Value Of Services Research Articles

Leveraging Six Values for Company Performance: Adaptation of Sustainable Business Model Innovation Strategies in Chinese Electric Vehicle Brand Enterprises

Business model innovation is crucial for enhancing company performance. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the six dimensions of sustainable business model innovation and company performance among Chinese electric vehicle brands. A structural equation model is constructed based on a comprehensive literature review and hypothesis development. Using PLS-SEM, this study empirically analyzes questionnaire data collected from the top 12 electric vehicle brands in China to explore the relationship between these six core dimensions and company performance. The results indicate that innovation in “value proposition to customers”, value creation, value delivery, and “value of residual” have a significantly positive impact on the performance of Chinese electric vehicle brands. However, value capture innovation and “value of after-sales service” innovation were not found to be statistically significant. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the mechanism through which sustainable business model innovation impacts company performance, enriching the theoretical foundation of academic research in this field and broadening its practical applications in management.

Cost–benefit analysis as a decision tool for effective conservation planning—The case of the Nyerere Selous‐Udzungwa wildlife corridor in Tanzania

AbstractCost benefit analysis (CBA) is used in many fields to ensure efficient allocation of scarce resources but is rarely applied in conservation. By using a common metric to evaluate projects in complex social‐ecological systems, CBA can help to maximize the impact of conservation funding. It can also help to interrogate issues of distributional equity, plan for effective community‐based conservation, and inform future research and strategic priorities. We demonstrate this using the example of the Nyerere Selous‐Udzungwa Wildlife Corridor in Tanzania, a wildlife corridor aiming to restore connectivity between two protected areas to enhance African elephant (Loxodonta africana) conservation outcomes and mitigate human–elephant conflict. We combine novel data on elephant crop depredation with crop price and productivity data, elephant valuation methods, and ecosystem service values to analyze corridor costs and benefits from contrasting global and local community perspectives. From the global perspective, we find benefits to outweigh costs by at least 4.6:1. From the communities' perspective, we find that while substantial benefits should secure buy‐in to the project, continued subsidy will be required to cover the costs. Our findings support generalized recommendations for application of CBA across diverse systems and conservation priorities.

Spatial-Temporal Changes in Ecosystem Service Value and Its Overlap with Coal Mining Intensity in the Yellow River Basin, China, During 2000–2030

Understanding the ecosystem services and their interaction with coal resource development is crucial for formulating sustainable development policies. In this study, we focused on the Yellow River Basin, characterized by both rich coal resources and ecological fragility. The key findings are that (1) the ecosystem service value (ESV) in the Yellow River Basin exhibited significant spatial heterogeneity during 2000–2030, decreasing from the southeast to northwest, and decreasing the most notably in the southern part of the upper reaches of the river basin; (2) the high-high clustering area of the ESV shifted from the upper-middle reaches in 2000 to the middle-lower reaches in 2020, while the low-low clustering area remained within Inner Mongolia. By 2030, the high-high clustering area is expected to stabilize in southern Shaanxi Province, and the low-low area will potentially spread eastward; (3) the overall ESV is low, and it experienced a significant decline from 2000 to 2020, with water supply emerging as a major limiting factor, although some policy-supported counties had better ecological service values and trends. (4) From 2000 to 2020, the coal mining intensity (CMI) was concentrated in the upper and middle reaches, particularly at the junctions of Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Inner Mongolia, and the pattern remained stable, but local areas experienced increased mining intensity; (5) the overlap of the CMI and ESV primarily exhibited a low-high clustering pattern in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River Basin and eastern Ordos City, and a high-high clustering pattern in the middle reaches of the basin in Shanxi Province, which remained stable and slightly expanded from 2000 to 2030; (6) the trade-off between the ecosystem services in the overlap area intensified, especially between the provisioning and support services, and was significantly impacted by the coal mining activities. The findings indicate that the area that overlaps with the coal mining area in the Yellow River Basin has expanded and has had an increasing negative impact on the ESV. It is also essential to address the trade-offs between the provisioning and support services and to implement ecological restoration measures to mitigate the risk of ESV loss. Future efforts should focus on the regions where the CMI and ESV overlap and have poor coordination and the adverse effects of resource extraction on ecosystem services are becoming more pronounced. The results of this study demonstrate that spatial overlap analysis is effective in identifying the hotspots and provides a foundation for developing sustainable and high-quality policies for ecologically fragile basins.

Value in acute care surgery, part 4: The economic value of an acute care surgery service to a hospital system

ABSTRACT The Healthcare Economics Committee of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma has published a series of three articles on the topic of value in acute care surgery (ACS). In this series, the key elements of value, cost and outcomes, and the impact of stakeholder perspective on what constitutes high-value care are discussed. The fourth article in this series continues the discussion by focusing on the unique economic value that an ACS service brings to a hospital system and its patients. Characterized by the immediate 24-hour availability of surgeons trained in trauma management, emergency general surgery, and surgical critical care, acute care surgeons extend the benefits of surgical rescue and critical care to all hospitalized patients. As such, an ACS service acts as a vital part of a hospital's infrastructure to successfully care for complex and seriously ill patients, in addition to enabling the establishment of other, high revenue-generating services such as vascular, transplant, and complex oncologic surgery programs. The trauma service acts as intake for patients that lead to downstream revenue creation by other disciplines such as orthopedic and neurological surgery, while trauma center designation itself results in dedicated state funding to ensure trauma readiness in many states in the United States. The traditional “value equation” in health care of outcomes achieved per dollar spent is ill-suited to capture many of these unique aspects and benefits of ACS. This article provides the background to understand the economic value of an ACS service and future directions toward improving overall value of care. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Economic & Value-based Evaluations: Level IV.

Research on the coupled evolution of LULCC and habitat quality in the Ganqing section of the Yellow River Basin based on multi-scenario simulations

IntroductionThis study focuses on the Ganqing section of the Yellow River Basin, exploring four land use scenarios: natural development, cropland protection, ecological protection, and rapid development. Given the ecological importance of this area, the research aims to evaluate how each scenario impacts habitat quality and land use sustainability by 2030.MethodsThe Future Land Use Simulation (FLUS) model and the Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model were applied to simulate land use for each scenario. A habitat quality pattern and coupling coordination degree model was used to assess the interactions between land use and land cover change (LULCC) and habitat quality under different scenarios.ResultsFindings show that over 70% of the Ganqing section of the Yellow River Basin is primarily grassland. By 2030, the ecological protection scenario is predicted to have the highest habitat quality, followed by the natural development, rapid development, and cropland protection scenarios. Between 1990 and 2030, the area demonstrates predominantly high or moderate coordination between land use and habitat quality. Spatial analysis reveals lower coordination values in the southeast and higher values in the northwest, with imbalanced recession zones distributed around valley basins.DiscussionThis study highlights the value of strategic scenario planning in enhancing habitat quality and promoting sustainable land management in the Ganqing section of the Yellow River Basin. The ecological protection scenario shows the most promise for balancing development with habitat preservation, underscoring the importance of adopting land use policies that support ecological sustainability in vulnerable areas.

Heart over profit: unravelling the discourse on the non-profit sector’s added value

ABSTRACT This paper explores Members of Parliament (MPs) perceptions of non-profit sector added value by analysing Norwegian parliamentary debates (2018–2020) through Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). It examines how parliamentarians discursively legitimize non-profit sector organizations in public service delivery, thereby providing a lens through which this sector’s added value can be understood. We find that members of parliament legitimize non-profit sector participation on the basis of their functional and moral added value, relying on various discursive legitimization strategies. The findings offer new methodological and theoretical insights for non-profit research, contributing to discussions on the non-profits’ role and value in welfare state services, emphasizing their added value.

Evaluation the ecological service value of the Yangtze River water systems

Evaluation the ecological service value of the Yangtze River water systems

Self-administered sexual health testing in an open prison setting: a pilot health impact assessment and social return on investment analysis.

The sexual health of the male prison population is often among the poorest in a country. This paper aims to identify the wider health impacts and social value of a sexual health self-sampling programme offered to male prisoners in an open prison setting in Wales. This study applied a unique pilot approach of using Health Impact Assessment and Social Return on Investment Frameworks in tandem. Key stakeholder groups affected by the intervention were identified, and engaged with through workshops, interviews and questionnaires to identify and quantify the health impacts and wider outcomes. Outcomes were then valued using proxy financial values to present the overall estimated social value of the self-sampling service. Based on a small sample, results indicate that for every £1 spent on the self-sampling service in the prison, a potential value of £4.14 was created. This resulted in a ratio of £4.14:£1. Approximately one-third of the value created (£1,517.95) was categorised as monetarily returnable, whereas the remaining value (£3,260.40) was purely illustrative social value, for example improved mental well-being. This unique pilot study demonstrates the health impacts and wider social value of providing a self-sampling sexual health service to prisoners within an open prison setting. By innovatively testing the feasibility of using a Health Impact Assessment process alongside Social Return on Investment analyses, this paper has outlined how the frameworks can be used in synergy to illustrate not just direct return on investment but also the social value of providing such a service.

Business Strategies in the Women’s Spa Industry in Taiwan: A Case Study of Bonjomay Spa

The global spa industry is expected to exceed US$185 billion by 2030. This study investigates how spas can respond to competition and risks and operate sustainably. Despite advances in technology, beauty spas cannot avoid direct person-to-person contact. Such contact is necessary to convey service value and establish trust. This study uses a case study method to share the key success factors of the case company. The company examined in this case study is able to flourish despite fierce competition and survive the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic because (1) the company effectively integrates its founding mission into its corporate vision to create a resilient corporate culture and (2) the company is committed to treating its customers and employees sincerely and kindly.

Land use change and its impact on ecosystem service value in Xinjiang

Abstract Xinjiang is an important hub connecting China and Eurasia and has an important strategic position in economy, energy, and ecological security. However, due to the fragile ecological environment in Xinjiang, there are substantial challenges in coordinating the relationship between social and economic development and ecological environment construction. To elucidate the relationship between land use changes induced by human activities and the valuation of ecosystem services, this study utilized the value equivalent method to evaluate the ecosystem service value in Xinjiang from 2000 to 2020 while analyzing its spatiotemporal response characteristics related to land use. The results showed that from 2000 to 2020, the value of ecosystem services in Xinjiang showed an upward trend, reaching 182.24 yuan/hm2 in 2020, and the total value of the whole region was 302.584 billion yuan. The value of ecological services in Xinjiang is mainly low-grade (about 50%), and high-grade only accounts for 1.03%~2.19%. There was a significant increase in land use in forested areas and water bodies, while the conversion trend from effective grassland to other land types was relatively limited. Specifically, 4.47% of bare ground and 3.76% of meadows transformed water bodies. Additionally, 2.69% of grassland experienced conversion into woodland. The land use intensity was generally low (more than 85% of the low-grade grades), and 83.71% of the land use intensity increased during the study period. The water area was the main controlling factor of the service value of the state system, with a contribution rate of 78.83%, followed by grassland (11.29%) and woodlands (9.30%), and 54.39% of the land use changes increased the value of ecosystem services.

Assessing the Recreational Resource Value of National Park Based on Visitor Perception—A Case of Three-River-Source National Park in China

National parks serve as critical practical sites for advancing the concept of “harmonious coexistence between humans and nature” and hold a strategic role in establishing global ecological security barriers. Scholars and decision-makers have expressed significant interest in rigorous assessments of the recreational resource value in national parks. This paper focuses on the Three-River-Source National Park, examining the characteristics and components of its recreational resource value through the lens of human–environment relationship theory. Analysis spans dimensions of geological and geomorphological value, ecological service value, historical and cultural value, and aesthetic landscape value. By extracting visitor comments rich in vocabulary related to their perceptions, this study compares variations in resource values and the “resource value–visitor perception” synergy within Three-River-Source National Park, employing text analysis, semantic network analysis, and coordination analysis methods. The findings reveal that (1) Visitor perceptions of recreational resource value display a clear hierarchy, with aesthetic landscape value (43.6%) ranking highest, followed by geological and geomorphological value (26.7%), historical and cultural value (19.3%), and ecological service value (10.4%), showing significant variation among categories; the vocabulary across these value types exhibits a pronounced long-tail distribution. (2) The recreational resource value in the park forms a distinct core centered on prominent attractions, accompanied by patterns of vocabulary aggregation and dispersion. (3) Visitors demonstrate strong synergy in their perception of geological and aesthetic value, weaker perception regarding historical and cultural value, and a relatively narrow understanding of ecological service value. This research enhances public comprehension of the recreational resource value of national parks and provides a scientific foundation for the conservation and sustainable use of recreational resources in national parks, advancing the realization of their recreational functions.

The Spatiotemporal Evolution of the Mudflat Wetland in the Yellow Sea Using Landsat Time Series

Mudflat wetland, one of the 27 surface elements identified by the International Geographic Data Committee, has undergone substantial transformations with the rapid growth of the social economy and marine hazards, resulting in significant changes in its area and distribution. Quick identification of mudflat wetland evolution is vital to improve the mudflat ecological service value. We employed object-oriented and decision tree classification methods to map the mudflat wetland in the Yellow Sea using the Landsat time series from 1983 to 2020. The Improved Spectral Water Index (IWI) was established by combining the characteristics of many ratio indices and using ratio operation and quadratic power operation. The coefficient of variation (CV) of the IWI was calculated, and the range of the intertidal zone in 1983, 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020 was obtained by using a threshold method. The results indicate that the mudflat wetland area decreased continuously from 1983 to 2020, with a reduction of 337.38 km2/10a. Among the total area, the natural wetland experienced a decline of 446.9 km2/10a, with the most drastic changes occurring between 2000 and 2010. In contrast, the area of the human-made wetland increased by 109.56 km2/10a. Over the 38 years, the tidal flat has undergone the most drastic reduction, with an average of 157.45 km2/10a. From 1983 to 2020, the intertidal zone area decreased, with a reduction of 429.02 km2/10a. Human activities were the key factors causing mudflat wetland loss. Based on these findings, we propose several policy suggestions. This study provides a scientific basis for understanding the synergetic evolution mechanism of coastal resources utilization and mudflat wetland protection under global change.

Assessment and Dynamic Prediction of Green Space Ecological Service Value in Guangzhou City, China

As an important part of the urban ecosystem, urban green space provides a variety of ecosystem services, including climate regulation, soil conservation, carbon sink and oxygen release, and biodiversity protection. However, existing remote sensing evaluation methods for ecological service value lack the evaluation indicators of ecosystem service value for Guangzhou, China, and the evaluation method depends on the land cover type. Based on remote sensing technology and random forest algorithm, this study addresses these gaps by integrating remote sensing technology with a random forest algorithm to enhance the accuracy and rationality of ESV assessments. Focusing on Guangzhou, China, we improved the ecological service value evaluation system and conducted dynamic predictions based on land-use change scenarios. Our results indicate that the total ESV of Guangzhou’s green space was USD 7.323 billion in 2020, with a projected decline to USD 6.496 billion by 2030, representing a 12.37% reduction due to urbanization-driven land-use changes. This research highlights the noticeable role of green spaces in urban sustainability and provides robust, data-driven insights for policymakers to design more effective green space protection and management strategies. The improved assessment framework offers a novel approach for accurately quantifying urban ecosystem services and predicting future trends.

The Implications of Plantation Forest-Driven Land Use/Land Cover Changes for Ecosystem Service Values in the Northwestern Highlands of Ethiopia

In the northwestern Highlands of Ethiopia, a region characterized by diverse ecosystems, significant land use and land cover (LULC) changes have occurred due to a combination of environmental fragility and human pressures. The implications of these changes for ecosystem service values remain underexplored. This study quantifies the impact of LULC changes, with an emphasis on the expansion of plantation forests, on ecosystem service values in monetary terms to promote sustainable land management practices. Using Landsat images and the Random Forest algorithm in R, LULC patterns from 1985 to 2020 were analyzed, with the ecosystem service values estimated using locally adapted coefficients. The Random Forest classification demonstrated a high accuracy, with values of 0.97, 0.98, 0.96, and 0.97 for the LULC maps of 1985, 2000, 2015, and 2020, respectively. Croplands consistently dominated the landscape, accounting for 53.66% of the area in 1985, peaking at 67.35% in 2000, and then declining to 52.86% by 2020. Grasslands, initially the second-largest category, significantly decreased, while wetlands diminished from 14.38% in 1985 to 1.87% by 2020. Conversely, plantation forests, particularly Acacia decurrens, expanded from 0.4% of the area in 2000 to 28.13% by 2020, becoming the second-largest land cover type. The total ecosystem service value in the district declined from USD 219.52 million in 1985 to USD 39.23 million in 2020, primarily due to wetland degradation. However, plantation forests contributed USD 17.37 million in 2020, highlighting their significant role in restoring ecosystem services, particularly in erosion control, soil formation, nutrient recycling, climate regulation, and habitat provision. This study underscores the need for sustainable land management practices, including wetland restoration and sustainable plantation forestry, to enhance ecosystem services and ensure long-term ecological and economic sustainability.

Land use modeling and carbon storage projections of the Bosten Lake Basin in China from 1990 to 2050 across multiple scenarios

Given the escalating issue of global climate change, it is imperative to comprehend and quantify the effects of land use change on carbon storage (CS), which pertains not only to the preservation of ecosystem functions but also directly influences the equilibrium and stability of the global carbon cycle. This study examines the correlation between CS and land use change, forecasts the future spatial distribution of CS, and offers a reference for the rational planning of watershed space. Focusing on the Bosten Lake Basin of Xinjiang in China, employing the land use simulation (PLUS) model and the integrated valuation of ecosystem services and trade-offs (InVEST) model to forecast the spatial distribution of carbon stocks across three developmental scenarios, while also examining the shift in the center of gravity of CS and the autocorrelation of their spatial distribution. The findings derived from the study are as follows: (1) From 1990 to 2020, the predominant land use type in the Bosten Lake Basin was grassland, while there was an upward trend in the areas of cropland, forest land, built-up land, and wetland, alongside a downward trend in the areas of grassland, water, and unused land. (2) In the long term, the regional CS exhibits an upward trend, with the most significant increase anticipated in the EPS scenario. Grassland constitutes the most extensive carbon reservoir in the Bosten Lake Basin, while wetlands exhibit the highest carbon sequestration potential. (3) The alteration in the center of gravity of CS is associated with the expansion or reduction of the major regional carbon reservoirs and types characterized by significant carbon sequestration potential. (4) In the long term, the spatial correlation of CS in the Bosten Lake Basin exhibits a consistent upward trend, with the most pronounced spatial correlation observed under EPS.

The influence of service quality, Guanxi, value co-creation and corporate image in building developers apartments loyalty toward contractors in apartment construction industry

The influence of service quality, Guanxi, value co-creation and corporate image in building developers apartments loyalty toward contractors in apartment construction industry

Spatiotemporal dynamics and driving factors of ecosystem services value in Lanzhou City, China

Aligned with the imperatives of national ecological civilization construction, the systematic investigation into the intricate interplay between shifts in land utilization and the assessment of ecosystem services plays a pivotal and indispensable role in advancing ecological civilization. This endeavor holds significant implications. It aids in optimizing the ecological landscape at the regional level and fosters harmonious coexistence between humanity and the natural world. The study utilizes land-use remote sensing interpretation data from three time periods (2000, 2010, and 2020) and employs various methodologies, including equivalent factor coefficient correction, sensitivity analysis, and spatial autocorrelation. The objective is to uncover the spatiotemporal dynamics of land-use changes and Ecosystem Service Value (ESV) in Lanzhou City. Furthermore, geographic detectors are applied to explore the driving factors influencing ESV spatial heterogeneity and their interactions. The research findings indicate the following: (1) From 2000 to 2020, grassland and cropland were the predominant land-use types in Lanzhou City, with cropland and urban land experiencing the most active changes. (2) ESV in Lanzhou City increased from 179.37 billion RMB in 2000 to 193.86 billion RMB in 2020, reflecting an ESV total growth rate of 8.07% and a gradual improvement in the ecological environment. Spatially, ESV exhibits a “west high, east low” distribution pattern, with the center shifting towards the northwest and southeast, gradually reducing spatial imbalance. (3) Analysis of ESV spatial autocorrelation reveals that high-high clusters are predominantly found within the Tulu Gou National Forest Park and the Xinglong Mountain National Natural Reserve, while low-low clusters are primarily concentrated in the central urban area of Lanzhou City. Over the period from 2000 to 2020, the spatial clustering effect of ESV within the study area has progressively intensified. 4)NDVI, precipitation, and GDP emerge as pivotal factors influencing spatial differentiation within Lanzhou City, with natural and societal elements exerting interactive effects on ESV spatial disparities. The research results integrate environmental considerations into the decision-making process, offering valuable insights for formulating targeted ecological protection policies in Lanzhou City. This study embodies concrete measures taken by Lanzhou City in practicing China’s concept of “green water and green mountains are golden silver mountains,” providing a theoretical basis for the harmonious and sustainable development of the ecological economy.

Impact of land use/land cover (LU/LC) changes on ecosystem service values in Muger Sub-basin, Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia

This study was conducted to estimate the impact of land use/land cover (LULC) changes on the ecosystem service value (ESV) in the Upper Blue Nile basin over three-decade (1986–2020). The findings revealed that there is a decline in total ESV from US$ 492.77 × 106 in 1986 to US$ 400.65 × 106 for the year 2020. The ESV lost between 1986 and 2020 was about US$ 92.11 × 106. In terms of the individual ecosystem services, the contribution of all service values declined except food production and biological control. Among the major contributors of ESVs, food production, water regulation, erosion control, climate regulation, nutrient cycling, waste treatment, and water supply represent 89%, 88%, 86% in 1986, 2003, and 2020, respectively. Soil erosion and sediment transport under environmental pressure significantly contributed for the loss of ecosystem services (ES) in the sub-basin. In addition, FGD and KII ranked provisioning ecosystem services first in order of importance for communities in the study area. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the sustainable conservation and restoration of natural resources through natural vegetation protection, enhanced vegetation cover, conservation practices and wetland management to enhance the natural capital and ecosystem services in the Muger Sub-basin.

Economic Valuation of Ecosystem Services of Coastal Area of Kinondoni District, Tanzania

This study investigates the often overlooked economic values of ecosystem services in the coastal area of Kinondoni District, Tanzania, in the context of spatial and temporal changes in land use and land cover (LULC). The primary objectives were to assess how ecosystem services and functions have been affected by LULC changes over a 30-year period, from 1993 to 2023. The study employs a benefit transfer method, integrating local and global estimations of ecosystem service value (ESV) with field survey, remote sensing and GIS techniques. The findings reveal that the annual changes in ESV during the study period are estimated at US$ 0.024 million and US$ 0.034 million using local and global coefficients, respectively. Over the three decades, there has been a significant annual loss of US$ 0.72 million locally and US$ 2.11 million globally, primarily due to the degradation of mangrove forests and bushland. The decline in ecosystem functions is largely driven by reductions in regulating services, which account for 54.1% of the total decrease in local valuations and 31.6% in global valuations. Supporting services also experienced substantial declines, with reductions of 39.7% in local valuations and 55.8% in global valuations. The study underscores the urgent need to review and enhance management and conservation strategies to ensure the sustainability of the coastal ecosystems in Kinondoni District, Tanzania.

Pharmacogenomics concierge service as an opportunity for pharmacist reimbursement and practice-based learning

ObjectiveTo assess the feasibility of a pilot pharmacogenomics concierge service that incorporates student practice-based learning opportunities and a survey to determine patients’ interest and willingness to pay. MethodsParticipants in the pilot study (n=34) completed a survey to determine their willingness to pay for concierge services. Six participants indicating the highest level of interest were selected to participate in the program free of charge. Students conducted preliminary genetic testing to assess the potential value of a pharmacogenomics service. For the subset of participants (n=6) invited to the concierge service, confirmatory genetic testing was completed by a third-party lab. A layered learning model allowed senior students to mentor and train junior students in the area of pharmacogenomics. ResultsSix invited participants completed the concierge program and third party pharmacogenomic testing, and the majority (83%) received pharmacogenomic consultation with the pharmacist. Completed surveys from participants in the pilot program (n=34) indicated a willingness to pay $25-50 a month to have continued access to a pharmacist. Surveyed individuals rated their likelihood of utilizing the concierge service at a mean rating of 8.6 (SD=1.88) on a scale of 1 to 10 although this rating dropped significantly if insurance did not cover the cost. The pilot program offered opportunities for practice-based learning through a layered learning model. ConclusionThis pilot concierge program presented several successes and challenges which may help others avoid common pitfalls and spur discussion on optimal ways to develop new pharmacy services and experiential opportunities for students.