Value Of Such Materials Research Articles

Katherine Groo, Bad Film Histories: Ethnography and the Early Archive

Katherine Groo begins Bad Film Histories with a story of chance and serendipity. Having contacted the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) in the hopes of acquiring a copy of Martin and Osa Johnson’s Simba: King of the Beasts (1928), she discovered when the DVD arrived that ‘it carried with it an unexpected surplus’ (p. 1). Accompanying Johnson’s work was an unidentified four-minute film shot in the Belgian Congo, consisting of a series of images familiar to viewers of ethnographic cinema: rivers, grasslands, a hunter killing a deer, women preparing food. Curious about this clip, Groo contacted the archivists but they could provide her with no further information. This chance encounter, Groo recalls, both ‘revealed – and blurred – the dividing line between good and bad objects, between the “real” (desirable, nameable, archivable) collection and the ethnographic scrapheap’ (p. 2). In Bad Film Histories Groo attends to the ‘vast margins of the archives’ that are composed in large part from these scraps and fragments (p. 2). She does not argue for the unrecognized value of such material or for overturning entrenched critical hierarchies about what merits scholarly attention; instead she uses these largely forgotten films to prompt a deeper consideration of ‘film history, historiography, and the archive’ (p. 3).

Using cluster analysis to explore the engagement with a flipped classroom of native and non-native English-speaking management students

Flipped classrooms are becoming increasingly popular, particularly when teaching non-native speaking students. Existing research has largely focused on examining academic performance and students’ perceptions of the learning process. This exploratory study uses log-file data to identify hidden patterns of student online behaviour in a flipped classroom environment for a cohort of students, with special attention to their command of the home language of the institution. Using cluster analysis, categories were identified regarding when and how often online flipped lessons were accessed: (i) before class, (ii) after class and before a weekly exam, and (iii) after the weekly exam but before an assignment. Gender and the average number of minutes the lessons were accessed before each time period were also considered. Findings indicated that there was sustained access to flipped materials throughout the semester for all students. In addition to accessing online lessons prior to class, students also accessed online lessons prior to weekly exams and project submission deadlines, indicating the value of such material for revision. Interestingly, two clusters of non-native English-speakers were identified where one group accessed the material more often than native students, and the second group accessed the material less frequently than the native English-speaking students.

"ПО ЛИРЕ ВДОХНОВЕНИЕ, ПО ЧИНУ УДОВОЛЬСТВИЕ", ИЛИ КАК УЕЗДНОЕ ДВОРЯНСКОЕ СОБРАНИЕ ПЫТАЛОСЬ ВРАЗУМИТЬ МИНИСТЕРСТВО ВНУТРЕННИХ ДЕЛ РОССИЙСКОЙ ИМПЕРИИ

The purpose of the presented study is to inform the readers with a rare and unique document that was related to the history of preparing the abolition of serfdom in Russia. The letter from the Bryansk nobility of landowners, dated back to the end of January1858, was discovered among the private papers of Pavel Nikitich Tikhanov, the editorial staff member of the «Pravitel’stvennyi Vestnik» («Government Bulletin»), and until the moment it has remained unknown to historians and has not been introduced into scientific use. The problem of understanding the forthcoming reform and its consequences was reflected in the projects submitted by separate landowners, as well as in the more recent documents of the gubernial (provincial) nobility committees, but the reaction to the first tsarist rescripts, especially addressed to the St. Petersburg Military Governor–General, was only reflected in the general assessments of sentiments mentioned in the gubernial administrative reports sent to St. Petersburg. The analysis of the interaction between the government structures and the landed gentry is possible when implementing microhistory methodology, and the document under discussion can be of great use here. The value of such materials results from their ability to verify and supplement the assessments contained in the study of the process of preparing the main reform of the 19th century in Russia, in revealing the prevailing social sentiments among the provincial nobility and its willingness to follow government decisions

“Pure Nonsense!” War Minister A. N. Kuropatkin about the Proceedings of Japanese Nationalists

This article based on a large body of unpublished documents from the Russian State Military Historical Archive (RSMHA). The author analyzes the history of the acquaintance Russian Minister of War A. N. Kuropatkin with publications by the Japanese ultra-nationalist society Kokuryūkai in 1901. Despite weaknesses of Russian intelligence in the Far East before the Russo-Japanese War, the service was been able to obtain a highly valued materials, such as the second volume of Bulletin of Amur River Society. An analysis of this publication reveals that the authors and the journals founder, Uchida Ryōhei, had a high level of knowledge about Russian society. The Japanese discovered all the weak spots of Imperial governance, finance, economy, educational system, and domestic and foreign policies of the Russian Empire. The article shows how the Minister of War read a translation of Japanese edition and noted the authors’ conclusions. We conclude that the Japanese state was able to organize these investigations of Russia using materials from nationalist organizations that sometimes took different positions from those of the Russian government, in Russian. In contrast, Russian officials were not able to do a normal analysis of observations from official channels, And Kuropatkin often did not understand the value of such materials that were passed on to him.

(Invited) Investigation of Ba0,5Sr0,5CoxFe1-XO3-Δ As Pseudocapacitive Electrode for Aqueous Electrochemical Capacitor

Supercapacitors are attractive electrochemical energy storage devices for high power applications. However, volumetric energy density is the main limitation for their integration in such applications as terrestrial transport systems. The use of high density pseudocapacitive oxides as electrode material could lead to a volumetric energy density improvement. With this aim, materials from Ba0,5Sr0,5CoxFe1-xO3-δ family, so called BSCFs, have been studied. Several compositions have been prepared and evaluated as positive electrode materials in aqueous neutral electrolyte. Volumetric capacitances have shown to be greater than those of activated carbons, already used in commercialized supercapacitors. Their electrochemical properties are strongly related to the cobalt to iron ratio, to the charging rate, to the electrolyte composition, and other key parameters. The study of the charge storage mechanism occuring in these materials has been investigated thanks to in situ X-Ray absorption spectroscopy and operando X-Ray diffraction performed at SOLEIL (France) and SPring-8 (Japan) synchrotron facilities respectively. Devices coupling BSCF based positive electrode with activated carbon or FeWO4 based negative electrode have demonstrated the added value of such materials to improve the volumetric energy density of supercapacitors.

PENGARUH PERBANDINGAN GULA MERAH DENGAN SUKROSA DAN PERBANDINGAN TEPUNG JAGUNG, UBI JALAR DENGAN KACANG HIJAU TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK JENANG

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh perbandingan gula merah dengan sukrosa dan perbandingan tepung jagung, tepung ubi jalar dengan tepung kacang hijau terhadap karakteristik jenang. Manfaat dari penelitian ini adalah diharapkan dapat memberikan informasi mengenai cara pembuatan jenang dari bahan baku yang bervariasi sebagai bentuk diversifikasi produk pangan serta untuk meningkatkan nilai gizi jenang dengan menggunakan bahan yang mengandung karbohidrat dan protein cukup tinggi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan pola faktorial 3 x 3 dan ulangan sebanyak 3 kali. Faktor yang pertama adalah perbandingan gula merah dengan sukrosa (A) terdiri dari a1 (5:2), a2 (5:3) dan a3 (5:4). Faktor kedua adalah perbandingan tepung jagung, tepung ubi jalar dengan tepung kacang hijau (B) terdiri dari b1 (1:1:1), b2 (1:1:2) dan b3 (2:1:1). Analisis yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini berupa analisis kimia (kadar air dan kadar gula reduksi) dan uji organoleptik (warna, rasa, aroma dan tekstur). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perbandingan gula merah dengan sukrosa (A) hanya berpengaruh terhadap kadar air jenang. Sedangkan untuk kadar gula reduksi, faktor perbandingan gula merah dengan sukrosa (A) dan faktor perbandingan tepung jagung, tepung ubi jalar dengan tepung kacang hijau (B) serta interaksi antara kedua faktor tidak memberikan pengaruh. Berdasarkan uji organoleptik, kedua faktor dan interaksinya tidak berpengaruh pada penilaian panelis terhadap warna, rasa, aroma dan tekstur. Perlakuan terbaik adalah perlakuan a3b3 (perbandingan gula merah dengan sukrosa 5:4 serta perbandingan tepung jagung, tepung ubi jalar dengan tepung kacang hijau 2:1:1) yang memiliki kadar protein 6,33% dan nilai tekstur 3.128,27 gf.

Oltreoceano: rappresentazione e autorappresentazione nelle lettere degli emigranti scozzesi del 19° secolo

The study of (self-)representation in nineteenth-century Scottish emigrants’ letters presupposes the use of a range of sources which may prove very complex in their plurality. They are generally documents authored by people whose level of schooling could vary considerably and whose self-education may in fact be perceived in their letters, journals, memoirs and autobiographies. These materials may be supplemented with journal reports, literary travelogues, and emigrants’ guides which purport to describe what emigrants may expect to find upon arrival, but whose reliability is not always guaranteed. In addition, there may be other sources, mostly pertaining to music and painting, in which emigration is portrayed in apparently subjective terms, but which contribute to the creation and maintenance of a collective view of reality, whether veined with nostalgia for ‘the old country’ or enthusiastically encouraging settlement in new territories. In this paper such sources are discussed in order to highlight their main intertextual connections; more specifically, my analysis will focus on emigrants’ correspondence from North America, in an attempt to draw attention to the value of such materials in a study of ‘language history from below’.

Propagating Figured Wood in Black Walnut

Figured black walnut lumber is a specialty wood product that commands a high price for manufacturing fine furniture and interior paneling. Two common figured grain patterns occur in walnut; they are known as “fiddle-back” or “curly” grain, depending on the number of horizontal lines visible in the grain of the finished wood. The occurrence of figured walnut in nature is rare and unpredictable. Trees that have consistent figured patterns throughout the log are of exceptional value. Conversely, trees with partial or spotty figured patterns are considered defective and are reduced in value. Conventional breeding of seedlings, or cloning figured trees by grafting, are possible methods to propagate figured wood in walnut. The value of such material, however, will depend on figure being expressed predictably. For breeding to succeed, the trait of interest must be genetic and heritable. For clonal propagation to be effective, the trait must be reproduced true-to-type. In this study, we evaluate the grain pattern of both grafted and seedling walnut from several highly figured wild selections. Logs from grafted trees of three clones propagated in the 1970s in Kansas were evaluated. Only one log from one clone showed some figure in its lumber. Ten-year-old seedlings from the figured walnut clone “Lamb” were grown and cut in Indiana and evaluated for figured grain, and none showed any sign of figured grain developing. Our conclusion is that figured grain in black walnut does not propagate true-to-type through grafting or by growing open-pollinated seed. Although evidence of some genetic control of figure was found, environmental and other factors appear to play a greater role.

Applying morphometrics to early land plant systematics: A new Leclercqia (Lycopsida) species from Washington State, USA

Early land plant fossils can be challenging to interpret due to their morphological simplicity and often fragmentary nature. Morphometric techniques using commonly preserved characters might increase diagnostic value of such material. To evaluate the utility of morphometrics in assessing morphospecies boundaries in the Devonian, we compared degrees of variation within the cosmopolitan lycopsid genus Leclercqia with that of living relatives (Lycopodium-Spinulum spp.) Of particular interest was determining whether a new morphotype of Leclercqia from the Middle Devonian Chilliwack flora of Washington State fell within or outside the range of variation of previously described species. Morphological variation of Leclercqia was assessed across the geographic range of the genus using six vegetative and three reproductive characters. The new morphotype and two previously described species (L. complexa, L. andrewsii) were compared using linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Extant Lycopodium-Spinulum species and variants were similarly analyzed to assess inter- vs. intraspecific variation in living lycopsids. The LDA comparisons of Lycopodium-Spinulum yielded notable morphological disparity between species but substantial overlap between intraspecific variants. Among the fossils, LDA separates the new morphotype, Leclercqia complexa, and L. andrewsii to a similar degree as Lycopodium and Spinulum species. Based on these results and further study, we describe a new species of Leclercqia: Leclercqia scolopendra Benca et Strömberg sp. nov. Morphometric analyses can aid in informing taxonomic assignment of fragmentary early land plant fossils using readily preserved features, even in the absence of reproductive structures. Applications of this approach to the Chilliwack flora suggest Leclercqia displayed greater morphological variation, taxonomic diversity, and biogeographic extent than previously thought.

Using primary sources to produce a microhistory of translation and translators: theoretical and methodological concerns

In descriptive studies, where the source and target texts are the main primary sources (‘primary text products’), ‘extra-textual’ sources are looked at with ‘circumspection’. However, in historical research methodologies they are central. This article examines the use and value of archives, manuscripts and, especially, translator papers, post-hoc accounts and interviews in producing a history of translation and translators. Rather than informing a ‘traditional’ Rankean history of facts and major personalities, the article underlines the potential value of such material in creating a ‘microhistory’, reclaiming the details of the everyday lives and working processes of sometimes little-known or forgotten translators and contextualising them to construct a social and cultural history of translation and translators. Sometimes these sources are housed in collections where translation may not be very visible, which creates problems of location. Examples are given from the autobiography of A. Birse and research on the working papers of Sam Hileman, Andrew Hurley, Bernard Miall and Margaret Sayers Peden.

In Search of a Theoretical Assessment of Bronze Age Society in the Baltic Countries

This article surveys tendencies in Bronze Age social research in the Baltic countries. It marks a new departure in archaeological scholarship in the region, and examines the influence of wider European theories on local Bronze Age research. The most important issue to be discussed is the uncritical application of theoretical models on east Baltic archaeology, without reference to the region’s specific culture. Thus, the Bronze Age social structure is reconstructed according to a priori formulated precepts. The article discusses the possible negative implications of such a transference of foreign theories, which leads to the prejudgement of results in regional archaeological studies. Special criticism is levelled at the application of the pyramid social model, which offers a false interpretation of Prehistoric social structures on the basis of recent research. We offer new alternatives in the sphere of societal studies, which pay most attention to processes whereby people dominate as individual agents, rather than to the classification of archaeological material according to the nature or implied value of such material.

Creating a Corpus of Targeted Learning Resources with a Web-Based Open Authoring Tool

Personalizing learning to students’ traits and interests requires diverse learning content. Previous studies have demonstrated the value of such materials in learning but a challenge remains in creating a corpus of content large enough to meet students’ varied interests and abilities. We present and evaluate a prototype web-based tool for open authoring of learning materials. We conducted a study (an open web experiment) to evaluate whether specific student profiles presented in the tool’s interface increase the diversity of the contributions, and whether authors tailor their contributions to the features in the profiles. We report on the quality of materials produced, authors’ facility in rating them, effects of author traits, and impact of the tailoring feature. Participants were professional teachers (math and non-math) and amateurs. Participants were randomly assigned to the tailoring tool or a simplified version without the tailoring feature. We find that while there are differences by teaching status, all three groups make contributions of worth. The tailoring feature leads contributors to tailor materials with greater potential to engage students. The experiment suggests that an open access web-based tool is a feasible technology for developing a large corpus of materials for personalized learning.

Framing space: agendas and content in the architectural photograph

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. Walter Benjamin, ‘A Small History of Photography’(originally written in 1931), in Reflections (New York, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978), p. 253. 2. Beatriz Colomina, Privacy and Publicity — Modern Architecture as Mass Media (Cambridge Massachusetts, MIT Press, 1994), pp. 13,114–18. 3. Ibid., p. 47. 4. John Berger and Jean Mohr, Another Way of Telling (London, Writers and Guild Co-op, 1982), p. 99. 5. Pierre Bourdieu, Photography: A Middle Brow Art (Cambridge, Polity Press, 1996), p. 36. 6. Ibid., p. 36. 7. Vicki Goldberg, The Power of Photography: How Photographs Changed Our Lives (New York, Abbeville Press. 1993), p. 133. 8. Janet Abrams in the catalogue for the exhibition ‘Site Work, Architecture in Photography’, 1991, in Martha Rosler ‘Image Simulations, Computer Manipulation, Some Considerations’, in, Hubertus V. Amelunxen, ed., Photography After Photography (Munich, G&B Arts, 1997), p. 39. 9. Walter Benjamin, in an address delivered in Paris at the Institute for the Study Of Fascism in 1934: cited in Susan Sontag, On Photography (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1978), p. 107. 10. John Keats, in a letter to his brothers George and Thomas on the 21st December 1817: found at (http://www.mrbauld.com/negcap.htm). 11. Frederic Jameson, Postmodernism: The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (London, Verso, 1991), p. 99. 12. Sigmund Freud, On Sexuality, Vol 7 (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1981), p. 69. 13. Victor Burgin, The End of Art Theory: Criticism and Postmodernity (London, Macmillan, 1986), p. 19. 14. Ibid. 15. Ignacio Solà-Morales in Raymond Williams, ‘Architecture and Visual Culture’, in, Mathew Rampley, ed., Exploring Visual Culture. Definitions, concepts, contexts (Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 2005), p.107. 16. Roger Fry, Art in Theory 1900–1990. An Anthology of Changing Ideas, Charles Harrison and Paul Wood, eds (Oxford, Blackwell Publishers, 1992), p. 83. 17. Dante, Il Paradiso, final canto, 33. 142–35.

Molecular beam epitaxy

Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is a process for growing thin, epitaxial films of a wide variety of materials, ranging from oxides to semiconductors to metals. It was first applied to the growth of compound semiconductors. That is still the most common usage, in large part because of the high technological value of such materials to the electronics industry. In this process beams of atoms or molecules in an ultra-high vacuum environment are incident upon a heated crystal that has previously been processed to produce a nearly atomically clean surface. The arriving constituent atoms form a crystalline layer in registry with the substrate, i.e., an epitaxial film. These films are remarkable because the composition can be rapidly changed, producing crystalline interfaces that are almost atomically abrupt. Thus, it has been possible to produce a large range of unique structures, including quantum well devices, superlattices, lasers, etc., all of which benefit from the precise control of composition during growth. Because of the cleanliness of the growth environment and because of the precise control over composition, MBE structures closely approximate the idealized models used in solid state theory.This discussion is intended as an introduction to the concept and the experimental procedures used in MBE growth. The refinement of experimental procedures has been the key to the successful fabrication of electronically significant devices, which in turn has generated the widespread interest in the MBE as a research tool. MBE experiments have provided a wealth of new information bearing on the general mechanisms involved in epitaxial growth, since many of the phenomena initially observed during MBE have since been repeated using other crystal growth processes. We also summarize the general types of layered structures that have contributed to the rapid expansion of interest in MBE and its various offshoots. Finally we consider some of the problems that remain in the growth of heteroepitaxial structures, specifically, the problem of mismatch in lattice constant between layers and between layer and substrate. The discussion is phenomenological, not theoretical; MBE has been primarily an experimental approach based on simple concepts.

Patents on random complementary DNA fragments?

The proposal by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to patent products resulting merely from sequencing the human genome is a mistake: at worst, it is wrong in patent law; at best, it relies on deficiencies in law concerning what is "useful" as a requirement for patents. The proposal is symptomatic of a problem besieging biotechnology--attempts to control the raw material of scientific experimentation before research has determined the practical value of such material--that needs curing on many fronts. Corrective measures are proposed for adoption by the Executive branch, the Congress, and the courts.

Analysis of the relationship between surface roughness and reflectometrical measurement of polyethylene films

With the help of mechanical stylus instruments the geometry of polymer film surfaces can be determined directly. The relation between the statistically calculated average roughness, R a , and the reflectometrical value with incidence angle of light of 60°, R′ 60, for polyethylene films, can be described by the equation R′ 60= a + b R a , (where a and b are constants). By using this relationship, the magnitude of reflectometrical value of such materials can be used directly as a quantitative measure of film surface roughness.

Government Publications in Academic Science and Technology Libraries

There is a significant volume of scientific and technical documents, as opposed to report literature, available from federal and state government agencies. There is also a considerable number of government journals in the sciences containing research related information. Yet, there are not many studies available in library literature about the value of such materials to and their use by academic science and technology faculty in their teaching or research. The few surveys which have been conducted in the past point towards a lower minimal use of these documents. This, however, is not enough evidence to justify a generalization that scientific and technical documents fall under the low use category in academic libraries. Assuming that this is so, one needs to find out whether any programs like SDI by subject bibliographers can be instituted to augment user awareness. The article raises some pertinent questions relating to this topic, such as, how academic scientists become aware of the existence of these documents, what is their utility in academic teaching and research, how has the online and ondisc technology affected their use and finally, whether the publishing habits of academic scientists and technologists have any bearing on the library use patterns of these documents.

Recycling a mixture of plastics: A challenge in today's environment

Thermoplastic materials can be remelted and reused. However, in many instances, they are not recycled after use. The Plastics Institute of America has long felt that the value of such materials has not been fully realized and that scrap plastics should be recycled as a material resource. We are presently establishing a body of knowledge with government and industry funding to facilitate the practical application of such recycling endeavors. The objective is to set up programs to learn ways in which plastics scrap might be fabricated into marketable items. If the scrap is segregated, i.e. a single material, the recycling is simpler than when the scrap is a mixture of plastics. Among projects and/or applications areas to be explored for commercial possibilities are the following: (1) Reclaiming the plastics residue from shredded autos. This source could yield more than one million tons of plastics by 1990 with the development of proper technology. (2) Bonding of plastics scrap to form composites which are expected to have application wood and virgin plastics substitutes in many wide-specification applications. (3) The use of auto shredder residue (ASR) a rock-wool like mixture in the manufacture of polymer concrete, replacing sand and gravel as the aggregate and incorporating in situ thermosetting type binders such as acrylics, melamines, phenolics, and polyesters. (4) Recovery and purification of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) from discarded soft drink plastic bottles and similar commercial usages. (5) Recycling of such single resin sources as polypropylene battery cases in making solid and foamed wide-spec items. The Plastics Institute was able to demonstrate major energy saving possibilities through recycling rather than through the heat generation programs for which much plastic scrap is targeted. For example, 1000 lb of high density polyethylene has a fuel value of 20 million BTUs, but recycling 1000 lb of HDPE waste into fabricated products would save as much as 39 million BTUs since 1000 lb of HDPE will not have to be made from ethylene. The Institute during 1983/84 sponsored postgraduate level applied research projects to develop technology for the recycling of a heterogeneous mixture of polymer waste. Auto shredder residue (ASR) because of its large volume and availability, was the major focus of the research. The ultimate objective is to convert the mixture as is into useable, saleable molding compounds. Quantity lots of selected formulae incorporating compatibilizers, bonding agents and flow modifiers into the ASR are currently being made into pellets. They will be processed into noncritical specification items to demonstrate the feasibility of using recycled residue for commercial applications. Presently, it is disposed of in landfills at high costs to the shredder companies as well as a negative impact on the environment. Once the objective of the program has been met by the molding and extrusion of the demonstrated parts, a final summary report will be made available for distribution. Graduate students at various universities have been working on each of four general tasks areas.

Primary leiomyosarcoma of the vagina: A study of five cases

The clinical and light and electron microscopic features of five cases of primary vaginal leiomyosarcoma, representing 2.9% of all vaginal malignancies registered at the Swedish Cancer Registry, are presented. The ages of the patients ranged from 31 to 69 years. The most common clinical presentation was an increasing mass and/or local tenderness. The tumor was located in the anterior wall in three cases and in the lateral wall in two. The size of the tumors ranged from 2 to over 10 cm. Four patients had tumors of high histologic malignancy grade and were all dead within 36 months. One patient had a tumor of low grade and is still alive 10 years after the initial excision. The ultrastructural observations of abundant myofilaments with focal elongated densities in primary paraffin-embedded material conform with the light microscopic diagnoses in all cases and indicate the usefulness and value of such material for electron microscopy in order to arrive at the diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma. The therapeutic and diagnostic aspects are discussed.

Faculty Papers and Special-Subject Repositories

The growth of college and university archives, and the proliferation of repositories collecting documentation of specific subjects, have created a complex situation regarding the disposition of papers of college and university faculty members. Neither university archives nor special-subject repositories are accountable to a central authority, and both have developed individualized collecting policies. As a result, the papers of women and minority faculty members, and others working in fields for which special-subject archives exist, may be sought by two or more competing institutions. In other cases, important faculty papers may be lost because there are no appropriate subject or university archives, or because existing archives underestimate the value of such material. This paper reemphasizes the utility of faculty papers in general, discusses their importance to college and university archives in particular, and suggests ways, other than by direct solicitation, by which special-subject repositories can and should participate in the documentation of academic life.