 replications. The results of this study indicate that the value of water content in general ranges from 14.323% to 15.718%. The density value is between 0.620 gr/cm³ to 0.715gr/cm³. Thickness development value between 7,167% to 13,500%. The elasticity value is between 8427 kgf/cm2 to 23655 kgf/cm2. The fracture strength value is between 98 kgf/cm2 to 160 kgf/cm2. And the value of burning retention or weight loss is between 33.97% to 80.83%. The effectiveness of the flame retardant material has not been achieved at the 2002 ASTM E69 standard, it is hoped that this research will be continued by increasing the concentration of the flame retardant material so that the effectiveness value can reach the 2002 ASTM E69 standard, which is > 7.5. And further research by providing fire retardant treatment is given during the process of mixing particles and adhesives on particle boards so that the cavities and wood cell walls are blocked by the presence of Urea Formaldehyde adhesive which fills the same section.

Kuantifikasi dan Karakterisasi Timbulan Sampah Makanan (Food Waste) di Pasar Tradisional Kota Surabaya Timur

One of the new problems that arise and can have a big impact on the environment and living things is food waste. Some activities that can produce food waste, one of which is buying and selling activities in traditional markets or supermarkets. The city of Surabaya has several traditional markets that produce food waste in several areas, such as the Soponyono market and the Pacar Keling market in the East Surabaya city area. Food supply materials that are no longer fit for sale and fit for consumption are immediately transferred to temporary disposal sites (TPS) and end up as food waste. In this study, the Soponyono Market produced an average of 52.126 Kg/day of food waste with the highest category being vegetables by 78% and the Pacar Keling market of 21.887 Kg/day with the highest category being fruits by 51%. The characteristics of food waste at the Soponyono market have a water content value of 88.73% water content and 3,231.09 Cal/gr calorific value. Whereas in the Pacar Keling market, the water content is 87.44% and the calorific value is 4,222.93 Cal/gr. In this regard, it is necessary to identify the quantity and characteristics of food waste in order to find out what processing is required according to the waste produced. So that waste can be processed into energy or new useful products. The identification effort was carried out using the SNI- 19-3964-1994 method, namely by weighing and sorting food waste until the quantity, characteristics, in the form of category scope and water content value, and calorific value were known. The Soponyono market is capable of producing more and more diverse food waste than the Pacar Keling market with a different scope of categories.

The wound healing effect of Morinda citrifolia leaf extract and biomolecular analysis on inflammation and proliferation stages in Wistar rats.

This research aims to evaluate the wound healing effect of noni’s leaf extract (Morinda citrifolia L.) based on phytochemical analysis, the number of fibroblast cells, wound diameter, healing time, TNF-a and IL-1 at inflammation stage, PDGF and TGF-b at proliferation stage. This study is a true experimental with a post-test-only control group design. We divided 25 male Wistar rats into five groups; positive control (with povidone-iodine), negative control (with no treatment), treated by NLEE 20%, 25%, and 30%. NLEE has good physical characteristics based on the value of ethanol soluble extract, water-soluble extract, water content, ash content, and acid insoluble ash content. GCMS analysis showed bioactive compounds such as N-ethyl hydrazine carbothioamide (31.57%), 2-furancarboxaldehyde 5-hydroxymethyl (15,64%), 2E-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecene-1-of (7.08%), 3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-one (4.29%), D:C-friedooleana-7,9(11)-dien-3-ol,3beta (4.04%), while the rest are considered as the decanoic acids methyl ester, piperazine (3%) and vitamin E (1%). We observed the slight effects of NLEE 20%, 25%, and 30% on the number of fibroblasts, wound diameter, healing time, TNF-a, IL-1, PDGF, and TGF-b. The optimum concentration of NLEE at any treatment was 20%. However, there were no significant differences between groups based on a two-way ANOVA analysis.

Formation of furanoic compounds in model systems with saccharides, amino acids, and fatty acids, analyzed with headspace-solid phase micro-extraction-gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Furan and furan derivatives are processing contaminants found in thermally processed food, such as coffee or canned products. For the determination of furan and ten derivatives, a sensitive headspace-solid phase micro-extraction-gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method with stable isotope dilution analysis was developed. Different precursors such as saccharides, saccharide/amino acid mixtures, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and oils were heat processed to investigate the formation of furanoic compounds via Maillard reaction and lipid oxidation. Therefore, a low moister (silica gel with 10% water content) and an aqueous (phosphate buffer, pH 4.5, 7, and 9) model system were chosen to study the effect of water content and pH value on the formation process. The formation of different furan derivatives could be attributed to distinct precursors; furfuryl alcohol was highly formed from 1,4-linked disaccharides, whereas PUFA formed the highest amounts of 2-ethylfuran and 2-pentylfuran.