Value Of Such Knowledge Research Articles

El conocimiento de la naturaleza en el "Comentario a las Sentencias" de Juan Duns Escoto

In a metaphysics such as that of Duns Scotus, which is based on contingency, the question arises as to what possibility there is that man, insofar as he is a viator, might reach a true knowledge of nature, and what the value of such knowledge would be, since nature is a system that depends on the divine will as expressed in its potentia ordinata.

The Epistemic Value of Emotions in Politics

In this paper, I consider emotional reactions in response to political facts, and I investigate how they may provide relevant knowledge about those facts. I assess the value of such knowledge, both from an epistemic and a political perspective. Concerning the epistemic part, I argue that, although emotions are not in themselves sufficient to ground evaluative knowledge about political facts, they can do so within a network of further coherent epistemic attitudes about those facts. With regards to the political part, I argue that the contribution of emotions to evaluative knowledge about political facts, is indeed politically valuable. To develop my argument, I show first that an evaluative kind of knowledge is relevant for reaching a sophisticated level of political cognition, and second that emotions contribute distinctively to this kind of knowledge. I conclude that, when emotional experiences towards political events are coupled with an adequate factual knowledge about those events, they can ground a distinctive evaluative knowledge about those events, and such knowledge is relevant both from an epistemic and a political perspective.

Is ambient heat exposure levels associated with miscarriage or stillbirths in hot regions? A cross-sectional study using survey data from the Ghana Maternal Health Survey 2007

It is well established that high ambient heat could cause congenital abnormalities resulting in miscarriage or stillbirth among certain species of mammals. However, this has not been systematically studied in real field settings among humans, despite the potential value of such knowledge for estimating the impact of global warming on the human species. This study sought to test the hypothesis that maternal heat exposure during pregnancy in hot regions is associated with increased prevalence of spontaneous abortions or stillbirths and to develop an analytical strategy to use existing data from maternal health surveys and existing data on historical heat levels at a geographic grid cell level. A subsample of the Ghana Maternal Health Survey 2007 was used in this study. This study sample consisted of 1136 women with pregnancy experiences between 2004 and 2007, out of which 141 women had a pregnancy that terminated in miscarriage or stillbirth. Induced-abortion cases were excluded. The linkage between ambient heat exposure and pregnancy outcome followed the epidemiological time-place-person principle, by linking timing of pregnancy outcome with historical data of local area heat levels for each month, as estimated in an international database. Maternal heat exposure level was estimated using calculated levels of the wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT), which takes into account temperature, humidity, heat radiation, and air movement over the skin (wind speed). The values we used applied to exposure in the shade or in buildings without cooling (no solar heat radiation) and a standard air movement of 1 m/s. We applied two exposure durations: yearly average and monthly average for second month of pregnancy. In one analysis, we restricted the sample to four regions with time-homogeneous ambient heat. Analysis was made using logistic regression. About 12% of the latest pregnancies ended in either miscarriage (9.6%) or stillbirth (2.8%). The odds ratios indicated 12 to 15% increase (ORcrude 1.15, 95% CI 0.92–1.42, and ORage adjusted 1.12, 95% CI 0.90–1.39) in the odds of having a stillbirth or miscarriage with each additional degree increase in WBGT, although this was just outside two-sided statistical significance. The WBGT range was quite narrow (most annual values in the range 24–26 °C, and most monthly values in the range 23–27 °C), which may have hidden any real impacts of high heat levels. The seemingly positive association observed disappeared after adjusting for gravidity. The analyses of the four selected regions indicated 27 to 42% increase in the odds of experiencing miscarriage or stillbirth with every degree increase in WBGT (crude OR 1.42 95% CI 1.00–2.03). This association remained after adjusting for maternal age pregnancy history, although no longer statistically significant (adjusted OR 1.27, 95% CI 0.89–1.81). Environmental heat exposures may be associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, but this study was inconclusive, possibly because the heat exposure range was small. Historical records of routine observations in existing databases can be used for epidemiological studies on the health effects of heat, although data from properly and purposively designed studies might be more suitable for further studies.

Социальное самочувствие молодых работников промышленных предприятий: индикаторы и факторы


 Владислав Юрьевич Бочаров – к.соц.н., доцент кафедры социологии и культурологии Самарского национального исследовательского университета, ассоциированный научный сотрудник СИ РАН, Санкт-Петербург, Россия. Электронная почта: vlad.bocharov@gmail.com
 Юлия Владимировна Васькина – к.соц.н., доцент кафедры социологии и культурологии Самарского национального исследовательского университета, ассоциированный научный сотрудник СИ РАН, Санкт-Петербург, Россия. Электронная почта: vaskina18.05@gmail.com
 В статье рассматривается специфика индикаторов социального самочувствия, выделяемых исследователями в европейских и российских замерах. На основе сравнения понятий «социальное самочувствие» и «субъективное благополучие» выделяются общие для отечественных и зарубежных подходов индикаторы для их анализа: удовлетворенность жизнью в целом и уверенность в завтрашнем дне. Цель анализа – выявление факторов, определяющих социальное самочувствие. Прикладное значение такого знания – коррекция направлений социальной политики предприятий, которые влияют на самочувствие работников. Актуальность изменений связана с наблюдаемой на отечественных промышленных предприятиях устойчивой тенденции оттока кадров. В статье анализируется влияние на социальное самочувствие двух групп факторов: производственных (условия труда, заработная плата и т. д.) и внепроизводственных (жилищные условия). Важность этих факторов подтверждается с помощью корреляционного анализа данных массовых опросов среди молодых (до 30 лет) работников российских промышленных предприятий. Для такого анализа использованы данные социологических исследований, выполненных в режиме мониторинга по единой методологии в одном из российских регионов Поволжья в 2012–2014 гг. Для этой статьи с помощью программы SPSS из общих массивов ответов работников промышленности за 2012–2013 гг. были отобраны ответы молодых работников (2012 г. – N=242, 2013 г. – N=168), а также взяты данные опроса 2014 г. «молодых специалистов» (N=122). При опросе 2014 г. дополнительным критерием отбора респондентов (помимо возрастного) выступало среднее или высшее профессиональное образование по специальности или профессии, предполагающей трудоустройство в промышленности, поэтому они были названы в исследовании «молодые специалисты». Взаимосвязи между социальным самочувствием работников и разными факторами позволяют формировать менеджменту грамотную социальную политику на российских промышленных предприятиях. В представленной статье обосновывается необходимость гибкого подхода к выбору индикаторов социального самочувствия для различных социальных групп.

Mental health knowledge and common misconceptions in a master of chiropractic final year cohort

PurposeGiven rising incidence rates of mental health concerns in the general population it is important for all primary health care practitioners, including chiropractors, to have knowledge of such presentations. Practitioners frequently need to refer clients to appropriate mental health services, manage the biopsychosocial aspects of all conditions they treat, and work in interdisciplinary teams to ensure optimal patient outcomes. The mental health literacy (MHL) of these practitioners may, however, be influenced by both learnt knowledge and common misconceptions. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the MHL of a final year Master of Chiropractic student cohort.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 89 students completed an online questionnaire assessing mental health knowledge, misconceptions, perceived value of such knowledge for practicing chiropractors and demographic information.FindingsStudent knowledge of the primary symptoms for depression and schizophrenia was competent, similar to community samples. However a high false positive response suggested students were poor at mental health differential diagnosis. A high number of common misconceptions about mental health were also endorsed, particularly in relation to depression, anxiety and suicide. Age and value of such knowledge seemed to predict greater MHL.Research limitations/implicationsThe present study offers direction for chiropractic education. In addition to content-based education, MHL may improve through targeting the students’ perceived value of the information for chiropractors and combating common misconceptions. Future research could evaluate the incremental value of these approaches, and assess subsequent behavioural responses such as the students’ confidence in managing patients with mental health concerns, and knowing when to refer on.Originality/valueTaken together, the current results suggest chiropractic students are able to identify symptoms causing distress; however tend to over-pathologise and endorse false symptoms as indicative of specific mental illnesses. In other words, students are poor at mental health differential diagnosis. Students also seemed to simultaneously hold a large number of misconceptions about mental health in general. It is of great importance to better understand gaps in student knowledge about mental health to prepare them for working with patients in a health setting.

To Really See the Little Things: Sage Knowledge in Action

Sage knowledge knows the evolution of circumstances from an early point, when tendencies may be inconspicuously, “effortlessly” diverted. This knowledge is expressed, not “represented,” being an intensive quality of action rather than of belief, proposition, or theory, and its effortlessness is not a matter of effort versus no effort, but of the intensity with which effort tends to vanish. The value of such knowledge and the explanation of its accomplishment in terms of perceiving incipience or “really seeing the little things” crisscross lines among Confucians, Neo-Confucians, Daoists, and Art of War thinkers. What distinguishes these currents arises not from different definitions or justifications of knowledge but instead different ideas about how to acquire such knowledge and especially how to train it for wisdom.

To Really see the Little Things: Sage Knowledge in Action

Sage knowledge knows the evolution of circumstances from an early point, when tendencies may be inconspicuously, “effortlessly” diverted. This knowledge is expressed, not “represented,” being an intensive quality of action rather than of belief, proposition, or theory, and its effortlessness is not a matter of effort versus no effort, but of the intensity with which effort tends to vanish. The value of such knowledge and the explanation of its accomplishment in terms of perceiving incipience or “really seeing the little things” crisscross lines among Confucians, Neo-Confucians, Daoists, and Art of War thinkers. What distinguishes these currents arises not from different definitions or justifications of knowledge but instead different ideas about how to acquire such knowledge and especially how to train it for wisdom.

Appreciation of nature and appreciation of environmental protection: How stable are these attitudes and which comes first?

IntroductionAttitude toward nature and attitude toward environmental protection are two separate but correlated attitudes. Little is known about the two attitudes’ stability/volatility over time, despite the practical value of such knowledge. Objectives & methodUsing longitudinal survey data from 251 adults in a cross-lagged structural equation model, we assessed the degree of spontaneous (i.e., unprompted) change in the two attitudes. We also considered whether such change could provide evidence regarding causal direction; causation could go in either of two directions between the two attitudes, or it could even be bi-directional. ResultsWe corroborated the substantive connection between attitude toward nature and attitude toward environmental protection; however, the absence of change in the attitudes despite the passage of two years disallows reliable statements about causal direction. ConclusionIt is possible to protect the environment by encouraging appreciation of nature, but change in attitude toward nature and attitude toward environmental protection may be difficult to achieve with mature individuals.

Knowing what knowledge to share: Collaboration for community, research and wildlife

Wildlife conservation organizations have the core business to manage and conserve biological resources sustainably. Their management processes are foremost operational and strategic depending largely on research not only of natural resources, but also the human relations and interactions with local communities living adjacent to wildlife conservation areas. Research that informs decisions are mostly explicit sources not only informing short term conservation decisions, but also acts as secondary sources for future longitudinal studies determining long term impacts. In addition, tacit sources abound in wildlife conservation organizations but the value of tacit knowledge sources is seemingly unrecognized and their management is completely neglected. An obviously knowledge-rich and knowledge intensive organization that is unaware of the knowledge that they own is probably also unaware of the potential value of such knowledge as a knowledge asset. The focus of the organization is not on knowledge as strategically important resources of the organization, but remains secondary to the operational management of the natural resources. Yet, the knowledge itself has value and the re-use of knowledge leads to innovation. This research addressed the question of how an organization recognizes the knowledge that they own in order to intentionally manage the knowledge as a valued strategic resource. The actual need for knowledge management was identified and the knowledge sources and organizational behavior associated with knowledge generation and sharing was mapped. Knowledge management processes for re-use of existing knowledge sources, initiating the process to leverage collective wisdom in order to increase responsiveness and innovation was proposed. Further research was recommended to establish attainable procedures for effective collaboration in a geographically remote rural region where technology is an unreliable knowledge sharing enabler and a blended approach is needed for efficient collaboration.

Parity: (im) possible? Interplay of knowledge forms in patient education

A central purpose is to examine the kind of knowledge that patient experience represents; its origin, properties and tenability. We will use the term insider knowledge to designate the knowledge, beliefs and viewpoints constructed by patients about their own illnesses and predicaments more generally. It is our contention that an analysis of insider knowledge is necessary if the value of such knowledge for patient education is to be reasonably assessed. We discuss the epistemological status of professional knowledge and insider knowledge and what it might mean to afford them parity. Basically, we argue that patient-oriented programmes must give insider knowledge a status that acknowledges its privileged access to the insider's own intentions, perceptions, evaluations, decisions, reasons, notions and feelings, and thus yields distinctive insight into these areas. At the same time, patient education will be stunted if the fallibility of such knowledge is not openly addressed.

El conocimiento de la naturaleza en el comentario a las sentencias de Juan Duns Escoto

In a metaphysics such as that of Duns Scotus, which is based on contingency, the question arises as to what possibility there is that man, insofar as he is a viator, might reach a true knowledge of nature, and what the value of such knowledge would be, since nature is a system that depends on the divine will as expressed in its potentia ordinata.

When Is Broad Reference Clear?

Let us say that I am reading some relatively formal prose-a student's expository essay, a TLS book review, a scholarly article-when I come upon this used as a pronoun (less frequently that, it, or which) to refer to something expressed before the referring or anaphoric sentence. There are only two referential possibilities: something designated by a nominal or something not designated by a nominal. Reference to the latter is called broad reference, the pointing back or anaphoric relation between the this and an idea, issue, action, proposition, or topic expressed in the course of a preceding sentence or of preceding sentences. If broad reference is unclear-that is, if I cannot determine the idea being referred to-then confusion results. How should a writer avoid creating this kind of confusion? A few conservatives (e.g., Wilson Follett) would have the writer shun all forms of broad reference (yet many excellent writers have used it unexceptionably). At the other extreme, some liberals (e.g., Margaret M. Bryant), by emphasizing only how frequently broad reference is used in current prose, seem not to recognize the possibility of confusion. More discriminatingly, most of the authors of our college handbooks are concerned about the problem of clarity of broad reference; as they advise us repeatedly, broad reference is appropriate only when it is clear. Unfortunately, they do not set forth the distinctive features of such clarity. I intend, then, to try to explain the reasons why certain kinds of broad reference are clear and others not, chiefly by identifying the characteristics of clear reference. As far as I can, I shall be following a narrow path as I analyze the thing itself, the characteristics of broad reference in a variety of examples, without usually concerning myself explicitly with the value of such knowledge either to readers or to writers. In other words, I want my analysis to be as descriptive as possible, before I turn later to practical applications. Necessarily, however, I do harbor some normative assumptions; for example, unless I label an instance of broad reference as unclear, I assume-and hope

The interpretation of science through press, schools, and radio

We live in an age of such astonishing wonders and such plentiful conveniences that we are likely to forget the long and painful cultural evolution that has brought us to modern civilization with all its hopes and dangers. Science and technology are responsible to an amazing degree for the kind of world in which we live. one sense, too little scientific knowledge, understanding and application has given us a divided, schizophrenic world. The world's astounding advances in physics, chemistry, biology, medicine and psychology have served Nazis and Communists bent on ruthless conquest. This anti-social use of science and technology has the danger of neutralizing the multifold benefits that have come to what we believe to be the more rational, humane and civilized part of the globe. It is no ultimate gain to save a life through penicillin only to have it wiped out by atomic radiation. Implicit in the dissemination of science and its method to all the people is the belief that if the people know the truth it will not only keep them free but allow them to act intelligently in the conduct of their social and personal lives. Appreciation of science interpretation has become keener with the practice of the years. The First World War awakened the first effective realization on the part of scientist and journalist alike that science is both important and news. Science Service was born of that union, three decades ago. It demonstrated, by operating, by producing copy that newspapers wanted and used, and still want and use. A statement of the purposes of Science Service, which is that of all science interpretation, is just as fitting today as it was in 1921: In a democracy like ours it is particularly important that people as a whole should so far as possible understand the aims and achievements of modern science, not only because of the value of such knowledge to themselves but because research directly or indirectly depends upon popular appreciation of its methods. The specialist is likewise a layman in every science except his own and he, too, needs to have new things explained to him in nontechnical language. Scientific progress is so rapid and revolutionary these days that no one can keep up with it without some means of keeping in close contact with its new ideas and discoveries. This was before radio broadcasting, before electronics, before hormones, before miracle drugs, before the vitamin era, before commercial air transport, long before atomic fission and jet engines, radar and TV. We hoped that the last war had been fought. a very real sense, there is more need of taking science to the people than ever before. You can always get a headline with a cure or a new weapon. You can use such reportorially golden words as cancer, atomic, sex, love, polio, death, and other emotionally rooted terms. This is a minor facet of science. Most of the people are amazingly sci*Digest of a paper in Symposium at meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Philadelphia, Sunday, December 30, 1951.

The Interpretation of Science through Press, Schools and Radio

We live in an age of such astonishing wonders and such plentiful conveniences that we are likely to forget the long and painful cultural evolution that has brought us to modern civilization with all its hopes and dangers. Science and technology are responsible to an amazing degree for the kind of world in which we live. one sense, too little scientific knowledge, understanding and application has given us a divided, schizophrenic world. The world's astounding advances in physics, chemistry, biology, medicine and psychology have served Nazis and Communists bent on ruthless conquest. This anti-social use of science and technology has the danger of neutralizing the multifold benefits that have come to what we believe to be the more rational, humane and civilized part of the globe. It is no ultimate gain to save a life through penicillin only to have it wiped out by atomic radiation. Implicit in the dissemination of science and its method to all the people is the belief that if the people know the truth it will not only keep them free but allow them to act intelligently in the conduct of their social and personal lives. Appreciation of science interpretation has become keener with the practice of the years. The First World War awakened the first effective realization on the part of scientist and journalist alike that science is both important and news. Science Service was born of that union, three decades ago. It demonstrated, by operating, by producing copy that newspapers wanted and used, and still want and use. A statement of the purposes of Science Service, which is that of all science interpretation, is just as fitting today as it was in 1921: In a democracy like ours it is particularly important that people as a whole should so far as possible understand the aims and achievements of modern science, not only because of the value of such knowledge to themselves but because research directly or indirectly depends upon popular appreciation of its methods. The specialist is likewise a layman in every science except his own and he, too, needs to have new things explained to him in nontechnical language. Scientific progress is so rapid and revolutionary these days that no one can keep up with it without some means of keeping in close contact with its new ideas and discoveries. This was before radio broadcasting, before electronics, before hormones, before miracle drugs, before the vitamin era, before commercial air transport, long before atomic fission and jet engines, radar and TV. We hoped that the last war had been fought. a very real sense, there is more need of taking science to the people than ever before. You can always get a headline with a cure or a new weapon. You can use such reportorially golden words as cancer, atomic, sex, love, polio, death, and other emotionally rooted terms. This is a minor facet of science. Most of the people are amazingly sci*Digest of a paper in Symposium at meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Philadelphia, Sunday, December 30, 1951.

The Maintenance of Human Normal Cells and Tumor Cells in Continuous Culture: I. Preliminary Report: Cultivation of Mesoblastic Tumors and Normal Tissue and Notes on Methods of Cultivation

In this communication we shall endeavor to present a description of some of the methods that we have used in establishing strains of human normal and tumor cells, and an account of some of our results. We believe that the value of this report lies not in the presentation of new and unique methods for maintaining tissue cultures under continuous cultivation, but in presenting evidence that very different methods and media can be used to obtain approximately the same end-results. This holds true, however, only when the highly important factor of experience in the management of tissue cultures is used to best advantage. The opinion of many workers that human tissue cultures are difficult to maintain is not justified. Just as much time and energy are involved in the maintenance of a rapidly growing rat sarcoma as in the maintenance of a similar human tumor. In this laboratory, by the large lying-drop slide method, we have maintained the Walker rat sarcoma 338 for a period of over four years and a half, and a human chondromyxosarcoma (Table IV) for approximately the same length of time. Strains of cells from these tumors are still under cultivation. The advantage of knowing that many different types of human tumor cells can be maintained under continuous cultivation for long periods of time may not on first mention become apparent to many. When, however, one considers their use and their importance in collecting radiosensitivity data for specific cell types, and in the study of their cytological, cultural, and metabolic activities, the value of such knowledge is readily appreciated. The concept that pure cultures of human tumor cells can be used as sources of living antigen for immunological and therapeutic purposes must not be overlooked. We are inclined to consider this aim as of greater significance than any of the others.

Science Service

HomeRadiologyVol. 9, No. 6 PreviousNext EditorialScience ServiceThe Institution for the Popularization of SciencePublished Online:Dec 1 1927https://doi.org/10.1148/9.6.525MoreSectionsPDF ToolsImage ViewerAdd to favoritesCiteTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked In AbstractScience Service is a unique institution, established at Washington for the purpose of disseminating scientific information to the public. It aims to act as a sort of liaison agency between scientific circles and the world at large. It interprets original research and reports the meetings of learned societies in a way to enlighten the layman. The specialist is likewise a layman in every science except his own and he, too, needs to have new things explained to him in non-technical language. Scientific progress is so rapid and revolutionary nowadays that no one can keep up with it from what he learned at school. Science Service endeavors to provide life-continuation courses in all the sciences for newspaper readers anywhere in America without tuition fees or entrance examinations.In a democracy like ours it is particularly important that the people as a whole should so far as possible understand the aims and achievements of modern science, not only because of the value of such knowledge to themselves but because research directly or indirectly depends upon popular appreciation of its methods. In fact the success of democratic institutions, as well as the prosperity of the individual, may be said to depend upon the ability of people to distinguish between science and fakes, between the genuine expert and the pretender.Science Service spares no pains or expense in the endeavor (1) to get the best possible quality of popular science writing and (2) to get it to the largest possible number of readers. I f in doing this it can make both ends meet, so much the better. If not, it will do it anyway.Through the generosity of E. W. Scripps, Science Service has been assured of such financial support as to insure its independence and permanence. Mr. Scripps's long and wide experience as a newspaper editor and proprietor had convinced him of the importance of scientific research as the foundation of the prosperity of the nation and as guide to sound thinking and living and he realized the need for an independent agency that would bring the results of research to the attention of the entire people so these could be applied to the solution of their personal, social or political problems.Science Service is chartered as a nonprofitmaking institution and all receipts from articles, books, lectures and films are devoted to opening up new avenues for the diffusion of knowledge and developing promising methods of popular education. Although Science Service has a philanthropic purpose, it is conducted on business principles, with the aim of making each branch of its activities ultimately self-supporting so far as possible. All acceptable contributions are paid for and all published articles are charged for.Science Service is under the control of a Board of Trustees composed of ten scientists and five journalists.Article HistoryPublished in print: Dec 1927 FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsRecommended Articles RSNA Education Exhibits RSNA Case Collection Vol. 9, No. 6 Metrics Altmetric Score PDF download

Aims and Methods in the Study of Vegetation

OWING to the foresight and initiative of Sir Joseph Hooker, we now possess published floras of many of the British colonies, but such floristic data is only the pioneer work which should form the basis for further research. The time has now come when the investigation of the vegetation of the Empire can be profitably undertaken, and indeed urgently demands attention. Quite apart from the value of such knowledge for its own sake, an ecological survey of the Empire is of paramount importance for its further economic development. To exploit the natural vegetation of any region to the best advantage, we require to know much not only with respect to its existing composition and structure, but also its potentialities under the more or less artificial conditions imposed by man. Aims and Methods in the Study of Vegetation. Edited by Prof. A. G. Tansley Dr. T. F. Chipp. (Published by the British Empire Vegetation Committee.) Pp. xvi + 383 + 19 plates. (London: The Crown Agents for the Colonies, 1926.) 12s. 6d.